Área principal de enfoque STEM: Ingeniería Objetivo SMART Diseñar y construir un modelo de invernadero automatizado a escala que controle la temperatura, la humedad y la iluminación para el cultivo de hortalizas de hoja verde en un entorno urbano, optimizando el uso de energía y recursos.

W. John Martin, MD, PhD.Institute of Progressive MedicineSouth Pasadena, CA 91030 USAAuthor Contact Information: wjohnmartin@ccid.orgThe author declares no conflicts of interestRunning Title: Autism and Stealth Adapted VirusesWord Count 1,996Acknowledgement: The Institute of Progressive Medicine is a component of MI Hope Inc., a public charityAbstractBackground & Objectives: The incidence of autism has steadily increased over the last several decades. Yet despite previously published reports and several direct presentations on atypically structured viruses, Public Health officials have seemingly not pursued an infectious cause of autism. This article summarizes the evidence for infection of autistic children with cytopathic viruses that fail to evoke inflammation because of an immune evasion mechanism termed stealth adaptation. These viruses were initially cultured from patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Certain of these viruses are derivatives of the cytomegaloviruses that infected the species of monkeys used to produce poliovirus vaccines. Community spread of these vaccine-derived viruses can explain the increasing incidence of autism and other chronic illnesses.Methods: The author reviews the low-stringency polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies that led to the detection of stealth-adapted viruses and describes the characteristic cytopathic effects (CPE) caused by these viruses.Results: Stealth-adapted virus-induced CPE was observed in the culturing of blood samples of eighty percent of approximately five hundred tested children with autism. Positive results were also obtained using cerebrospinal fluid samples.Interpretation and Conclusion: Autism is viewed as a clinical manifestation of a stealth adapted virus encephalopathy that begins before birth. The increasing prevalence of autism over recent decades is attributed to the use of cells cultured from cytomegalovirus-infected monkeys to produce polio virus vaccines. The monkey cytomegaloviruses can undergo structural changes beyond stealth adaptation, including the incorporation of renegade cellular and microbial genetic sequences. Therapies that are based on enhancing the alternative cellular energy (ACE) pathway should be clinically tested.Key Words: ACE pathway, polio vaccines, African green monkey simian cytomegalovirus, SCMV, rhesus cytomegalovirus, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, CFS, PCRIntroductionSince 2000, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) sponsored  Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network has biannually determined autism rates among 8-year-old children in multiple American States. As quoted by Robert F. Kennedy Jr., the rates have steadily increased from an overall value of 1:150 in children born in 1992 to 1:31 in children born in 20141. Before the 1990s, autism was infrequent, with a 1970 determined incidence in Wisconsin of 0.7 per 10,000. The beginning of an increase was seen in the 1987 recorded incidence of autistic children in Nebraska of 3.3 per 10,000. California is now considered to have the best data collection on autism. The ADDM determined prevalence of autism among Californian children born in 2014 is 1:22 (4.5%)2. Among boys, the incidence is 8%. Based on the increases in recent years, the chance of a boy born this year becoming autistic exceeds 10%. IQ testing was conducted in the 2022 survey, including on 81.5% of the autism affected 8-year-olds in California. Of these children, 55.6% had an intellectual disability (IQ<85), with 28.4% scoring below 70 points. Since only 2% of IQ tests in the entire population score <70, the 28.4% value contradicts any assertions that the increasing autism numbers merely reflect changed diagnostic criteria. Inherited genetic factors and realistically rising levels of environmental toxins cannot explain the rapidly increasing incidence of autism. Yet, Public Health authorities and most autism-supportive communities have actively resisted open discussions of an infectious cause of autism. This is despite many attempts by the author to relate autism to atypically structured, cellular immune system-evading stealth adapted viruses, some of which are derivatives of the cytomegaloviruses of the species of monkeys used to produce polio vaccines3-6.Prior Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) StudiesPCR studies were initially designed to test for human herpes virus-6 (HHV-6) infection in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients. Patients with other neurological illnesses were included in the testing. Positive PCR results were obtained with several blood samples, but only when using low-stringency amplification and highly sensitive detection methods. The results were not specific for HHV-6 since various additional PCR primer sets were even more reactive. Positive low-stringency PCR results extended to studies on a brain biopsy obtained in 1990 from a patient with progressing dementia7. A striking feature of the biopsy was the absence of inflammation. Approximately a third of patients with CFS tested positive using PCR primers reactive with the then-known human herpesviruses8. Even more striking PCR results were obtained based on the fortuitous cross-reactivity with human T cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV-I and HTLV-II) reactive primers9.Prior DNA Cloning StudiesMultiple blood samples from a PCR-positive CFS patient were consistently cytopathic when cultured with human fibroblasts9. PCR on the cultures yielded products that could be cloned and sequenced. Virus particles were isolated from cultures, allowing for the virus-isolated DNA to be cloned. Partial sequencing of over 300 clones identified the originating virus as an African green monkey simian cytomegalovirus (SCMV)10-12. The entirety of the SCMV-related clones matched in aggregate, yet unevenly, to somewhat less than 50% of the complete SCMV genome. Only three components in human cytomegalovirus are targeted in total by roughly 90% of the evoked cytotoxic T-cell response13-14. The comparable genes in the stealth-adapted SCMV are either deleted or mutated. In contrast to the >200 kb genome size of SCMV, DNA isolated from the cultured virus migrated in agarose gel as multiple fragments with estimated sizes of 20 kilobases (kb) 9. Cellular sequences were present in 16 of the clones, while 35 clones had bacterial sequences15-16. A comparison of sequences of several clones that match the same region of the originating virus indicated significant genetic instability17. Genetic instability was also shown by matching the incorporated cellular sequences13. While the cellular sequences in the SCMV-derived virus were of human origin, it can be inferred