Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-to-ground (U2G) channel models play a decisive role in the design, optimization, and evaluation of communication systems between UAV and ground terminal. This paper proposes a three-dimensional (3D) model for U2G communication channels, enhanced with ultra-wideband (UWB) features and frequency non-stationarity. This model integrates large-scale and small-scale fading components, introducing bandwidth-dependent path numbers and the UAV posture matrix for realistic scenario representation. It encompasses specific UWB U2G channel phenomena such as the channel hardening, UAV 3D movements, and posture variation effect. The channel parameters, including spatial largescale parameters (LSPs), bandwidth-correlated path numbers, delay-posture-correlated path power, and frequency-correlated path phase, are generated to capture channel non-stationary characteristics across time and frequency domains. Employing ray-tracing (RT) for the path number and optimization methods for the path delay, the proposed model ensures reliable parameter evolution. The proposed model is assessed through key statistical properties, including space-time-frequency correlation functions, power delay profile, root-mean-square delay spread, Doppler power spectrum density, and the energy variance. It is demonstrated that both posture and bandwidth variations have crucial effects on channel characteristics. The validity and practicability of this research is demonstrated by comparing the simulated outcomes with the measurement data.

BACKGROUND: Responses to immune perturbations can vary greatly when comparing geographical regions such Europe versus South East Asia but also when comparing urban versus rural areas within a country. This can translate into differences in disease profiles or in responses to vaccines. However, even within an urban area, large differences in income settings can be seen. Therefore, it is also important to assess whether differences observed when comparing rural and urban residents can also be detected between high and low socioeconomic status (SES) within an urban center. AIM: To examine the immune profile of children of high versus low SES METHODS: Using mass cytometry, we profiled immune cells in finger-prick blood samples of children attending high and low SES schools in Makassar, Indonesia. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in the immune profiles of children from low versus high SES. Increased frequencies of entire and CD11c+ B cells, CD161+ T helper 2 cells and CTLA-4+ Tregs and HLA-DRdimCD163+ monocytes were seen in low SES children, whereas a trend towards expansion of T helper 1 cells was observed in the high SES group. CONCLUSION: Although differences in the immune system of populations living in rural versus urban areas have been documented, this study shows that within an urban center, the socioeconomic status can have a significant impact on the immune system of children. Such differences might contribute to variation seen in immune reactivity to allergens, autoantigens or vaccines, therefore SES should be factored in when studying responses to immune perturbations.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common age-related dementia. Lifestyle factors, including alcohol use, can increase the risk of AD. While human studies demonstrate that alcohol use can negatively impact AD risk and disease progression, the underlying alcohol-dependent mechanisms that increase neurodegeneration and Aβ burden remain elusive. We have recently shown that alcohol can acutely affect microglial dynamics, which are critical to microglial function, and many other studies have reported inflammatory activation of microglia after long-term alcohol exposure in both humans and animal models. Here, we administered ethanol at dosages that mimic human binge drinking for 4 weeks to 2.5-month-old male 5xFAD mice, a common mouse model of AD. After a two-week abstinence period, we performed behavior assays and analyzed amyloid pathology and microglial morphology in the subiculum where amyloid pathology develops earlier than in other brain regions. We found that ethanol exposure facilitated amyloid pathology and worsened cognitive function in 5xFAD mice, while microglial arborization and phagocytosis appeared unchanged. Overall, our results suggest that pronounced ethanol exposure, when started early in the disease before amyloid pathology is established, can worsen AD progression in an amyloidosis model.

Olfactory coding relies on primary information from olfactory receptor cells, that respond to volatile airborne substances. Despite of extensive efforts, our understanding of odor-response profiles across receptors is still poor, due to the vast number of possible ligands (odorants), the high sensitivity even to trace compounds (creating false positive responses), and the diversity of olfactory receptors. Here, we linked chemical purification with a gas chromatograph to single-receptor type recording with transgenic flies using calcium imaging to record olfactory responses to a large panel of chemicals in 7 Drosophila ORs: Or10a, Or13a, Or22a, Or42b, Or47a, Or56a, Or92a. We analyze the data using linear-non-linear modeling, and reveal that most receptors have “simple” response types (mostly positive: Or10a, Or13a, Or22a, Or47a, Or56a). However, two receptors (Or42b, Or92a) have, in addition to “simple” responses, “complex” response types to some ligands, either positive with a negative rebound, or negative with a positive rebound, suggesting the presence of multiple binding sites and/or transduction cascades. We show that some ligands reported in the literature are false positives, due to contaminations in the stimulus. We record all stimuli across concentrations, showing that at different concentrations different substances appear as best ligands. Our data show that studying combinatorial olfactory coding must consider temporal response properties, and is strongly influenced by the presence of trace amounts of ligands (contaminations) in the samples. These observations have important repercussions for our thinking about how animals navigate their olfactory environment.

