This paper explores how organizations can transition from data-heavy approaches to ethical, privacy-centric models that respect consumer rights while maintaining competitive advantage. Key strategies include leveraging first-party and zero-party data, embracing privacy-preserving technologies like differential privacy and edge computing, and adopting contextual targeting techniques. The role of transparency, trust-building, and consumer consent in fostering deeper customer relationships is emphasized as a cornerstone of this approach. By analyzing real-world case studies, the paper demonstrates how privacy-first marketing can drive innovation, enhance brand loyalty, and create meaningful customer experiences. It provides actionable insights into aligning compliance with creativity, ensuring businesses not only survive but thrive in the privacy-first era.

Soccer fans often prefer watching summaries of football games due to the significant time commitment required to view an entire match. Traditional manual methods for analyzing and extracting exciting clips are tedious and time consuming. Therefore, automate the process of video analysis and summarization is crucial. This paper presents a novel approach for automated soccer video summarization by classifying soccer events: card, corner, foul, and freekick. We implemented an empirical analysis of a hybrid Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) architecture. The proposed CNN-GRU model achieved an outstanding accuracy of 99.3% and a validation accuracy of 95.18%. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in automated the extraction of important soccer events, offering significant improvements in efficiency and accuracy over traditional methods. This work has broad applications in sports video analysis and accurate generation of game highlights.

Aims: Based on a large sample size, this study aims to analyze the genetic and phenotypic frequency distributions of CYP2C19, CYP2B6, and CYP2D6 in the Chinese Han population, providing valuable references for individualized psychotropic drug therapy. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on genetic data from over 6,000 psychiatric patients tested for psychotropic drug-related genetic polymorphisms between March 2021 and August 2024 at the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University. Genetic polymorphisms in CYP2C19, CYP2B6, and CYP2D6 were analyzed using Agena MassARRAY Assay. Additionally, CYP2D6 copy number variations(CNVs) were quantified using the TaqMan real-time qPCR assay. Results: The sample sizes were 6,964 for CYP2D6, 6,681 for CYP2C19, and 5,712 for CYP2B6, all from the Han Chinese population. The most common allele variants were CYP2C19*2 (30.15%), CYP2D6*10 (66.20%), and CYP2B6*6 (16.25%). The predominant genotype mutations were CYP2C19 *1/*2 (36.85%), CYP2D6 *1/*10 (24.64%), and CYP2B6 *1/*6 (23.62%). The predominant phenotypes were intermediate metabolizer for CYP2C19 (44.23%), normal metabolizer for CYP2D6 (60.20%), and normal metabolizer for CYP2B6 (57.95%). The CNVs for CYP2D6 were as follows: 0.47% for zero copies, 13.96% for one copy, 83.49% for two copies, and 2.08% for three or more copies. Conclusions: Our data complemented the pharmacogenomic information of the Han Chinese population, providing a theoretical basis for personalized treatment of variant carriers. Physicians should refer to preemptive Pharmacogenomics(PGx) test results for appropriate dose adjustments in accordance with guidelines.

Background Swine influenza causes significant economic losses worldwide, making it one of the top three health challenges affecting the swine industry. In addition, swine influenza viruses can cross species barriers and infect humans, posing serious public health risks. Vaccination is an essential tool for controlling the severity of the disease in swine and its spillover risk to humans. Due to the high antigenic variability of influenza A viruses (IAV) as a result of mutation and genomic reassortment, it is necessary to update vaccine strains to better match and neutralize circulating viruses at a given time and place. In this study we tested the efficacy of current swine influenza vaccines against influenza A viruses circulating in Spain. Methods Sera from mice immunized with swine influenza vaccines are tested against swine influenza A strains circulating in Spain using a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) serological assay. Results Current swine influenza vaccines show variable protective efficacy depending on the type of circulating swine IAV. Protective HI antibody titers (≥1/40) are induced against some field virus isolates of the Eurasian avian-like H1 (EaswH1) and human seasonal-like (huswH1) lineages, while no protection is obtained against other recent virus isolates of these lineages. Similarly, the vaccine does not protect against field virus isolates of recent porcine H3 lineages of human origin. Conclusions The high antigenic variability of circulating swine influenza A viruses circulating in Spain requires updating vaccines to match new viral variants, not only to increase neutralizing antibody titers, but also to include newly emerging strains that have been omitted in current vaccine formulations.