that these had replaced African green monkey cellular sequences. Thus, in another partially sequenced stealth-adapted virus, four of seven incorporated cellular sequences matched more closely to the rhesus monkey genome, with the other three matched more closely to the human genome18. The matching bacterial sequences in the SCMV-derived stealth adapted viruses included those of Mycoplasma fermentans , a suggested co-pathogen for many of the earlier HIV infected patients19. Molecular assays have further linked this strain of Mycoplasma to other types of chronic illnesses20-22. Another prominent bacterial species for which genetic sequences have been incorporated isOchrobactrum . The incorporated sequences are referred to as being ”renegade” and can potentially contribute to the added pathogenicity of the viruses and lead to misdiagnosis of infections as bacterial rather than viral16. Along with additional evidence, acquiring bacterial sequences raises the prospect of stealth adapted virus transmission via infected bacteria.Prior Culturing of Stealth Adapted VirusesBlood samples from many additional CFS patients yielded readily discernible positive cytopathic effects (CPE) in cultured human and animal cells9,23. A characteristic feature of the CPE was the rounding of spindle-shaped fibroblasts with the formation of clusters of foamy cells, often with evidence of cell fusion. The tissue culture medium had to be repeatedly replaced for the CPE to progress to where it could be readily identified. Other features of long-maintained positive cultures include the formation of intracellular and extracellular pigmented materials and the abundant production of lipid materials. The pigmented materials display energy-transducing properties, including being fluorescent, electrostatic, occasionally ferromagnetic, and capable of creating fine vapor bubbles in water24. Electron microscopy of the infected cells shows a paucity of mitochondria, leading to the hypothesis that the particles were a source of a non-mitochondrial or alternative cellular energy (ACE) pathway25. It is the added cellular energy via the ACE pathway that leads to the suppression of the CPE.Studies on Autistic ChildrenMost virus cultures conducted during the period from early 1991 to mid-2002 were on blood samples from CFS patients. The next most common source of patient samples was from children with autism and related behavioral, learning, and emotional disorders. A low estimate is the testing of five hundred blood samples and several cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of autistic children. Clearly, discernible CPE occurred in approximately 80% of the tested samples. This level of positivity exceeded the approximate 10% positivity seen with blood samples of asymptomatic individuals. The patient samples in which CPE was either not seen or was insufficient to diagnose as positive were from children, where the clinicians favored a major autoimmune component to the illness. More intensive efforts were not undertaken to obtain positive virus cultures from these children. The testing was mainly performed on patients seen by Dr. Jeffrey C. Kopelson, an autism specialist in New York, and in consultation with Dr. George Lewis, a psychiatrist.DiscussionThe PCR and culture data clearly implied a role of stealth adapted viruses in neurological and psychiatric diseases, including autism. Yet, in mid-2002 my further clinical testing for these viruses was legally prohibited. Government officials concluded that my reporting on stealth adapted viruses had placed the Nation’s Health in ”Immediate Jeopardy”! A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) virologist publicly stated that “stealth viruses do not exist.” Of possible concern to officials was my extending the culturing to blood donors, which I had undertaken in an approved study at the University of California, Irvine. Linkage to polio vaccines was also viewed as contrary to the Nation’s interest.A relevant quotation from Alfonse Bertillon, a French criminologist, is that “One can only see what one observes; one observes only things which are already in the mind.” A brain-infecting virus causing autism has not been, nor seemingly is it currently, on the minds of Public Health officials. The difficulty in persuading officials otherwise was illustrated in the disregard of a presentation that I made in 2019 to the Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee (IACC)26. The committee chairman went as far as to suggest that he had not heard of stealth adapted viruses before the meeting, despite written comments on the topic having been previously submitted.Many use the lack of brain inflammation to exclude the notion of an infectious illness. This argument is countered by the stealth adaptation process, which was further confirmed in animal inoculation studies27. Stealth adaptation is a generic process that can potentially occur with all viruses. Their earlier existence may explain the rare occurrence of autism before cytomegalovirus-infected monkeys were used to produce polio vaccines. In dismissing an infectious cause of autism, officials may also contend that there is no evidence of autism occurring among those in contact with affected children. Yet, virus spreading is likely to occur among children with possible secondary infection of their parents. Subsequent children born to infected parents would be at risk for autism. So too are children born to autistic parents.Some autism advocacy groups attribute autism to vaccines, but their focus is either on the toxic vaccine components used as preservatives and adjuvants28 or on the attenuated measles virus in the MMR vaccine29-30. It has been proposed that the measles vaccine virus, especially when used in conjunction with attenuated mumps and rubella viruses, causes damage to the intestinal tracts of children who subsequently become autistic. The damage would allow toxic intestinal compounds to enter the brain via the blood. A more likely interpretation of the clinical linking of vaccine with the development or worsening manifestations of autism is that vaccination provokes immune reactivity against some of the residual, yet normally non-immunogenic components of stealth adapted viruses. Arguably, a reduced willingness of parents to vaccinate their children is justified.It is important to obtain sequence data of both the originating viral and subsequently acquired renegade sequences of viruses cultured from children with autism. Then, the sequences of viruses cultured from patients with other types of neurological and psychiatric illnesses can be compared.On a further positive note, studies on stealth-adapted viruses have led to the understanding of a non-mitochondrial source of cellular energy. It can be conveyed to cells via activated water24. The ACE pathway has specific favorable comparisons with the immune system in the defense against infectious diseases31. It can also have health-restoring benefits for many other illnesses. Alleviation of symptoms was seen in a