In this article, we discuss our experiences and perspectives in forming a workplace Parents Group. We reflect on the need for these networks, what has worked well, and the challenges we've experienced. We also provide some practical advice for those with parenting-related career disruptions for addressing this topic in grant applications.

Kv2.1 channels have important conducting and nonconducting functions and are regulated by ‘silent’ Kv subunits. One of these is Kv9.1, which is co-expressed with Kv2 channels in sensory neurons, and a common allele which changes Ile489 to Val in human Kv9.1 promotes pain sensitivity. Here we examined the effects of Kv9.1 variants on Kv2 channels expressed in HeLa cells and primary hippocampal neurons. Both Kv9.1Ile and Kv9.1Val were retained within the endoplasmic reticulum when expressed individually, but when co-expressed with either Kv2.1 or Kv2.2 they co-localized with Kv2 within surface clusters. Both variants reduced surface expression of Kv2.1 channels and the size of channel clusters, with Kv9.1Val producing a greater reduction in surface expression in both HeLas and neurons. They both caused a similar hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage-dependence of channel activation and inactivation. Concatamers of Kv2.1 and Kv9.1, suggest both a 3:1 and 2:2 ratio of Kv2.1 to Kv9.1 are permitted, although 2:2 resulted in lower surface expression and function. The AMP kinase activator A769662 produced a strongly hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage-dependence of Kv2.1 and Kv2.1-Kv9.1 channel currents. Onset and recovery kinetics of A769662 were rapid and mutational analysis indicated differences in the regulation of hKv2.1 compared to rKv2.1, with a lack of dependence upon Ser444. In conclusion, the Ile489Val substitution in Kv9.1 did not disrupt its association with Kv2 channels nor its effects on channel gating but it did produce a greater reduction in the Kv2.1 surface expression, suggesting that this underlies its association with pain hypersensitivity.

Jungle Ke Liang1,2, Amelia Shepherd-Clowes1, Pablo Tejero Ibarra3,4*, Juan Viruel1*† 1Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, England2Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94240, 1090GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands3Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Av. Nuestra Señora de la Victoria 16, 22700 Jaca, Huesca, Spain                 4Aranzadi Zientzia Elkartea, Zorroagagaina 11, 20014 Donostia, Spain * Both authors contributed as senior authors to this publication.† Author for correspondence (j.viruel@kew.org, juanviruel@gmail.com) Jungle Ke Liang: k.liang@kew.orgAmelia Shepherd-Clowes: A.Shepherd-Clowes@kew.orgPablo Tejero Ibarra: ptibarra@aranzadi.eus

Ectothermic vertebrates with genotypic sex determination may adjust their sexual phenotype to early-life environmental conditions by sex reversal, with diverse theoretical consequences for population dynamics and microevolution. Environments with frequent sex-reversing effects may select for or against sex-reversal propensity depending on the relative fitness of sex-reversed individuals. Yet, empirical data on the adaptive value and evolutionary potential of rex reversal is scarce. Using a common-garden experiment with agile frogs (Rana dalmatina) that respond to larval heat stress by sex reversal, we demonstrate that sex-reversal rate is higher in sibgroups originating from anthropogenic habitats where sex-reversing heat events are more frequent, compared to populations inhabiting cooler woodlands. Furthermore, among genotypically female juveniles, phenotypic males are larger than sex-concordant females. These results suggest that sex-reversal propensity increased in anthropogenic environments by adaptive microevolution. Thus, environmental sex reversal may provide an adaptive strategy for ectothermic vertebrates to cope with challenges of the Anthropocene.

Climate change-induced shifts in plant phenology have substantially impacted terrestrial ecosystem structure and function. While the effects of drought and heatwaves on leaf senescence have been studied, the response of leaf senescence to compound drought and heatwave events remains poorly understood, especially due to a lack of experimental evidence. In this study, we investigated the responses of leaf senescence to varying durations of compound drought and heatwave stress (13, 28, and 43 days) in saplings of three tree species with differing drought tolerance. We found that prolonged drought and heatwave conditions delayed leaf senescence by 20.2 and 22.4 days in Koelreuteria paniculata and Hibiscus syriacus, respectively, potentially due to carbon sink limitation. However, Acer palmatum exhibited a nonlinear response, with leaf senescence shifting from delayed to advanced as the compound stress was prolonged, likely due to its low drought tolerance. Additionally, total photosynthesis, relative height increment, and basal diameter growth decreased in all three species, with the most pronounced reductions observed in Acer palmatum, followed by Hibiscus syriacus and Koelreuteria paniculata. Our findings demonstrate nonlinear and interspecific differences in leaf senescence responses to compound drought-heatwave events, contributing to a deeper understanding of plant phenology under climate change.