The prevalence of patients being diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease is increasing. While several studies have shown that, in general, it is possible to improve patients’ quality of life with the incorporation of a clinical pharmacist, data on the potential benefits of clinical pharmacist in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease is more limited. The aim of the present study was to provide a systematic review of benefits of adherence to treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with focus on the potential role of clinical pharmacist counseling. Three databases (PubMed, Medline, and Embase) were used to identify relevant literature. Keywords generated from the PICO model were used for the search. Seven full text articles were identified. They all indicated that pharmacist involvement in treatment could improve quality of life in patients with IBD. Results showed that patient perception of pharmacist involvement was positive following information about pharmacist services and education. Furthermore, results suggest that pharmacist demand better knowledge of inflammatory bowel disease in order to provide better service for IBD patients. The available literature is scarce but indicates that clinical pharmacist involvement in treatment of IBD had positive outcome, and helped improving the patients’ quality of life and their adherence to medication.

Background: The association of cancer and pregnancy is rare, with an incidence of approximately 1:1000 pregnancies. Objective: To determine the familial impact of cancer diagnosis in pregnant women Material and Methods: An observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted on women with cancer during pregnancy at the Regional General Hospital No. 17 in Cancun, Mexico, from 2017 to 2020. After informed consent, an interview was conducted with women with a recent diagnosis of cancer and pregnancy, family functionality, quality of life, and family impact were recorded, a clinical variable about gestation and control prenatal. The family impact was considered as the variable composed of functionality and quality of life determined by the EORTC QLQ-C30 instrument. Results: 67 pregnant women diagnosed with cancer were included. With cervical cancer 36% [95%CI:24.34,47.30]. Breast cancer. 18% [95%CI:8.72, 27.09] Age μ31.4±4.9 years. 69% [95%CI: 57-80] received surgical treatment. Systemic treatment. 31%[95%CI:19-42]. Vaginal delivery was 31% [95%CI:12-31], and cesarean section 69% [95%CI:57-80]. Prenatal control 51% [95% CI 39-62] four or more consultations. Comorbidity 48% [95% CI: 47.49, 77.50]. Quality of life is 100% affected. 85% bad 95% CI [75.73-94.27]. Severe dysfunction was observed in 85% [95%CI: 75.73-73.94] of families and the impact of cancer was negative in 100%. Conclusions: Although the diagnosis of cancer during pregnancy is a rare event, it was found that it hurts the family, which translates into family crises during the disease process, which are expressed as family dysfunction and poor quality of life.

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI), particularly large language models (LLMs), has revolutionized various applications by producing coherent and contextually relevant text. However, despite their advancements, LLMs are prone to hallucinations-instances where the AI generates inaccurate or fabricated information. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has emerged as a technique to enhance GenAI by integrating external knowledge sources beyond the model's training data. While RAG improves factual grounding, it alone cannot fully eliminate hallucinations. To address this limitation, agentic workflows that incorporate external tools such as APIs, search engines, and self-reflective mechanisms offer a promising solution. These workflows enable models to iteratively assess and refine their outputs, thereby reducing errors and enhancing factual accuracy. This paper presents a novel framework that combines agentic workflows with RAG within 6G networks to achieve more reliable generative AI by deploying autonomous agents that reflect on outputs and leverage real-time knowledge from external sources to improve response quality and accuracy. We explore the deployment of these workflows in 6G-enabled edge environments, facilitating scalable, real-time knowledge integration and model refinement. Our framework addresses current limitations in RAG-enhanced services by utilizing 6G edge intelligence for data fusion, dynamic knowledge base updates, and customizable AI service delivery. Through a multi-agent system comprising generator and critic agents, we effectively reduce hallucinations via iterative self-criticism, paving the way for more reliable and accurate generative AI services across diverse applications.

Mohamed Farouk Allam, MPH, PhD [1,2]1. Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.2. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cordoba, Spain.

