1Environment, Soils and Land Use Department, Teagasc, Johnstown Castle Research Centre, Wexford, Ireland 2 BirdWatch Ireland, Kilcoole, County Wicklow, Ireland.3 National Parks & Wildlife Service, 90 North King Street, Dublin 74 Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology and Behaviour, SBES, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland*Corresponding Author: kilian.murphy@ucd.ieData Availability Statement All data and R codes related to the models will be uploaded to an open access Figshare repository upon acceptance of the paper.

This lecture explores how the concept of degrowth can inform and transform the European Union's energy law in the context of the escalating climate crisis. While EU energy policy has long been shaped by the logic of green growth-relying on technological innovation and market-based mechanisms-recent scholarship, including the work of Romain Mauger, demonstrates the insufficiency of this approach in meeting urgent climate targets. The lecture introduces degrowth as a safer and more just alternative, emphasizing a deliberate reduction in energy and material consumption, particularly in developed countries. It critically examines existing EU legal instruments such as the Electricity Market Directive, Renewable Energy Directive, and Energy Efficiency Directive, identifying provisions that align with degrowth principles-such as energy communities, consumption caps, and the protection of vulnerable consumers. It also assesses upcoming legislation under the Fit for 55 package and REPowerEU. The conclusion calls for a rethinking of EU energy law to embed energy sufficiency, social justice, and environmental limits at its core.

The decline of landscape connectivity caused by the increasing global habitat fragmentation has seriously threatened biodiversity. However, our understanding of how landscape connectivity affects biodiversity, especially for plant diversity, is limited. Taking the meadow of Poyang Lake as a case, this study firstly applied the landscape pattern metrics and the graph-theoretic connectivity metrics to analyze the changes of meadow structural connectivity and functional connectivity after determining the spatial distribution of meadow at each water level. Then, the impacts of meadow connectivity on plant diversity and its scale effects were revealed through the linear regression model (LRM), and the redundancy analysis (RDA) was used to explore the contrasted explanatory of meadow structural connectivity and functional connectivity to plant diversity patterns. The results showed that: (1) Meadow was submerged and divided by water and its shrinkage coexisted with fragmentation when the water level rose. While meadow emerged and spliced and its expansion co-occurred with cohesion when the water level fell. (2) When the water level increased, the shape of patch simplified, the area of patch shrank, the density of patch reduced, the aggregation of patch decreased and the meadow structural connectivity decreased progressively. Meanwhile, the number of components rose, the possibility of connectivity decreased and the meadow functional connectivity reduced dramatically. (3) Higher meadow connectivity not only led to greater plant species richness at the landscape scale but also increased plant community similarity at the patch scale. Functional connectivity explains plant diversity patterns better than structural connectivity. This thesis proposes a new insight of landscape connectivity for sustainable biodiversity conservation and landscape pattern optimization in lake areas.

The benefit of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in COVID-19 in clinical trials has been inconsistent. Results suggested that benefit of IVIG in COVID-19 may have been greatest with early use in non-elderly patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). IVIG never materialized as mainstream treatment standard during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on our healthcare system’s experience with using IVIG during the COVID-19 pandemic, we believe IVIG may have been a missed opportunity in improving outcomes in select patient. We hope that our perspective will foster guidance for future optimal management of viral ARDS, including influenza.

Wildlife species are often captured to take morphometric measurements, collect biological samples and/or fit animal-attached tags to collect data on movement and behaviour. Though routine practice, wildlife captures have important welfare implications which should be carefully considered prior to each study. Full details on capture protocols are often limited to short descriptions in methods sections of papers. This is a major issue as information sharing can improve knowledge on methods that lead to increased or reduced capture success. This ultimately saves researcher time and resources and, most importantly, boosts animal welfare. Here we pursue all of the above aims; collect morphometric data, collect biological samples and fit sensor-equipped collars. We share detailed capture protocols to offer insights to other researchers, while optimising welfare protocols. Having faced challenges in initial captures for our trap-shy target species, we present methodological considerations and refinements undertaken to successfully trap urban red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Dublin, Ireland (n = 16 captures) and related efforts as part of a pilot study in rural Tuscany, Italy (n = 3 captures). We recommend setting multiple capture sites but caution against prolonged time spent in traps for foxes. Remote transmission camera traps and remote trap alert systems are highly recommended to remotely monitor multiple trapping sites at once with reduced disturbance and to facilitate quick arrival at capture sites. We discuss a cheap, lightweight collar drop-off solution to negate the need for a second capture for collar retrieval. In Dublin, we found the likelihood of capturing a fox was significantly affected by rainfall but not temperature. We conclude with an easy-to-consult checklist, providing advice on trap setting, pre-baiting, collar drop-offs and weather conditions, to aid researchers embarking on the capture of foxes and other difficult to trap species, particularly in urban areas with high levels of human activity.