AIMS: This study aimed to provide a credible and comprehensive safety assessment on panoramic adverse events (AEs) associated with onasemnogene abeparvovec (OA) therapy. METHODS: Disproportionality analysis was conducted, using reporting odds ratio (ROR) method in tandem with Bayesian confidence propagation neural network (BCPNN). Two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was applied to analyze the distribution time-to-onset (TTO) of adverse events as TTO algorithm to determine pharmacovigilance signals which were inconclusive by BCPNN. Omega shrinkage was conducted to investigate drug-drug interaction between OA and its concomitant drugs. Multi-factor regression was conducted to evaluate association between OA-induced adverse events and outcomes of the reports. RESULTS: In total, 1,033 cases of OA treated patients were included for the study, and 124 pharmacovigilance signals were confirmed by ROR in tandem with BPCNN, most of which were previously unrecorded by the package-insert. Meanwhile, there were 13 signals including cardiac arrest, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and signals referring to respiratory disorders, were determined by ROR in tandem with the TTO algorithm. Four symptoms including cyanosis, cardiac arrest, hypoxia and respiratory failure, needed to be closely monitored, due to the association with mortal outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: This study might enhance the understanding of safety profile of OA Healthcare providers should be vigilant about severe adverse reactions when administrating OA.

A total of 27 samples from 9 different ghat locations along the course of Krishna River (in triplicate) in the Vijayawada city landscape were collected and analysed for presumptive coliform tests. From the positive presumptive coliform test samples, 44 E. coli isolates were recovered and confirmed by biochemical tests and molecular tests targeting 16s rRNA. All 44 E. coli isolates were further subjected for the detection of virulence genes i.e. stx1, stx2, eaeA and hlyA genes using multiplex PCR. Out of 44 isolates two isolates carried all four genes, one isolate harbored stx2, eaeA and hlyA genes and one isolate showed the presence of eae and hlyA genes in combination. The 44 E. coli isolates were subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity/resistance against 12 antimicrobial agents by disc diffusion method. Higher resistance was observed for naladixic acid (40.9%) followed by ampicillin (38.63%), ceftazidime (34%) and ceftriaxone (27.27%). Out of 44 isolates of E. coli, ten isolates harbored β-lactamase genes, with bla TEM being predominant gene detected (15.9%, 7/44). ERIC and REP-PCR analysis revealed a greater degree of genetic diversity among the ten β-lactamase producing E. coli isolated from Krishna River water.

Manuscript Title: Basal cell carcinoma arising within a bacillus calmette-guérin vaccination scar with prolonged inflammatory response: case reportAuthors: Marwa3 Hallal, and Zeina1,2* Tannous1Department of Dermatology, Lebanese American University Medical Center - Rizk Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon.2Department of Dermatology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.3School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.Acknowledgements: Not applicable*Corresponding author : Prof. Zeina Tannous, Department of Dermatology Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University.P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon. Phone: (961) 01-200800, Ext. 6680.