clinical study on children with autism using UV illumination of fluorescing neutral red dye in activated water32. Positive virus cultures can provide an effective means for screening and enhancing the ACE pathway.ConclusionBased on positive virus cultures, autism is viewed as a stealth adapted virus encephalopathy that begins before birth. The increasing incidence of autism over the last several decades is explained by prenatal infection with stealth adapted viruses. Many and possibly most of these viruses originated from cytomegaloviruses of the types of monkeys used to produce poliovirus vaccines, specifically African green and rhesus monkeys. Although typically avoiding effective immune recognition, stealth adapted viral infections can be suppressed via the alternative cellular energy (ACE) pathway.References1. https://www.c-span.org/program/news-conference/health-and-human-services-secretary-kennedy-news-conference-on-autism-rates/6586692. https://www.rescuepost.com/files/embargoed-cdc-addm-community-report-sy2022-final.pdf3. Martin WJ. Stealth viruses as neuropathogens. CAP Today 1994;8:67-70.4. Martin WJ. Stealth virus isolated from an autistic child. J. Aut. Dev. Dis. 1995;25:223-224.5. Martin WJ. The rationale for vaccines and the potential inadvertent consequences including autism, AIDS and other epidemics. Med. Veritas 2004;1:81-85.6. Martin WJ. Autism, vaccines, stealth adapted viruses and mitochondria dysfunction. Best Syndication 4-9-2008. http://www.bestsyndication.com/?q=20080409_autism_vaccine_vaccination_viru s_discussed.htm7. Martin WJ. Severe stealth virus encephalopathy following chronic fatigue syndrome-like illness: Clinical and histopathological features. Pathobiology 1996;64:1-8.8. Martin WJ. Detection of viral related sequences in CFS patients using the polymerase chain reaction. In The Clinical and Scientific Basis of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Byron M. Hyde Editor. Nightingdale Research Foundation Press. Ottawa Canada 1992;278-283.9. Martin WJ, Zeng LC, Ahmed K, Roy M. Cytomegalovirus-related sequences in an atypical cytopathic virus repeatedly isolated from a patient with the chronic fatigue syndrome. Am. J. Path. 1994;145: 441-452.10. Martin WJ, Ahmed KN, Zeng LC, Olsen J-C, Seward JG, Seehrai JS. African green monkey origin of the atypical cytopathic ’stealth virus’ isolated from a patient with chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin. Diag. Virol. 1995;4:93-103.11. Martin WJ. Simian cytomegalovirus-related stealth virus isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with bipolar psychosis and acute encephalopathy. Pathobiology 1996;64:64-66.12. Martin WJ. Stealth adaptation of an African green monkey simian cytomegalovirus. Exp Mol Path. 1999;66:3-7.13. Gyulai Z, Endresz V, Burian K, Pincus S, Toldy J, et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to human cytomegalovirus pp65, IE1-Exon4, gB, pp150, and pp28 in healthy individuals: reevaluation of prevalence of IE1-specific CTLs. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(5):1537-46.14. Khan N, Best D, Bruton R, et al.  T cell recognition patterns of immunodominant cytomegalovirus antigens in primary and persistent infection. J Immunol. 2007;178(7):4455‒4465.15. Martin WJ. Renegade cellular and/or bacterial genetic sequences in stealth adapted viruses. J. Human Virol. & Retrovirology 2019;7(2):26-40.16. Martin WJ Renegade Bacterial Genetic Sequences in a Stealth Adapted Virus: Biological and Diagnostic Implications bioRxiv 2022.10.11.511846;17. Martin WJ. Genetic instability and fragmentation of a stealth viral genome. Pathobiology 1996;64:9-17.18. Martin WJ. Stealth adapted viruses with genetically unstable rhesus monkey cellular sequences. A possible forerunner of complex human illnesses. Cohesive J. Microbiology & Infectious Disease 2020;4(1):CJMI 000578, 202019. Sasaki Y, Honda M, Naitou M, Sasaki T. Detection of Mycoplasma fermentans DNA from lymph nodes of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. Microb. Pathog. 1994;17(2):131-5.20. Haier J, Nasralla M, Franco AR, Nicolson GL. Detection of mycoplasmal infections in blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 1999;38(6):504-9.21. Nasralla M, Haier J, Nicolson GL. Multiple mycoplasmal infections detected in blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and/or fibromyalgia syndrome. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 1999;18(12):859-65.22. Nicolson GL, Nasralla MY, Haier J, Pomfret J. High frequency of systemic mycoplasmal infections in Gulf War veterans and civilians with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). J. Clin. Neurosci. 2002;9(5):525-9.23, Martin WJ. Viral infection in CFS patients. in The Clinical and Scientific Basis of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Byron M. Hyde Editor. Nightingdale Research Foundation Press. Ottawa Canada 1992;325-327.24. Martin WJ. Stealth virus culture pigments: A potential source of cellular energy. Exp. Mol. Path. 2003;74:210-223.25. Martin WJ. Complex intracellular inclusions in the brain of a child with a stealth virus encephalopathy. Exp. Mol. Path. 2003;74:179-209.26.https://www.google.com/search?q=youtube+martin+iacc+autism+stealth&client=safari&sca_esv=08f9404a665a6878&rls=en&ei=3mEFaPmiA5e5wN4P1aDnsA8&ved=0ahUKEwj5idqEwueMAxWXHNAFHVXQGfYQ4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=youtube+martin+iacc+autism+stealth&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiInlvdXR1YmUgbWFydGluIGlhY2MgYXV0aXNtIHN0ZWFsdGgyBRAhGKABMgUQIRigATIFECEYoAEyBRAhGKABMgUQIRigAUj3O1CXBljcNnABeACQAQCYAY0BoAHmDqoBBDAuMTW4AQPIAQD4AQGYAhCgAs8PwgILEAAYgAQYsAMYogTCAggQABiwAxjvBcICCxAAGLADGKIEGIkFwgIFECEYqwLCAgUQIRifBZgDAIgGAZAGBJIHBDEuMTWgB6ZSsgcEMC4xNbgHyA8&sclient=gws-wiz-serp#fpstate=ive&vld=cid:ae263cc9,vid:f1Nz_0a85jo,st:027. Martin WJ, Glass RT. Acute encephalopathy induced in cats with a stealth virus isolated from a patient with chronic fatigue syndrome. Pathobiology 1995;63:115-118.28. Geier DA, King PG and Geier MR. Mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired oxidative-reduction activity, degeneration, and death in human neuronal and fetal cells induced by low-level exposure to thimerosal and other metal compounds. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 2009;91(3-4):735-749.29. Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A, Linnell J, Casson DM, et al. Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet 1998;351(9103):637-41.30. Wakefield AJ, Anthony A, Sim R, et al. Persistent measles virus infection immunodeficiency in children with autism ileo-colonic lymphoid nodular hyperplasia and non-specific colitis [suppl]. Gut 1998;42(1):A86.31. Martin WJ The ACE pathway in comparison to the immune system in the defense against infectious diseases. J. Hum. Virol. Retrovirol. 2016;4(1):119‒122.32. Martin WJ Alternative cellular energy (ACE) pathway as natural therapy for autism. In: Stealth Adapted Viruses; Alternative Cellular Energy (ACE) & KELEA Activated Water. Author House IN 2014;87-102.

Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) exhibit significant potential as high-energy-density storage systems for next-generation applications. However, the polysulfide shuttling effect and the growth of lithium dendrites significantly hinder the commercialization of LSBs. To address these challenges, we synthesized an amide-rich covalent organic framework (COF-316-CONH2) to modify polypropylene (PP) separators, achieving three key functions: inhibiting polysulfide shuttling, facilitating polysulfide conversion, and regulating lithium ion (Li+) transport. The abundant amide groups in COF-316-CONH2 anchor polysulfide anions through electrostatic interactions and facilitate their in-situ transformation with the help of carbon, thereby enhancing the utilization rate of active materials. Moreover, density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that the ordered nanoscale pores and amide groups in COF-316-CONH2 exhibit excellent Li+ desolvation properties, thereby improving the rate and uniformity of Li+ transfer. The modified Li-Li symmetric battery delivers stable cycling for over 1500 h with a low voltage hysteresis of 0.015 V, demonstrating effective dendrite suppression. Furthermore, LSBs assembled with COF-316-CONH2 separator show outstanding electrochemical performance, retaining high discharge capacities of 646 mAh g-1 after 600 cycles. This study provides new insights into the rational design of separators for LSBs.

Sensores de luz: Construcción de un medidor de radiación solar Tiempo sugerido: 50 minutos Descripción: La clase aborda la construcción de un medidor de radiación solar utilizando sensores de luz. Se explorarán los principios básicos de la radiación solar, los tipos de sensores de luz y su funcionamiento, así como la configuración y programación del medidor. Los estudiantes aprenderán a construir el circuito tanto virtualmente en Tinkercad como físicamente, y se presentarán fotografías y videos del circuito en funcionamiento. Vocabulario: 1. Radiación solar: Energía emitida por el Sol en forma de ondas electromagnéticas.  R: Resistencia de la fotorresistencia en ohmios.  R_0: Resistencia en condiciones de oscuridad (1 MΩ).  B: Coeficiente de calibración (0.1).  Lux: Intensidad de luz medida en lux.

Animals can adopt various behavioural strategies to manage rising pathogen risks under climate change. Nutrition is a key ecological factor in sustaining complex behavioural responses. However, the impact of nutrient availability on behavioural thermoregulation remains poorly understood. Using a Drosophila-fungi system, we tested whether direct nutritional intervention alleviates the physiological costs of infection-related thermoregulatory behaviour. We show that infected insects employ cold-seeking behaviour to enhance survival, but this strategy is only effective when hosts access specific nutrients that offset its reproductive penalties. Yeast in cooler environments maintains a positive lifespan-reproduction correlation, while fungal virulence decreases when hosts consume yeast or amino acids like tryptophan, during the critical window preceding infection intensification. Additionally, tryptophan provision alone is as effective as cold-seeking in reducing microbe loads. These findings highlight that behavioural thermoregulation depends on nutrient availability and composition, providing a mechanistic framework for understanding behavioural immunity under climate change.

[1]¿p#1 Soil organic carbon (C) constitutes the largest terrestrial C reservoir; however, the mechanistic understanding of its dynamics remains elusive, particularly the role of soil priming effect triggered by root exudate inputs under drought. In this study, we conducted a controlled study by applying different doses of analogue root exudate (quantified through field observations) to soils under two moisture regimes: control (60% water holding capacity, WHC) and drought stress (35% WHC) based on a 7-year throughfall exclusion experiment. Our results showed that soil priming effects decreased dramatically under drought relative to the control. Specifically, the priming effects over 30 days averaged 584 μg CO2 g-1 soil in the control, while drought reduced it by 44%. These changes in soil priming effect were primarily driven by C availability, nutrient stoichiometric imbalances, and microbial properties. Our findings suggest that incorporating mechanistic linkages among root exudates, nutrient stoichiometry and microbial properties into terrestrial biogeochemical models could provide a framework for advancing predictions of rhizosphere priming effects and their implications for soil carbon persistence in a changing climate.

Internal soil piping accelerates soil erosion and degrades land surfaces, but understanding its processes and impact is constrained by limited direct observations. This study introduces a novel approach to tracking and mapping the connectivity of soil pipes utilizing acoustic excitations, where sound waves propagate through air-filled soil pipes and couple into the surrounding soil as seismic waves and are detected at the surface. We conducted measurements in an experimental site having extensive soil pipe networks supported by six gully windows. A speaker was placed at various gully windows successively, and the ground vibrations were recorded with geophones along two survey lines. The time-domain vibration data were converted to the frequency domain, and the energy content was estimated using the Riemann sum approximation method. Signal-to-noise (SN) ratios were then calculated for each geophone and source location. Geophones with SN > 6 dB and Z-scores > 2 indicated proximity to large and/or shallow (principle) soil pipes, while those with SN > 6 and 1 < Z < 2 suggested nearby smaller or deeper (secondary) soil pipes. This study reveals four primary and six secondary soil pipes in line 1, and five primary and eight secondary pipes along line 2. Overall, four primary and seven secondary soil pipe networks were delineated over one previously postulated network. Detected pipe networks strongly correlated with low penetration resistance (PR) values from conepenetrologger (CPL) data, particularly for the primary pipe networks, confirming the applicability of acoustic techniques.

In 2015, the author of this article has published a first review on the patent landscape of antibody drug conjugate s (ADCs).[1](#ref-0001) Now, 10 years later, it is time for a wrap-up. While the basic principles discussed in that earlier article still apply, the ADC landscape has dramatically evolved and diversified in the meantime.

Modular multiplication is a pivotal operation in public-key cryptosystems such as RSA, ElGamal, and ECC. Modular multiplication design is crucial for improving overall system performance due to the large bit-width operation with high computational complexity. This paper provides a classification of integer multiplication algorithms based on their implementation principles. Furthermore, the core concepts, implementation challenges, and research advancements of multiplication algorithms are systematically summarized. This paper also gives a brief overview of modular reduction algorithms for various types of moduli and discusses the implementation principles, application scenarios, and current research results. Finally, the detailed research development of modular multiplication algorithms in four major classes over prime fields is deeply analyzed and summarized, and it is essential as a guide for future research.

Background : The effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on epigenetic regulation remain unclear, especially in susceptible populations such as PWHIV. MicroRNAs are critical post-transcriptional regulators and, therefore, potential biomarkers of disease. This study aims to identify plasma miRNAs reflecting epigenetic changes in PWHIV after SARS-CoV-2 resolution. Methods : Analysis was performed by massive sequencing of smallRNA-enriched total RNA from plasma of 20 PWHIV after a median of 10 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 (SARS/HIV group) infection, and 18 PWHIV never infected by SARS-CoV-2 or vaccinated (HIV control group). MirDeep2 was used for miRNA identification, and significant differential expression (SDE) and classification performance were calculated using GLMs and PLS-DA. Enrichment analysis was conducted using hypergeometric distribution over [miRTarbase](http://mirtarbase.cuhk.edu.cn/php/index.php), [RNAInter, and KEGG database](http://www.rna-society.org/rnainter/)s, and tissue expression was analyzed using the IMOTA database. Results : We identified 35 significantly differentially expressed (SDE) miRNAs between study groups. SDE miRNAs functional enrichment analysis predicted 410 target genes, which in turn overrepresented 52 cellular pathways, among which those with the most genes involved were those of neurodegeneration, master signaling pathways, and oncological and cardiovascular diseases. The hsa-miR-374b-5p showed excellent predictive ability in classifying the SARS-CoV-2 infection status in more than 93% of all instances. Conclusion : In conclusion, SARS-CoV-2 infection in PWHIV leaves an epigenetic footprint of 35 differentially expressed miRNAs, being hsa-miR-374b-5p able to diagnose infection status in 93% of cases. SDE miRNAs regulate genes involved in multiple neurodegeneration diseases, as well as cardiovascular and oncologic processes, which also may explain the symptomatology associated with post-COVID condition.