Summary Pathologic conditions of the cervical vertebral column cause combinations of pain, neurologic deficits and behavioural issues that affect welfare and performance in the horse. A diagnosis of cervical vertebral malformation (CVSM) is associated with a high mortality rate, especially when identified in young animals. Surgical treatment offers the potential for long term improvement or resolution of clinical signs, at the cost of the potential for complications and an initial increased financial outlay. There are difficulties with extrapolating published outcomes to the individual case, however representative reported outcomes following cervical vertebral interbody fusion are an improvement in ataxia of 1 grade in 60-86% of horses, 2 grades in 7-74% of horses and 3 grades in 1-13% of horses, with a fatal complication rate of 6-18%. Multiple factors such as lesion location, cause of stenosis and duration of compression affect surgical outcome. Case selection should take into account factors such as severity of initial presentation, temperament, intended use and owner attitudes. Uniportal endoscopic foraminotomy is in its infancy but shows great promise as a minimally invasive procedure able to relieve clinical signs associated with spinal nerve impingement in the cervical vertebral column. This condition is being increasingly recognised, particularly in Warmblood sport horses. Details of greater case numbers and longer term follow up is required but around 87% of the first operated cases have shown significant improvement in signs. Cervical articular process joint arthroscopy/arthrotomy is uncommonly indicated but offers a low risk and successful treatment option for horses diagnosed with clinically relevant and surgically accessible intra-articular fragments or loose bodies within these joints.

Metformin, an antidiabetic drug, has been shown to exert neuroprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Senescent astrocytes have been shown to accumulate with age and in the context of many neurodegenerative diseases. The present study investigated the effects of metformin on the oxidative stress-induced premature senescence in astrocyte cells. For this purpose, primary culture astrocyte cells were pretreated with metformin before the treatment of H 2O 2 every 72 hours. SA-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining was performed to confirm senescence induction, and followed by mRNA expression analysis of cell cycle inhibitors (p53, p21 WAF1 and p16 INK4a) and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) proteins by q-PCR. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was measured by DCFH-DA method. H 2O 2 significantly increased the number of SA-β-gal positive cells and mRNA levels of cell cycle repressors (p53 and p21 WAF1) and SASP proteins (IL-6, IL-1β, CXCL1, and CCL2). Metformin pretreatment significantly reduced H 2O 2-induced senescent cell number. H 2O 2–induced increase in levels of p53, p21 WAF1, IL-6, CXCL1, and CCL2 mRNA and ROS was significantly inhibited by metformin. Metformin prevented H 2O 2-induced senescence development by decreasing inflammation and oxidative stress in astrocyte cells and it would be beneficial to support the mechanism of the protective role of metformin on astrocyte senescence in neurodegenerative diseases.

Phlegmasia Cerulea Dolens as an Initial Presentation of Ovarian Cancer

Ophisops elegans, a widespread lizard species, serves as an ideal model organism for investigating how environmental and morphological parameters influence the thermal ecology of lizards. In this study, the thermal ecology of O. elegans was examined by recording body temperatures alongside various morphological and environmental parameters, including snout-vent length, body mass, air and substrate temperatures, solar radiation, and wind speed. Additionally, microclimate temperatures were measured using data loggers and modeled using NicheMapR. Thermoregulatory efficiency was calculated separately using field-recorded and NicheMapR-modeled temperatures. As expected, substrate and air temperatures emerged as the most significant factors influencing thermal biology, with body size further modulating thermal dynamics through interactions with substrate temperature. Thermoregulatory efficiency values, derived from both field-recorded and modeled parameters were were nearly identical (~0.83), indicating that O. elegans is an effective thermoregulator.

A document by Pan Tao. Click on the document to view its contents.