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula and multiple sclerosisHossein zahirmirdamadi 1, Abootorab Shahmohammadi, Elnaz Asadollahzadeh 1, Sareh shahmohammadi 1, Vahid Shahmaei 2, Babak Rafiee 31-Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran2- MAHAK Hematology Oncology Research Center (MAHAK-HORC), MAHAK Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran3- Babak Rafiee, MD, Radiologist New century university, Private Gaziosmanpasa hospital, Radiology department Istanbul, TurkeyFirst author: Hossein zahirmirdamadiE-mail: Hossein_mirdamadi@yahoo.com*Corresponding author: Abootorab ShahmohammadiMultiple Sclerosis (MS) Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University ofMedical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.E-mail: Abootorabs@gmail.comTel: +98 21 66348571Fax: +98 21 66348571Key clinical message:if red flags are present with new symptoms in an MS patient, we should re-evaluate our diagnosis. involvement of more than three segments of the thoracic spinal cord and the severity of the patient’s motor and sphincter symptoms were red flags in diagnosis of MS. misdiagnosis can lead to irreversible complications and disability.Keywords:Mri, Arteriovenous Fistula, Multiple Sclerosis, Spinal CordIntroduction:Arteriovenous shunts in the spinal cord are classified into two general categories: arteriovenous malformation (a network of abnormal vessels with nidus) and arteriovenous fistulas (a direct shunt between the artery and vein ((1). SDAVFs constitute the most common type of spinal vascular malformations. Clinical symptoms are usually progressive gait disturbance with sensory loss or paresthesia and sphincter dysfunctions. Delays in diagnosis and treatment result in poor clinical outcomes and more disabilities after surgery(2).Indeed, the overlapping clinical symptoms between the DAVFs with other neurological conditions such as myelitis secondary to inflammatory or demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) can often complicate the diagnostic process. Thus, accurate diagnosis and differentiation of these disorders is of utmost importance in ensuring appropriate treatment and management(3).A thorough understanding of the unique clinical and characteristic MRI features, as well as the use of advanced imaging techniques can aid clinicians making a timely precise diagnosis and prevent unnecessary medications or invasive procedures(3, 4).Herein, we describe a 33-year-old male patient with a history of multiple sclerosis (MS), WHO experienced a delayed diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) presented with Back pain and Urinary retention and sub-acute paraparesis.Case report:A 33-year-old male was admitted to the hospital, with a history of blurred vision in his left eye and mild vertigo. The patient’s MRI scan revealed the presence of typical Multiple Sclerosis (MS) lesions of the brain. Fig-1After three days of 16 mg intramuscular injections of dexamethasone, the patient’s symptoms have been resolved. A diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) was established based on the patient’s clinical presentation of typical optic neuritis and diagnostic MRI findings. Treatment with Interferon B-1A s/c was initiated.After 7 months the patient developed low back pain with urinary retention, followed by lower extremities weakness of 3/5 accompanied by numbness in the extremities and perineum. These symptoms progressively worsened over the course of two days.Methods:Brain, cervical and thoracic MRI was performed, and Sagittal T2-weighted and Short-Tau Inversion Recovery (STIR) MRI sequences of the spine show an abnormal hyperintense T2 signal extending from the T6 to T10 vertebral level (Fig-2). We administered 7 grams of methylprednisolone pulse therapy. After that, dramatic improvement in the patient’s symptoms was observed.After reviewing the patient’s MRI result, which revealed demyelinating lesions, because of LETM in the thoracic cord with an H-sign view on the axial cut of the cord lesion without gadolinium enhancement (Fig-2), we suspected that the patient’s diagnosis might be myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody associated disease (MOG-AD) regarding the presentation of severe sphincteric dysfunction that the patient needed a catheter and mentioned the radiological findings. However, subsequent laboratory testing for AQP4 & MOG antibodies returned negative results, indicating that the patient’s condition may not be associated with either of these diseases.Following that the patient was treated with Rituximab 1gr every six months as severe myelitis of multiple sclerosis.A follow-up MRI performed three months later showed flow void sign and dilated cortical veins without parenchymal nidus (Fig-3). These findings prompted further research to confirm the presence of spinal DAVF and determine its impact on the patient’s condition.We performed time-resolved contrast kinetics imaging (TRICKS) MRI to determine the likely location of SDAVF because TRICKS could detect the exact level of SDAVF with high accuracy(5).tricks show SDAVF at the level of T9 in this patient (Fig-4).In digital subtraction angiography, a bilateral and complete spinal examination was performed after transfemoral catheterization. First, the aortic arch and then all radiculomedullary, cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral vessels were examined bilaterally. During angiography, an image of DAVF was observed with a left arterial T9 feeder and successfully retrieved using a microcatheter. The procedure was well embolized with a mixture of glue and lipiodol (Fig-5).CONCLUSIONS:In patients with MS or other demyelinating diseases, we should again look for other differential diagnoses when we encounter red flags on clinical or MRI findings.Discussion:Spinal vascular malformations are 5 to 9% of all CNS vascular malformations and Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) are most common type of spinal vascular abnormalities(4). Prevalence of DAVFs are generally rare (5-10 per million in the general population) but constitute about 70% of all cases of spinal arteriovenous shunts(2) which cause various clinical manifestations of myelopathy in the involved person, depending on the location of the spinal cord involvement, the type of arterial and venous connection and whether it is an impairment of arterial blood supply or venous drainage(1, 3, 4).The direct connection of the shunt on the dorsal surface of dural root sleeves between the radicolomeningeal arteries and the radicular vein can cause symptoms. Blood supply insufficiency and ischemia secondary to venous hypertension, thrombosis or compression of dilated veins(6, 7) is the main reason of these symptoms.The clinical symptoms can appear usually as chronic progressive myelopathy or sometimes as an acute or sub-acute vascular events of spinal cord(6) that make diagnosis of DAVFs more difficult.Progressive myelopathy is secondary to venous hypertension due to dysfunction of venous drainage which usually causes congestive myelopathy in the case of drainage into the intradullar veins and compressive myelopathy because of dilated veins in the case of extradural venous drainage(6, 7).Cord ischemia could be acute or subacute due to venous thrombosis or compressive myelopathy(6).Canal stenosis, Demyelinating processes, neoplasm, infarction are the differential diagnosis with SDAVF(3).Our patient presented with low back pain, urinary retention, subacute paraparesis. Because of the underlying MS disease, the first diagnosis was considered as myelitis, and the patient was treated with steroid pulse. About two weeks after the treatment, the patient’s symptoms clearly improved.In the reported cases with acute paraparesis, the symptoms were also transient(3), but in patients who were treated with steroid pulses, the prognosis was usually worse. This worsening can be explained by the increased venous congestion and decreased capillary permeability caused by steroids(8) and fortunately, this complication did not occur in our patient.The incidence of SDAVF peaks in the 5th and 6th decades and males are more commonly affected than females(2).The most common anatomic sites that are involved are the thoracic, thoracolumbar, and cervical and sacral regions, respectively(2, 4, 9).Delay in diagnosis and treatment causes a poor final prognosis in some studies. Of course, the severity of the initial clinical symptoms is also considered to be effective in the patient’s prognosis(3, 9).Analysis of retrospective data from 40 patients diagnosed with Spinal DAVFs shows that thirty-one patients (78%) were initially misdiagnosed with lumbar spinal stenosis or other diseases. The average delay in diagnosis was 11 months and the average time of walking disturbances requiring crutches or a wheelchair was 10 months in these patients and within 6 months of the onset of the disease, 9 patients (23%) required a cane and 6 (15%) required a wheelchair(3).The diagnosis is suspected with MRI, and the definitive diagnosis is made with spinal cord angiography, and MRA is a guide for performing angiography(2).In MRI findings, the following information was observed that pointed out the diagnosis of Spinal DAVFs:Diffuse multilevel intermedullary hyperintensity in T2 weighted and Short-Tau Inversion Recovery (STIR) technique extended more than 3 levels (around 90%) is most sensitive finding than occurs in the context of vasogenic edema(3, 9, 10) the lower thoracic and conus medullaris are mostly involved anatomic location of this signal change. The location of the signal change does not necessarily correlate to the location of Spinal DAVFs(10).Rim of T2 hypo intensity in the periphery of the cord, because of dilated capillaries containing deoxyhemoglobin secondary to venous hypertension is one of the characteristic imaging features(10). Our patient MRI has these findings. (Fig-2, B, C)Another specific finding suggestive of SDAVF is the flow void sign on T2-weighted images, which indicates the presence of dilated veins at the surface of the spinal cord(2, 3). that shows serpentine enhancing veins after gadolinium injection (Fig-2 A, C) High-resolution 3-dimensional T2-weighted sequences or turbo spin echo enhance flow void sign detection(2, 9).Sometimes dilated veins may be so large to give the surface of the cord a scalloped appearance and conversely in other cases cord swelling may compress the dilated vein and prevent flow void appearance in MRI(3, 9).In our patient, in addition to the low accuracy of the initial MRI, maybe the inflammation of the cord also played a role in hiding the appearance of the flow void sign when the patient was symptomatic.Chronic venous congestion increases capillary permeability, so diffuse enhancement of the spinal cord may lead to misdiagnosis of myelitis. Missing-piece sign pattern of enhancement is an anatomic location with better venous drainage in tissues with venous congestion could be differentiate DAVFs from other cause of cord inflammation(10, 11).For localizing SDAVF, time-resolved contrast kinetics imaging (TRICKS) MRI can be useful due to its high accuracy in predicting the precise level of ±1 level(5).MRA with contrast is actually a way to find the appropriate catheterization site for detecting the segmental level of possible arterial feeder of the fistula in angiography(2, 3). We performed catheter spinal angiography as the gold standard method for definite diagnosis(1, 2, 9) and SDAVF was observed with a left arterial T9 feeder.Author Contribution statement:All authors made contributions in equal parts to this manuscript in terms of acquisition and interpretation of data, conception and design, and drafting the manuscript. All authors were involved in the therapeutic management of the patient. All authors were involved in revising the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.Patient consentThe patient involved in the study have signed informed con-sent and have authorized the use of aspects of their cases andimaging for research and educational purposes. Consent wasobtained from all patients involved in this study and a recordof this consent is kept with the authors and where possiblehas been documented in the electronic records of the patient’sconcerned. All patients have been de-identified in the paperpresented.1. Patsalides A, Knopman J, Santillan A, Tsiouris A, Riina H, Gobin Y. Endovascular treatment of spinal arteriovenous lesions: beyond the dural fistula. American journal of neuroradiology. 2011;32(5):798-808.2. Krings T, Geibprasert S. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. American journal of neuroradiology. 2009;30(4):639-48.3. Takai K, Taniguchi M. Clinical and neuroimaging findings of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: How to avoid misdiagnosis of this disease. Journal of Orthopaedic Science. 2019;24(6):1027-32.4. Bhimani AD, Rosinski CL, Patel S, Chaudhry NS, Denyer S, Behbahani M, et al. Adult Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations: Natural History and a Multicenter Study of Short-Term Surgical Outcomes. World Neurosurgery. 2019;132:e290-e6.5. El Naamani K, Abbas R, Tartaglino L, Sweid A, Herial NA, Tjoumakaris S, et al. The accuracy of the TRICKS MRI in diagnosing and localizing a spinal dural arteriovenous fistula: a feasibility study. World Neurosurgery. 2022;158:e592-e7.6. Da Ros V, Picchi E, Ferrazzoli V, Schirinzi T, Sabuzi F, Grillo P, et al. Spinal vascular lesions: anatomy, imaging techniques and treatment. European Journal of Radiology Open. 2021;8:100369.7. Saito A, Yajima N, Nakamura K, Fujii Y. Acute neurological deterioration after surgical interruption of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: clinical characteristics, possible predictors, and treatment. Patient series. Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons. 2021;2(25).8. Alhendawy I, Homapour B, Chandra RV, Drnda A. Acute paraplegia in patient with spinal dural arteriovenous fistula after lumbar puncture and steroid administration: A case report. International Journal of Surgery Case Reports. 2021;81:105797.9. Brinjikji W, Nasr D, Morris J, Rabinstein A, Lanzino G. Clinical outcomes of patients with delayed diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2016;37(2):380-6.10. Kelley M, April D, Bagert B, Milburn J, Steven A. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula: the missing-piece sign. The Ochsner Journal. 2022;22(1):10.11. Zalewski NL, Rabinstein AA, Brinjikji W, Kaufmann TJ, Nasr D, Ruff MW, et al. Unique gadolinium enhancement pattern in spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. JAMA neurology. 2018;75(12):1542-5.