High-entropy alloys(HEAs) are of great interest in the field of materials science and engineering. Unlike conventional alloys, which contain a maximum of 2 base metals, this new category of materials consists of multi-principle elements and the possible number of alloy compositions, in case of HEAs, is outstandingly higher than that for conventional alloys. Here, a review on the high-entropy alloys, has been provided, on the issue whether the earliest definition of High-Entropy alloys, proposed in 2004 [2, 4] , is consistent with one of the 4-component equiatomic Compositionally complex alloys exhibiting a "High-entropy" effect.

Bycatch (e.g., the accidental capture of non-targeted species by fisheries) is a leading cause of human-induced mortality, contributing to significant populations declines worldwide. Often stemming from the overlap between food resources and fishery target species, dietary analysis is key to understand bycatch patterns. In the Bay of Biscay, common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) bycatch has strongly increased since 2016. Addressing the potential trophic relationship between dolphins and fisheries is essential for developing effective conservation strategies and ensure the sustainability of both dolphin populations and fisheries. Using stomach content analysis, we investigated temporal changes in the occurrence, abundance and importance by mass of preys between 1999 and 2019. We found no difference in overall diet over time, still composed of pelagic energy-rich prey (pilchards Sardina pilchardus; horse mackerel Trachurus spp. and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus). However, we observed significant decrease in the importance by mass of horse mackerel (t = 2.8365, p = 0.0052) and increase in anchovy (t = -4.2636, p < 0.005), as well as a decrease in the average size of major species, including pilchards, horse mackerel and anchovy; mainly related to environmental variations in abundance and size distribution of the small pelagic fish. We also identified a shift in minor species from upper slope habitats (e.g., blue whiting Micromesistius poutassou) to species inhabiting coastal waters (e.g., sprat Sprattus sprattus), reflecting changes in the distribution of common dolphins within the Bay of Biscay. Finally, we highlighted the consistency over time in the prevalence of fresh pilchards, anchovies and horse mackerels in the dolphin stomachs, suggesting they are more likely to feed specifically on these species when bycatch occurs. The risk of bycatch may therefore be modulated by dolphins’ target species, with a higher risk being associated with dolphins feeding on pilchards, anchovies or horse mackerel rather than other prey species

Estimating the causal effect of a variable is an important task for applied ecology. While several methods have been applied to empirical, observational studies, there have been quite a few attempts to employ the causal inference approach based on the propensity score methods in our field despite its widespread usage in other scientific fields. This pa-per applies the overlapping-weighted estimator to Eurasian red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris to evaluate human activity on behavioral tolerance to humans as a model case. This statis-tical method is one of the common propensity score methods in the statistical community to better evaluate the causal effect of particular variables on a target variable. We focused on the effect of artificial feeding on tolerance to humans because feeding has been sug-gested to be a main driver of habituation to humans, while the causal effect has not been statistically tested. We performed an estimation of causal effects and compared results with the analysis that employed commonly used methods including AIC and LASSO. The results showed that the effect of artificial feeding is larger than previously known and that AIC and LASSO yielded biased results by dismissing confounding variables. Our results indicate that propensity score methods can be useful for wildlife management by offering a more accurate evaluation of causal effects.

Successful retrieval of a separated instrument in the root canal of a primary molar using ultrasonic oscillation combined with H-File and barbed broach: a case reportLu Lidan1 Zhao Min1 Yao Qingting1 Qian Xukun1 Wu Yanhui21 Department of Stomatology, Xuchang Central Hospital, Xuchang, Henan, China (461000); 2 Songjiang Stomatological Hospital of the Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (200000)[Abstract ] Instrumentation separation occurs when metal instruments, such as endodontic files or enlarging pins, fracture and remain in the root canal during treatment, often due to fatigue, mismanagement, or anatomical challenges. This risk is present in both primary and permanent teeth, with more frequent reports in permanent teeth. However, clinical cases involving primary teeth are less common, and successful removal of separated instruments has been documented. We present a case where an instrument was effectively extracted from the distal middle root canal of a lower right second molar using a combination of ultrasonic shock, H-file, and cotton twisting with an extraction needle.【Keywords】 Endodontics; Instrument Separation; Breast Molar; Ultrasonic Shock; H-File; Pulp Extraction Needle[Corresponding author] : Yanhui Wu, Attending Physician, Graduate Student, Email:wwwwuyanhui@126.com ，Tel:021-576119003002Root canal treatment in both primary and permanent teeth carries the risk of instrument fracture[1]. In primary teeth, a broken instrument can impede root resorption or lead to periapical lesions, potentially affecting the successor permanent teeth. Consequently, the standard approach often involves extracting the affected tooth and fitting a gap retainer[2]. However, primary teeth play a crucial role in occlusal function and the transition to permanent dentition. If technological methods can successfully remove the fractured instrument, preserving the affected tooth would be beneficial for maintaining both occlusal function and the natural development of the dentition[3].Instrument separation in permanent teeth often necessitates significant dentin removal, while in deciduous teeth, this process is constrained by the dentin’s inherent thinness and the preference for noninvasive or minimally invasive techniques. The ultrasonic technique, which employs ultrasonic vibrations, is a minimally invasive method for removing separated instruments[4]. Additionally, the friction created by an H-file wrapped in cotton twists, combined with an endodontic needle, enhances the likelihood of successful instrument retrieval. This paper presents a case involving the extraction of a broken needle from the root canal of a 6-year-old patient’s right mandibular second molar. By employing ultrasonic vibrations to loosen the instrument, a disinfected cotton twist was wrapped around the H-file and pulpotomizing needle to create an adhesive interface, facilitating the instrument’s removal. This case confirms the clinical efficacy of combining ultrasonic vibrations with the H-file and pulpotomizing needle wrapped in a cotton twist.