Langmuir turbulence affects turbulent mixing in the ocean boundary layers and its effects require parameterizations in ocean circulation models. Most existing Langmuir turbulence parameterizations focus on the surface boundary layer in open oceans. In the shallow waters of coastal oceans, a surface boundary layer may interact and even merge with a bottom boundary layer. It is unclear how existing Langmuir turbulence parameterizations perform under such complex conditions. Here we assess the performance of two recent Langmuir turbulence parameterizations in an idealized case of merging boundary layers against turbulence-resolving large-eddy simulations (LES). In addition to assessing the solutions of free runs of single-column model (SCM) simulations, in which errors in the mean fields and turbulent fluxes are entangled, we also compare the simulated turbulent fluxes in SCM simulations with their mean fields nudged to those of the LES. In doing so, we focus on the parameterized turbulent fluxes in different parameterizations given the perfect mean fields. Our comparison highlights the tendency of parameterizations to deviate from the LES at each time instance, and thereby reveals the deficiencies of parameterizations in an instantaneous sense. It is shown that both parameterizations overestimate the near-bottom turbulent momentum flux when velocity shear is correct, resulting in too weak near-bottom shear in a free run. Consistent with previous studies, a down-Stokes drift shear momentum flux is necessary for capturing the momentum flux due to Langmuir turbulence but still misses the nonlocal momentum flux when coherent Langmuir supercells form.

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Background Head and neck cancers (HNCs) carry high risks of lymph node metastasis. Liver metastasis was usually evaluated in the initial tumor workup including positron emission tomography and liver sonography. The value of liver sonography was seldom investigated in the literature. Materials and Methods This retrospective study, analyzed data from patients newly diagnosed with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, between 2018 and 2020. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, preoperative investigations, and sonography findings related to liver were collected and analyzed. Results The study included 182 HNC patients with an average age of 56.66 years, of whom 93.9% were male. The most common primary tumor site was the oral cavity (67.0%), followed by the hypopharynx (12.6%) and oropharynx (11.5%). Tumor staging revealed that 55.5% of patients were at stage IV. Liver ultrasound findings showed that 22.5% of patients had liver nodules, 18.1% had liver cysts, and 2.7% had liver tumors. All the liver nodules and were stationary in follow-up CT. One hepatic cellular carcinoma was found. Child-Pugh classification indicated that 95.7% of patients were classified as Child A, and 4.3% as Child B. The study found a significant association between hepatitis B carrier status and liver cirrhosis (p=0.02). Conclusion: The frequency to find liver metastasis was low in our study. Liver cirrhosis and associated ascites especially in patients with chronic hepatitis were more important in HNC patients in initial treatment planning. Level of Evidence: 3

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown In arid and semi-arid regions of the world, farmers with small holding are facing several challenges for growing forage. These challenges include limited availability of light, water, rising temperature, fluctuations in rainfall patterns and prolonged droughts. Recent climate changes making arid and semi-arid drylands increasingly vulnerable in low-rainfall areas, leading to concerns about future food security and agricultural sustainability. Mixed pasture of a legume and grass plays a significant role in animal food security and reducing agriculture’s environmental footprints. Furthermore, it promotes environmental sustainability by preserving soil and water resources in changing climatic conditions. We expected that intercropping common vetch ( Vicia sativa L.) with would improve the use of available environmental resources. To test this hypothesis, the plant density of proso-millet ( Panicum miliaceum L.) was lowered in a mixed pasture of common vetch. A two-year experiment was carried out in the field conditions to test how overseeded planting density of common vetch influenced on lower seeding rates of millet photosynthetic account and combative behavior. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO 2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (E), stomatal limitation (Ls) and water use efficiency (WUE) of proso-millet was measured. The results revealed that planting density had significantly influenced the Pn, gs, Ci, E, Ls, and WUE during the daytime (p>0.05), except at the midday, when 25% millet exhibited higher Pn (8.43 [Mmol (CO 2) m -1s -1]), while 75%millet recorded the lowest value (7.38 [Mmol (CO 2) m -1s -1]). Moreover, the various densities of millet imparted significant effects on chlorophyll content (p<0.05). The maximum amount of chlorophyll a, b and (a+b) were 1.16, 0.66 and 1.81mg g -1 FW, respectively, obtained from 75% common vetch; 25% proso-millet, while the minimum amounts of 0.92, 0.43 and 1.35 mg g -1 FW, respectively, were obtained from 100%, 75% and 50% proso-millet seeding rates. The intercropped field had higher aboveground biomass, which was 9710 Kg DM ha -1 in 75%millet, 12050 Kg DM ha -1 in 50%millet, and 12650 Kg DM ha -1 in 25%. The maximum LERs of 4.28, 4.19 and 4.02, respectively, were recorded in 75%, 50%, and 25% millet densities. The competitive ratios of 75% and 25%millet were 4.40 and -3.05, respectively. Notably, 50%millet (0.00 CR) showed equal competitiveness between two crops and therefore could be adapted for efficient environmental resource utilizations and best climate-adaptive management practice.