Food security remains a pressing concern for nations worldwide. A significant challenge arises from the non-cultivated use (NCU) of previously cultivated land, potentially reducing food production capacity. This study investigates the driving forces behind NCU in China’s Sichuan Basin, a crucial agricultural zone. A sliding window method was employed to extract the NCU patches between 1991-2018, furthermore, the driving effects and pattern of NCU was explored by conducting multi-scale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model across different regions. Our research reveals a critical finding: (1) The cumulative NCU area in the Sichuan Basin grew continuously from 1991 to 2018, with a notable net increase after 2005, peaking in 2015 before declining. This phenomenon expanded from peripheral mountainous areas to the basin interior and from urban centers to outskirts, showing a recent leapfrog-like aggregation trend. (2) The Heterogeneous impacts of locational factors across different regions were revealed: in mountainous areas, improvements in transportation and market accessibility would slow down NCU, whereas in plain areas, the opposite would be true. These findings highlight the need for differentiated policy measures to address NCU effectively, including increasing infrastructure investment and market capacity in mountainous areas to reduce transportation costs and incentivize land protection, while providing grain subsidies, technical support, and farm machinery rentals in plain areas to encourage sustainable land use and organizing the uniform planting of advantageous crops like fruits and tea to increase efficiency. By elucidating the spatial heterogeneity of NCU drivers, this study provides valuable insights for policymakers aiming to optimize land-use strategies and ensure long-term food security.