Manuscript Title –“Restoring Function and Aesthetics: A 2 Year Follow-up Case Report of Maxillary Central Incisor Fragment Reattachment.”ABSTRACTDental trauma is a significant public health concern due to its high prevalence, economic impact, and psychological consequences. Among traumatic dental injuries, uncomplicated crown fractures, particularly in the maxillary central incisors, are the most common. Tooth fragment reattachment is a minimally invasive, cost-effective technique that preserves natural tooth structure while restoring function and aesthetics. This case report presents the management of an oblique crown fracture in the maxillary left central incisor of a 62-year-old male patient who sustained trauma following a fall. The patient preserved the fractured segment in water before seeking treatment. Clinical and radiographic examinations confirmed irreversible pulpitis without root fractures. A single-visit root canal treatment was performed, followed by fragment reattachment reinforced with a glass fiber post to enhance retention and longevity. Adhesive protocols, including acid-etching, silanization, and dual-cure resin cement application, were meticulously followed to optimize bonding. The patient was monitored over a two-year follow-up period, demonstrating stable adhesion, occlusal harmony, and no signs of discoloration or secondary complications. Radiographic and clinical evaluations confirmed the long-term success of the procedure, with no evidence of periapical pathology or detachment. This case underscores the importance of immediate fragment preservation, precise adhesive protocols, and long-term monitoring in achieving a predictable outcome. With advancements in adhesive dentistry, tooth fragment reattachment remains a reliable and conservative approach for managing anterior crown fractures, providing an excellent alternative to more invasive prosthetic options while maintaining the integrity of natural tooth structure.KEYWORDS – tooth fracture, trauma, tooth fragment attachment, glass fiber post, paracore, preservation, root canal treatment, dental pulp test.INTRODUCTION: -Dental trauma is a prevalent public health concern due to its high occurrence, economic implications, and impact on quality of life. It primarily affects children, particularly those aged 8 to 11 years, with reported prevalence ranging from 7.4% to 58% (1, 2). The maxillary incisors, both primary and permanent, are the most frequently affected teeth (3). Among various types of dental injuries, uncomplicated crown fractures in permanent teeth are the most common, with success rates varying depending on the nature and circumstances of the trauma (4, 5, 6).Advancements in restorative materials, bonding techniques, tooth preparation, and adhesive protocols have significantly improved the predictability of restoring fractured teeth (7). The introduction of adhesive dentistry has simplified and enhanced the reliability of fragment reattachment, enabling clinicians to restore a fractured tooth using the patient’s own tooth fragment(8).Tooth fragment reattachment serves as a viable treatment option for dental fractures, provided the fragment is adequately preserved in physiological saline or saliva to prevent dehydration and discoloration(9). This technique offers favourable aesthetic and functional outcomes in both the short and medium term while also contributing to the patient’s psychological well-being(10).The advantages of fragment reattachment include enhanced enamel smoothness and hardness, maintained dentin translucency, preservation of the tooth’s original contours, retention of occlusal contacts, and colour stability, all while being a cost-effective approach(11).Despite the high success rates of tooth fragment reattachment documented in the literature, some clinicians opt for less conservative approaches, such as tooth extraction followed by implant-supported prosthetic rehabilitation. This preference may stem from a lack of familiarity with the procedure or concerns regarding potential failure(12, 13).This article presents the rehabilitation of a crown fracture in a maxillary central incisor utilizing the tooth fragment reattachment technique, reinforced with a glass fiber post to enhance retention. The case was monitored over a two-year follow-up period to assess long-term outcomes.CASE HISTORY-A 62-year-old male patient was referred to the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics in March 2023 following a fall from the stairs. Clinical and radiographic examinations identified an oblique crown fracture of the maxillary left central incisor (#21), affecting the enamel and dentin of the facial surface. The patient had preserved the fractured segment in water for one hour before presenting to the department. A periapical radiograph confirmed an intact periodontal ligament space, complete root formation, and the absence of root fractures. No facial injuries were observed.Pulp vitality was assessed using thermal testing with Endo Frost (Colete, Germany), which elicited lingering pain for approximately 10 minutes. An electrical pulp test revealed an early response compared to the adjacent tooth, indicating irreversible pulpitis. The patient’s medical history was non-contributory (Figure 1).TREATMENT -A single-visit root canal treatment was planned for tooth #21, followed by fragment reattachment reinforced with a fiber post. The treatment plan was explained to the patient with all the options explained. The patient opted for the root canal and fiber post with tooth fragment reattachment plan. After obtaining informed consent, local anesthesia (2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine) was administered, and the tooth was isolated using a rubber dam. The fractured segment was cleaned with saline, disinfected with a 2% chlorhexidine solution, and stored in isotonic saline (Figure 2). Access cavity preparation was performed, and the working length was determined using an apex locator (Root ZX Mini, J. Morita, Japan) and confirmed radiographically. Biomechanical preparation was carried out with ProTaper Gold rotary files (Dentsply Sirona, USA) following the manufacturer’s protocol. The canal was irrigated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and 17% EDTA, followed by a final rinse with normal saline. Sectional obturation was completed using ProTaper Gold gutta-percha points (Dentsply Sirona, USA), with the apical 5 mm sealed using Bio-C Sealer (Angelus, Londrina, Brazil).An aesthetic fiber post (Size #1, Diameter 1.1 mm, Reforpost, Angelus, Londrina, Brazil) was selected. The post space was etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds, followed by thorough rinsing with water. Excess moisture was removed using a cotton pellet and paper points. The post was silanized and air-dried before applying a non-rinse conditioner (ParaBond Non-Rinse Conditioner, Coltene Whaledent, USA). Excess conditioner was removed with a paper point, and a chemically cured adhesive system (ParaBond A and ParaBond B, Coltene Whaledent, USA) was applied with a scrubbing motion for 30 seconds and then air-thinned. The post was cemented using dual-cure resin cement (ParaCore, Coltene Whaledent, USA), extending 2 mm coronally into the chamber. A slot was created in the