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Objectives. The expression and functionality of bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) in the sinonasal mucosa have been linked to variations in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) severity and susceptibility, suggesting a potential therapeutic target for managing this chronic condition. This study is aimed at developing a screening method to detect the bitter taste receptor in the nose and its sensitivity between healthy individuals and those with CRS using available bitter ligands therefore coming up with a suitable titration of this ligand for future use. Methods. A cross-sectional study of 84 adults (42 with chronic rhinosinusitis and 42 healthy controls) evaluated nasal glucose levels and phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste sensitivity. Colorimetric and statistical tests were used to analyse PTC threshold values and nasal glucose levels. Results. Based on 0.13% as the most suitable dilution for intranasal testing of PTC, there is an association between nasal bitter taste testing among CRS and control groups with a P value of <0.001. Conclusions. The bitter taste testing on the nose seems to be a simple and inexpensive way for screening patients with CRS. The titration and intranasal sites suggested in this study can be used as a basis for further prospective studies to view the outcome of patients with CRS. Targeting these receptors in diagnostic could open a new window of opportunity in the management of patients with CRS.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease whose exact pathogenesis remains unclear, despite links to genetics, environmental factors, and microbial dysbiosis. Recent studies have highlighted the role of the microbiome in RA, yet the contribution of the tonsil virome remains unexplored. This study aims to investigate whether changes in the tonsil virome are associated with RA progression and assess its diagnostic potential. Using metagenomic data from 32 RA patients and 30 healthy controls (HCs), we identified 45,782 viral operational taxonomic units (vOTUs), with 14,341 classified as core vOTUs. RA patients exhibited significantly reduced virome richness and diversity compared to HCs, with Siphoviridae and Microviridae dominating both groups. Statistical analysis identified 235 RA-associated viral markers, including 13 enriched in RA and 222 in HCs. RA-enriched markers were primarily bacteriophages infecting Streptococcaceae, whereas HCs displayed more diverse viral-host interactions. Random forest models demonstrated strong discriminatory power of viral markers in distinguishing RA patients from HCs, achieving an AUC of 0.960, outperforming bacterial markers. Correlation analyses further linked viral markers to immune cell subsets, suggesting that tonsil virome alterations may influence immune dysregulation in RA. This study reveals significant changes in the tonsil virome of RA patients, highlighting its potential as a diagnostic tool and offering new insights into RA pathogenesis. These findings pave the way for future research into the virome’s role in autoimmune diseases and therapeutic development.

Superconductivity has been at the forefront of scientific research for decades, however, a lack of meaningful theory exists for rotational dynamics and spin currents in superconductor-ferromagnetic systems. Our research objective was to develop a theoretical model describing the precession of flux-pinned magnetized materials in addition to the subsequent generation of spin currents within the superconductor. Our mathematical analysis incorporated thermal, electromagnetic, and quantum phenomena, including the Bloch-3/2 relation, Barnett effect, and spin-enhanced electron-phonon coupling. We further developed a novel consideration of the London moment in the vortex state as well as a framework for spin currents in superconductors dependent on the applied magnetic field and rotation of the superconductor. Conclusive data was first provided by MATLAB simulations, allowing us to identify the steady-state solutions to our mathematical model as well as perform critical field calculations for various superconductors. We further introduced experimental test benches for a yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) superconductor, particularly focusing on verifying our model for the precession of ferromagnets as well as the detection and measurement of spin currents. A statistical analysis revealed p-values below .0005 displaying the statistical significance of our results.Ultimately, we look to apply these models to deep space exploration, improving the integration of superconductors into spacecraft. The steady-state rotation of a ferromagnet levitated above a superconductor (or vice versa) can be used to enhance existing London moment gyroscopes and superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) for application to inertial navigation systems such as control moment gyroscopes. Additional applications include electricity generation for application to magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters and utilizing Abrikosov vortex dynamics and spin currents in superconductors for spintronic data storage and logical computations.