Wetlands and their unique biodiversity are threatened by drainage, agricultural conversion, and climate change. Spatial species-level biodiversity modelling help identifying effective conservation measures. However, existing species-level models for wetland vegetation are often geographically limited, miss variables for hydrological conditions and neglect moss species, essential to many wetlands. Thus, we aimed to develop and validate a species-level biodiversity model for wetland vegetation across Europe. We fitted and cross-validated species distribution models (SDMs) for 265 vascular plant and moss species characteristic of European wetlands, using environmental variables representing climate, soil, hydrology and anthropogenic pressures. We validated the spatial predictions of the SDMs with independent dataset from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and the niche optima of the species, as obtained from the modelled species response curves, with empirical niche optima. The cross-validation and validation with GBIF revealed good predictive power of the SDMs, especially for diagnostic mosses. Median cross-validated values of AUC and TSS equalled 0.93 and 0.73, respectively, and median true positive rate (TPR) equalled 0.77. SDMs of diagnostic vascular plants performed well too, with median AUC, TSS and TPR of 0.91, 0.69 and 0.67, respectively. SDMs of non-diagnostic plants had the lowest performance, with median AUC, TSS and TPR values of 0.84, 0.54 and 0.62, respectively. Correlations between modelled and empirical niche optima were typically in the expected direction. Climate variables, in particular the mean temperature of the coldest month, were the most important predictors of species occurrence. In addition, groundwater table depth was an important predictor for diagnostic vascular plants, but not for mosses. We conclude that our SDMs are suitable to predict broad-scale patterns of wetland plant species distributions as governed by climatic conditions. Alternative or additional variables or a different modelling approach might be needed to better represent the local heterogeneity in hydrological conditions of wetlands

INTRODUCTION: Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComa), derived from perivascular epithelioid cells (PEC), are a group of mesenchymal tumors, as defined by the World Health Organization. PEComas of the lung are also known as Clear Cell Sugar tumor (CCTL). They’re typically reactive to smooth muscle and melanocytic markers. The literature shows that while PEComas may not have a clear sexual predominance, they are likely more common in females. They are also mainly found in middle aged adults however they can be prevalent in patients from 8 to 73 years of age (Bleeker et al., 2012) (Yan et al., 2024)PEComas are generally considered benign (Yan et al., 2024), however there is a potential subset with malignant behavior. In this article, we report a potential case of malignant PEComa of the lung in a female patient and we discuss the molecular profile of this tumor.