fractured crown to accommodate the extruding post (Figure 3). The fractured tooth fragment was then reattached using the same resin cement (Figure 4).CONCLUSION AND RESULTS -During periodic follow-ups, the endodontic treatment remained clinically acceptable. A 12-month follow-up conducted in March 2024 and a 24-month follow-up in March 2025 confirmed a stable and functionally satisfactory outcome through both clinical and radiographic evaluations (Figures 5 & 6).With advancements in dental materials and techniques, achieving predictable and aesthetically favourable outcomes is now more feasible. Tooth fragment reattachment remains a reliable and minimally invasive approach, effectively restoring both function and aesthetics while preserving the natural tooth structure.DISCUSSION –Crown fractures can result from various traumatic incidents, with existing literature identifying common causes such as falls during play, sports-related injuries, and direct facial trauma (13, 14). Taiwo and Jalo (15) reported that maxillary central incisors are the most frequently affected, accounting for approximately 67% of all dental injuries, followed by maxillary lateral incisors and mandibular incisors. Goenka et al. similarly emphasized this trend (16).In line with these observations, this case report presents a conservative approach to tooth fragment reattachment for a maxillary central incisor fracture. A glass fiber post was incorporated to enhance retention, offering an effective solution for restoring both aesthetics and function in traumatized teeth. While fragment reattachment is generally recommended when the fracture line is clinically accessible, this report demonstrates its feasibility even in complex cases involving biological width invasion and root involvement. The clinical success observed over a two-year follow-up reinforces findings from Durkan et al. (11) and Rajput et al. (13), underscoring the importance of long-term monitoring.Advancements in adhesive dentistry have significantly improved the efficacy of the reattachment technique, particularly with the development of acid-etching and dentin adhesive systems(12). Unlike metal posts, which exhibit increased rigidity and mechanical incompatibility with dentin—leading to a higher risk of root fractures—glass fiber posts provide superior stress distribution and minimize the likelihood of catastrophic failures(17). Their elastic properties closely resemble those of dentin, enhancing adhesive bonding and contributing to superior aesthetic outcomes. Given these advantages, a glass fiber post was selected for this case, considering the available tooth structure and the presence of enamel, which further optimizes adhesion(18).Tooth fragment reattachment remains the most conservative approach for managing anterior crown fractures, as it ensures precise adaptation of the fragment to the remaining tooth structure while maintaining stability and biocompatibility with the periodontium(16, 19). This technique preserves the tooth’s original contours and occlusal relationships while providing immediate functional and aesthetic rehabilitation, making it a preferred option for managing dental trauma (20)CLINICAL KEY MESSAGE -Tooth fragment reattachment is a conservative, cost-effective solution for anterior crown fractures. With proper fragment preservation, adhesive protocols, and fiber post reinforcement, it restores function and aesthetics predictably in a single sitting. Long-term follow-up confirms its success, making it a viable alternative to invasive prosthetic options while preserving natural tooth structure and patient comfort.FUNDING – No special funding was provided.REFERENCES –Diangelis AJ, Andreasen JO, Ebeleseder KA, Kenny DJ, Trope M, Sigurdsson A et al. International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 1. Fractures and luxations of permanent teeth. Dent Traumatol. 2012; 28: 02–12.Bruschi-Alonso RC, Alonso RCB, Correr GM, Alves MC, Lewgoy HR, Sinhoreti MAC et al. Reattachment of anterior fractured teeth: effect of materials and techniques on impact strength. Dent Traumatol. 2010; 26: 315–22.Bastone EB, Freer TJ, McNamara JR. Epidemiology of dental trauma: a review of the literature. Aust Dent J. 2000; 45: 2–9.Lam R. Epidemiology and outcomes of traumatic dental injuries: a review of the literature. Aust Dent J. 2016; 61: 4–20.Sharmin DD, Thomas E. Evaluation of the effect of storage medium of fragment reattachment. Dent Traumatol. 2013; 29: 99–102.Glendor U. Epidemiology of traumatic dental injuries – a 12-year review of the literature. Dent Traumatol. 2008; 24: 603–11.Reis A, Francci C, Loguercio AD, Carrilho MR, Rodriques Filho LE. Re-attachment of anterior fractured teeth: fracture strength using different techniques. Oper Dent. 2001; 26: 287–94.Reis A, Kraul A, Francci C, de Assis TGR, Crivelli DD, Oda M et al. Re-attachment of anterior fractured teeth: fracture strength using different materials. Oper Dent. 2002; 27: 621–7.Reis A, Loguercio AD. Tooth fragment reattachment: current treatment concepts. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent.2004;16:739-40.Oz IA, Haytac¸ MC, Toroglu MS. Multidisciplinary approach to the rehabilitation of a crown-root fracture with original fragment for immediate esthetics: a case report with 4-year follow-up. Dent Traumatol. 2006;22:48-52.Durkan RK, Ozel MB, Celik D, Ba˘gis¸ B. The restoration of a maxillary central incisor fracture with the original crown fragment using a glass fiber-reinforced post: a clinical report. Dent Trau-matol. 2008;24:e71-5.4Nogueira Filho G, da R, Machion L, Teixeira FB, Pimenta LA, Sallum EA. Reattachment of an autogenous tooth fragment in a fracture with biologic width violation: a case report. Quintessence Int. 2002;33:181-4.Rajput A, Ataide I, Fernandes M. Uncomplicated crown fracture, complicated crown-root fracture, and horizontal root fracture simultaneously treated in a patient during emergency visit: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.2009;107:e48-52.Aras MH, Ozcan E, Zorba YO, Aslan M. Treatment of traumatized maxillary permanent lateral and central incisors horizontal root fractures. Indian J Dent Res. 2008;19:354-6Taiwo OO, Jalo HP. Dental injuries in 12-year old Nigerian students. Dent Traumatol. 2011;27:230-4.Goenka P, Sarawgi A, Dutta S. A conservative approach toward restoration of fractured anterior tooth. Contemp Clin Dent.2012;3:S67-70Creugers NH, Mentink AG, Fokkinga WA, Kreulen CM. 5-Year follow-up of a prospective clinical study on various types of core restorations. Int J Prosthodont. 2005;18:34-9.Hsu YB, Nicholls JI, Phillips KM, Libman WJ. Effect of core bonding on fatigue failure of compromised teeth. Int J Prosthodont.2002;15:175—8Tosun G, Yildiz E, Elbay M, Sener Y. Reattachment of fractured maxillary incisors using fiber-reinforced post: two case reports. Eur J Dent. 2012;6:227-33.Eden E, Yanar SC, Sönmez S. Reattachment of subgingivally fractured central incisor with an open apex. Dent Traumatol.2007;23:184-9.WORK DONE BY AUTHORS –Dr. Vidushi Gilhotra Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Resources, Writing - original draft   Dr. Tarun Kumar Formal analysis, Methodology   Dr. Meenu bhola Conceptualization, Investigation, Project administration, Writing - review & editing