To maximize the autonomy of individuals with upper limb amputations in daily activities, leveraging forearm muscle information to infer movement intent is a promising research direction. While current prosthetic hand technologies can utilize forearm muscle data to achieve basic movements such as grasping, accurately estimating finger joint angles remains a significant challenge. Therefore, we propose a Multi-Stage Cascade Convolutional Neural Network with Long Short-Term Memory Network, where an upsampling module is introduced before the downsampling module to enhance model generalization. Additionally, we designed a transfer learning framework based on parameter freezing, where the pre-trained downsampling module is fixed, and only the upsampling module is updated with a small amount of out-of-distribution data to achieve transfer learning. Furthermore, we compared the performance of unimodal and multimodal models, collecting surface electromyography (sEMG) signals, brightness mode ultrasound images (B-mode US images), and motion capture data simultaneously. The results show that, on the validation set, the US image had the lowest error, while on the prediction set, the four-channel sEMG achieved the lowest error. The performance of the multimodal model in both datasets was intermediate between the unimodal models. On the prediction set, the average normalized root mean square error values for the four-channel sEMG, US images, and sensor fusion models across three subjects were 0.170, 0.203, and 0.186, respectively. By utilizing advanced sensor fusion techniques and transfer learning, our approach can reduce the need for extensive data collection and training for new users, making prosthetic control more accessible and adaptable to individual needs.

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators are medical devices designed to prevent sudden cardiac death caused by life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. The purpose of this review is to investigate the most novel approach via an extravascular lead by exploring preliminary data that had been published in the PubMed, Cochrane, and ScienceDirect databases as of October 2024. An Oxford Level of Evidence was assigned to each paper; papers rated Level 4 or higher were included. Of the 727 initial records identified, 25 were included in the final analysis: 11 articles, and 14 abstracts. This data includes analysis of multiple-center studies of efficacy, safety, and complications of such devices and therapeutic use. This review discusses the expectations from clinical applications of extravascular implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and how certain limitations may be addressed.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Discrimination is frequently examined through the lenses of race, ethnicity, gender, or religion. However, nationality-based discrimination remains a pervasive yet under-researched issue in both social and professional settings, including healthcare. This article explores implicit biases related to nationality, their manifestations in interpersonal and professional interactions, and their implications for healthcare delivery. Using a personal experience from a youth football match as an entry point, this discussion extends to biases encountered in medical practice, referencing established sociological and medical literature. Practical recommendations are provided for fostering inclusivity and cultural competence in healthcare, ensuring the relevance of this discussion in both current and future medical and academic discourse.

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Most human–carnivore conflicts arise from the impact of predation on livestock. In Australian rangelands, considerable resources are allocated to constructing exclusion fences and implementing control measures to manage dingo populations for sustainable livestock enterprise. Assessing the effectiveness of these measures is crucial for justifying the investment. We used a replicated experimental design to examine the effect of landscape-scale dingo-proof exclusion fences (‘cell-fencing’) on activity and population density of dingoes. We monitored dingo populations for 22-24 months across six study sites nested within a landscape of about 75,000 km2 and defined ‘fence level’ as the number of dingo-proof fences enclosing each study site. We used camera trap capture rate (number of independent capture events per 100 trap nights) as a metric for dingo activity (including the availability of resources as other potential covariates), estimated dingo density using spatially explicit mark-resight models, and tested the relationship between capture rate and estimated density of dingoes for each study site. Significant variation in both metrics was observed between sites and across time. Fence level and prey occurrence significantly influenced dingo activity. The annual mean dingo density estimate across study sites was below 2 dingoes per 100 km2 (i.e., 0.02 dingoes per km2; the maximum value believed to be compatible with small livestock) at only one study site in the first year, but it was higher across all sites during the second year of monitoring. Dingo activity correlated with estimated dingo density at only two sites, suggesting differences in dingo behaviour and detection across the six study sites. This study provides experimental evidence that camera trap capture rate is not a reliable method for assessing variations in the population size of dingoes. These results have implications for monitoring outcomes of dingo control programs across Australia.