Objectives The intestinal flora is associated with the occurrence of MG, but the biological relevance of these associations is often unclear. We conducted a study to determine whether intestinal flora and metabolites are disturbed in individuals with MG, especially in patients not administered drugs. Methods In this study, stool samples were obtained from 50 individuals with MG, and 15 matched healthy controls (HCs). Then, 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplification sequencing (V3-V4 region) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to investigate the composition and structure of the intestinal flora community and the levels of metabolites in patients with MG and HCs. Clinical characteristics were collected, including MG quantitative scoring (QMGS), MG activities of daily living (MG-ADL) score, MG-specific quality-of-life 15 (MG-QOL-15) score, manual muscle testing (MMT) score, and acetylcholine receptor antibody titer levels. These parameters were used to analyze the correlation between distinct flora and clinical features. Results A prominent difference in the intestinal flora was found between the MG and HC groups. The MG intestinal flora is characterized by an increase in the enrichment of microorganisms such as Escherichia-Shigella, Fusobacterium, and Ruminococcus and a decrease in the enrichment of Lachnospira, an anti-inflammatory bacteria. Lachnospira showed a negative correlation with QMGS, MG-ADL score, MG-QOL-15 score, and acetylcholine receptor antibody titer, while demonstrating a positive correlation with MMT score. Conclusion The intestinal flora and its metabolites play irreplaceable roles in MG, especially in individuals who are not

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The Shitouping region in Gannan is rich in rare earth resources and stands as one of the most significant ion adsorption type rare earth mineral resources, both in China and globally. This study utilizes Digital Elevation Model data to extract various geomorphological factors, including elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, and terrain roughness, and employs the Weights of Evidence method to analyze the favorable geomorphological conditions for ion-adsorption rare earth mineralization. The Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, and BP Neural Network models are used to predict the mineralization distribution of ion-adsorption rare earth ores in Shitouping, Jiangxi Province. The results indicate that topographical factors such as elevation, slope, and aspect play significant roles in the mineralization process. The elevation range of 464m - 711m and slope range of 0°-25.84° represent the most favorable conditions for mineralization. Terrain roughness and other topographic factors show a negative correlation with rare earth ore enrichment. Among the models used for mineralization prediction in the Shitouping ion-adsorption rare earth deposit, the Random Forest model performed the best, with an accuracy of 0.96 and an AUC of 0.95. The prediction results indicate that ion-adsorption rare earth ores are less prevalent in higher elevation areas. The predicted results, validated through comparison with field survey data, demonstrate high accuracy. This study integrates terrain data into the prediction of ion-adsorption rare earth ore mineralization, showcasing its potential for predicting mineralization distributions and providing crucial scientific support for the exploration and development of rare earth resources in the Shitouping region.

Lynch Syndrome (LS), also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder with high penetrance. Individuals are at an increased risk for early onset of colorectal cancer, usually in the proximal colon and other extracolonic cancers, which include endometrial, ovarian,stomach, pancreatic, and urinary tract cancers. LS is caused by a germline mutation in the DNA mismatch repair genes, which results in microsatellite instability. There are two known variants of Lynch Syndrome, Muir-Torre Syndrome (MTS) and Turcot Syndrome (TS). We report a 67 year old female patient who presented with abdominal pain. Initial thoughts were diverticulitis with abscess formation. However, this was proven to be carcinoma of the colon with perforation and abscess formation. A later colonoscopy would reveal another mass below the hepatic flexure in the ascending colon. She would then develop endometrial cancer and skin cancer (squamous cell and sebaceous carcinoma) . Genetic testing would reveal a MSH2 mutation, confirming the diagnosis of Lynch Syndrome. Her diagnosis of sebaceous carcinoma would classify her LS as the variant MTS. Our case demonstrates how a rare condition can present itself as a common symptom, and the importance of continuous monitoring of patients with LS, as atypical cancers for LS can be LS variants.

Objectives: Uterine ischemia, often encountered in clinical settings, poses a significant risk during transplantation due to prolonged ischemic processes. This study aims to evaluate the potential efficacy of iloprost in reducing uterine ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Design: Experimental study. Setting: Adiyaman University Experimental Animal Production and Research Center. Population or Sample: Thirty-two 10-week-old female Sprague Dawley rats, weighing 280–300 g, were divided into four groups: Sham, Ischemia (I), Ischemia-Reperfusion (I/R), and I/R + Iloprost. Methods: The ischemia group underwent 3 hours of ischemia. The I/R group experienced 3 hours of ischemia followed by 3 hours of reperfusion. In the I/R + Iloprost group, iloprost was administered intravenously during the first hour of reperfusion. Histopathological and biochemical evaluations, including malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) analyses, were conducted. Main Outcome Measures: Histological examination and levels of oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH). Results: Inflammation and vascular occlusion were severe in the ischemia group and moderate in the I/R group, whereas these were absent in the Sham and I/R + Iloprost groups. GSH levels decreased significantly in the I/R group, while MDA levels peaked in the ischemia group. Iloprost administration mitigated these changes. Conclusion: Iloprost demonstrates protective properties against I/R-induced tissue damage in rat uterine models, suggesting its potential clinical relevance in uterine transplantation. Keywords: ischemia-reperfusion injury, iloprost, uterine surgery, oxidative stress, rat model.