Classification of chapter: Synthesis and characterisation of biomedical materials Type: Review Highlights: Review based on methodology and outcomes of different experiments performed till date.

Hypersensitivity reactions to quinolones (QHRs) have been increasing in frequency, thus classifying them as the second most frequently implicated class of antibiotics in HRs. It is noteworthy that quinolones (Qs) have been observed to predominantly trigger immediate hypersensitivity reactions (IHRs). These reactions are categorised as either IgE-mediated or non-IgE-mediated, attributable to the off-target occupation of the recently described receptor, Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X2 (MRGPRX2), on effector cells. The increasing trend of HRs underscores the necessity for enhanced diagnostic and management strategies. The present position paper aims to shed light on the key mechanisms involved in immediate and non-immediate QHRs. The clinical spectrum of these reactions is discussed, as well as the utility of skin tests, in vitro diagnostic tests and drug provocation tests in diagnosis. A further focal point of this study is the analysis of cross-reactivity between various quinolones. The paper concludes with the presentation of diagnostic algorithms for both immediate and non-immediate QHRs. The paper’s findings aid clinical practice for QHRs and address unmet needs, which should stimulate more in-depth investigations into the mechanisms and clinical practice of QHRs.

The present decade has witnessed numerous investigations focussed on the determination of the mechanical properties of Fly ash composites. These composites have attracted attention, especially in the form of reinforcements owing to their excellent tensile and compressive properties coupled with impact and hardness response. A number of techniques viz. in-situ deposition, hand-up lay and compo-casting techniques have been reported to fabricate these composites. However, in the context of these composites, a systematic structure-property correlation has not been established till date. The present review is aimed at highlighting the current state of research in the avenue of Fly ash composites from two different viewpoints, viz. (i) fabrication technique and (ii) mechanical properties of the fabricated composites. Moreover, the necessity of establishing systematic structure-property correlation in these materials has also been briefly discussed from the author's viewpoint.

The structure-property(S-P) correlation, especially in the context of high-temperature oxidation, in ZrB2-MoSi2 based Ultra High-Temperature Ceramic Matrix Composites (UHTCMCs) have been extensively investigated for quite some time since the last 25 years and a countless amount of published data is presently available in this field. On the other hand, emergence of correlative microscopy [1-10] has completely revolutionised the world of materials research, in a number of ways. However, owing to the challenges of sample preparation, there has hardly been a literature aimed at understanding the aforesaid phenomenon of understanding S-P correlation, based on oxidation in ZrB2-MoSi2 UHTCMCs, which, in future, may open up new frontiers of research in UHTCMCs. The present review intends to discuss some of the most interesting data published existing in this field and intends to provide a brief overview of the challenges associated along with some of the currently unexplored avenues in this field, especially in terms of fundamental research. However, in view of the enormous amount of research already done in understanding oxidation-based S-P correlation in these materials, the author does not claim to address all the issues which may be associated with understanding thesame.

Solute decoration at grain boundaries (GB) leads to a number of phenomenon such as changes in interface structure, mobility, cohesion etc. Recent experimental investigations on interfacial segregation in steels are based on microstructural characterisation using two correlative methodologies, namely, Transmission Electron Microscopy-Atom Probe Tomography (APT) and Electron Backscatter Diffraction-APT. Considering the growing interest in this avenue, the present review is aimed at addressing the common adsorption isotherms used for quantifying interfacial segregation and providing an overview of the present state of experimental research in the area of GB segregation in steels. The areas where an understanding of GB segregation may be utilised have also been highlighted with a focus on the experimental challenges associated with understanding GB segregation in steels.

Over the last five years, the automotive industry has primarily focussed on utilising a number of extraordinary properties of B2-strengthened Fe-Mn-Al-Ni-C steels, especially high specific strength, and high strain hardening. While reduction in density may be attributed to the addition of Al, high toughness and strain hardening may be ascribed to the precipitation of nonshearable B2 precipitates which suppresses the formation of shearable L'12-κ-carbides ((Fe, Mn)3AlC carbides). Considering the growing interest in these steels, the present review is aimed at highlighting the present state of research and associated challenges (both fundamental and industrial) with a special emphasis on the influence of B2 precipitate distribution and morphology on the strengthening effect in these steels. In addition, the necessity of obtaining both structural and chemical information about ordered B2 precipitates using the newly emerged methodology of correlative microscopy has also been highlighted.

The practical utility of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) processors depends critically on their performance under demanding computational loads. We investigated the impact of circuit depth on the 127-qubit superconducting processor ibm_brisbane by executing stress-test circuits utilizing all available qubits. These circuits consisted of repeated layers combining random single-qubit rotations and linear chains of Controlled-Z entangling gates. We systematically increased the ideal circuit depth from 1 up to 30 layers, resulting in transpiled circuits ranging from approximately 550 to over 15,000 gates (optimization level 2). Using the qiskit-ibm-runtime Sampler primitive with 4096 shots and default error mitigation, we successfully obtained results for ideal depths up to 22 (transpiled depth ~11.7k gates), beyond which platform usage limits prevented execution. Our central finding is the immediate onset of noise saturation: the output distribution reached maximum sample entropy (12.0 bits) and exhibited near-zero average single-qubit Z magnetization even at the shallowest depth tested (ideal depth 1, transpiled depth ~550). These noise-dominated characteristics persisted despite significant increases in transpiled circuit depth. This demonstrates that for these specific full-width, complex random circuits, noise overwhelms the computation almost instantaneously on this device under default settings, highlighting the profound challenge of achieving computational fidelity for deep, wide algorithms in the NISQ era without advanced error handling. .

[1]¿p#1 Sooty Grouse (Dendragapus fuliginosus) is a large game bird that occupies montane forests in the Pacific Northwest, USA. These forests have been disturbed by human activities, which has been documented to have positive and negative impacts on populations. The North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) indicated population declines for this species across their range (-1.2 % per year [95% CI = -3.0 – 0.25 % per year], 1966 – 2022). However, Sooty Grouse is inadequately represented along BBS routes due to little overlap with habitat, survey timing, low population density, and low detectability. We developed a monitoring protocol specialized for Sooty Grouse to better evaluate population trends for this species. We surveyed Sooty Grouse from 2011 – 2024 along 119 10- to 20-km survey routes across western Oregon. We estimated abundance and occupancy trends utilizing hierarchical models that simultaneously address the observation and ecological processes of monitoring wildlife populations. We did this in five common modeling frameworks, including exponential growth, Poisson linear regression, and logistic regression using JAGS, ubms, and unmarked (program R). Trend estimates varied across approaches, Poisson linear regression models displayed the most precise trend estimates, indicating that Sooty Grouse populations declined 2.9 % (95% CI = 1.4 – 4.5 %) annually over the span of our study. Given differences among frameworks, we simulated data to test which provided the most accurate trend estimate. Occupancy models did not perform well estimating trends on simulated data, whereas abundance models yielded robust results, particularly when the dataset did not contain missing data. Detection probability also varied across models, with occupancy models producing higher estimates (mean = 0.84) than abundance models (mean = 0.46). Our results confirm Sooty Grouse trends have declined in the recent past and warrant a more detailed assessment to determine what factors are driving this pattern.

This paper presents an event-triggered distributed model predictive control (DMPC) framework for discrete-time linear systems subject to additive bounded disturbances and dynamic couplings. Each subsystem uses a nominal model to formulate a local optimal control problem and employs an error-based triggering condition that accounts for both its own state prediction error and asynchronously received neighbor predictions. To mitigate additive disturbances, we employ a dual-mode strategy that applies the MPC law outside the terminal set and switches to a fixed linear feedback law within it to maintain invariance. Explicit conditions that ensure recursive feasibility, closed-loop stability, and convergence to a disturbance-invariant set are rigorously derived. Two illustrative case studies demonstrate that the proposed method markedly reduces triggering frequency while preserving control performance under asynchronous information exchange.