Introduction Maternal cardiac arrest is a rare, time critical event. If there is no response to CPR after 4 minutes, guidelines recommend a perimortem caesarean section (PMCS). Simulation is invaluable for training in procedures such as this, which occur infrequently and rely on confident and time efficient decision making. We aimed to develop a low-cost, sustainable and procedurally accurate model for PMCS simulation to address this gap in our training programme. Methods ADAMgel was infused and combined with various fabrics to create the texture of anatomical layers encountered during the procedure. We then conducted pilot simulation sessions and collected feedback using 5-point Likert scales. Results Feedback from a combination of experienced consultant clinicians, and trainees, was excellent. 100% of respondents either agreed or strongly agreed that the model improved the simulation. 90% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that they felt more confident in the procedure after using the model. 70% of respondents rated the tactile realism of the model ‘high’ or ‘very high’, with the remaining 30% of respondents rating it ‘medium’. Conclusion ADAMgel, in combination with other readily available materials, can produce an effective, low-cost, sustainable, and procedurally accurate PMCS model. This model, paired with appropriate speciality-specific learning resources and more generalised multi-disciplinary team centred learning outcomes, will enable effective and impactful training in this life-saving procedure.

Background: Cervical ripening in labour induction using a combination of methods is gaining popularity, but the effectiveness and safety of this approach are not clear. Objective: To compare the effectiveness, perinatal and maternal safety of cervical ripening in the induction of labour (IOL) using a balloon catheter with concurrent low-dose vaginal misoprostol (combined group) versus low-dose vaginal misoprostol alone. Search Strategy: MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare, Scopus, Cochrane Library, WHO ICTRP and clinicaltrials.gov. Selection Criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), viable singleton gestation, no language restrictions, published and unpublished data. Data Collection and Analysis: Systematic search, screening for trustworthiness and study quality, and an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis were conducted. Main Results: Eight of 22 RCTs provided IPD, of which three were excluded due to trustworthiness concerns after IPD checking (604 women). Thirteen of 22 RCTs (59.1%) were identified as ‘ not meeting trustworthiness criteria’. This IPD meta-analysis included five RCTs (649 women): two had prospective, another two had retrospective trial registrations, and one RCT was unregistered. Vaginal delivery rate, composite adverse perinatal and maternal outcomes were comparable between the two groups in the IPD meta-analysis. Vaginal delivery rate, based on aggregate data from eight RCTs ‘meeting trustworthiness criteria’ (IPD and non-IPD), had an Odds Ratio (OR) of 1.07 (95% CI 0.68;1.68). In comparison, data from thirteen RCTs ‘not meeting trustworthiness criteria’ (IPD and non-IPD) showed an OR of 1.25 (95% CI 0.88;1.77). Conclusions: Based on trustworthy data, the effectiveness of the combined group and the low-dose vaginal misoprostol group is likely to be comparable. We are uncertain about the safety of using a balloon catheter with concurrent low-dose vaginal misoprostol due to low data retrieval and trustworthiness concerns among the underlying RCTs.

Objective: To compare risks of adverse birth outcomes between maternally vaccinated and unvaccinated twin pregnancies. Design: Multi-jurisdictional data linkage cohort study. Setting: We examined all registered births in Queensland (Qld) and Northern Territory (NT), Australia between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2017. Population: Women carrying a multiple pregnancy ≥20 weeks gestation and weighing ≥400g. Methods: We used Cox proportional-hazard models to calculate risk, with maternal vaccination status as the time-varying exposure, and national birthweight percentile charts specific for Australian-born twins to accurately reflect risk among small for gestational age (SGA) infants. Main Outcome Measures: Adverse birth outcomes including stillbirth, preterm birth and SGA infants. Results: Among our cohort of n=11,945 infants, there was no statistically significant increased risk of preterm births, stillbirths or SGA infants between women who received a maternal influenza and/or pertussis vaccination and unvaccinated women. There was a borderline reduced risk of SGA infants among Qld women who received pertussis vaccination (aHR 0.82, 95% CI 0.68–1.00, p=0.051). Conclusion: We provide evidence that maternal influenza and pertussis vaccinations did not increase the risk of stillbirth, preterm birth or SGA infants among women carrying a multiple pregnancy. These novel and important findings alleviate ongoing safety concerns for a cohort that carries a higher baseline risk of adverse birth outcomes compared to singleton pregnancies. Keywords: maternal vaccination; pertussis; influenza; twins; multiple pregnancy; safety