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Background Managing severe labial bone defects in the anterior maxilla poses significant challenges in implant dentistry. Both soft and hard tissue grafting techniques have been employed to enhance peri-implant tissue stability, but their comparative outcomes remain underexplored. Purpose This case series aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes of soft tissue grafting

Understanding the intracellular fate of nanoparticles (NPs) is critical for advancing nanomedicine, particularly in targeted drug delivery for cancer therapy. Here, we present a multimodal cryogenic microscopy workflow (correlative light, electron, and X-ray microscopy- CLEXM) to investigate the uptake and subcellular localization of zirconyl-containing inorganic-organic hybrid nanoparticles (IOH-NPs) in murine breast cancer cells. Our approach integrates cryogenic fluorescence microscopy (cryo-FM), cryo-focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (cryo-FIBSEM), and cryo-soft X-ray tomography (cryo-SXT), enabling molecular specificity, high-resolution imaging, and volumetric ultrastructural analysis in near-native cellular states. We demonstrate that the cryogenic workflow provides enough contrast and resolution across all modalities for quantifying the IOH-NP uptake: NPs are internalized within two hours of incubation and progressively accumulate in endolysosomes over time, as confirmed by fluorescence labeling and SXT. Quantitative analysis reveals a marked increase in endolysosomal accumulation of IOH-NPs from 2 to 24 hours. Our findings help to establish multimodal cryogenic microscopy as a powerful tool for nanoscale imaging and quantitative analysis of NP uptake within close-to-native cells, offering new insights into NP trafficking and cellular responses relevant to nanomedicine development.

Black-backed jackals are medium-sized canids with an omnivorous and opportunistic diet, allowing them to persist across different landscapes and land uses in southern Africa. Their diet is influenced by both top-down factors, like the presence of larger carnivores, and bottom-up factors, such as prey size, abundance, behaviour, and habitat. Therefore, varying land uses—such as livestock farming, game ranching, or nature Reserves can significantly impact jackal diet and behaviour due to variations in management strategies and species presence. We examined the dietary response of jackals to three land uses in a localized region of South Africa: a nature Reserve with larger carnivores, a game farm without larger carnivores, and livestock farms in the semi-arid Karoo, South Africa. Using DNA metabarcoding of jackal scats, we identified prey species across these landscapes. Results showed significant variation in diet, with the jackals in the nature Reserve displaying a broad diet, while livestock and game farms diet were dominated by specific prey species, such as sheep on livestock farms and greater kudu on the game farm. Rodents were a significant dietary component for black-backed jackals across all land uses, highlighting their importance as a resource. Similarly, large ungulates (greater than 100 kg) consistently comprised a stable part of the jackal diet across different land uses. Seasonal shifts indicated that rodents served as a crucial resource during the dry season, while medium-sized ungulates saw increased consumption during the wet season. Notably on the livestock farm, the consumption of steenbok peaked during the autumn and summer collection periods, even surpassing that of sheep. This study highlights the behavioural flexibility of jackals, illustrating their ability to adapt their diets based on prey availability, habitat conditions, and interactions with other predators. Key words: blacked-back jackal, flexible diet, different land uses, DNA metabarcoding

Managed aquifer recharge of groundwater reserves and subsequent extraction represents a reliable means of bolstering drinking water supplies. Towards this goal, the Cape Flats Aquifer (CFA) management scheme was initiated to promote water security in the context of water scarcity in the Western Cape Province. Various sources of contamination (i.e., industrial, urban, and agricultural) are known to exist within the CFA, however, with the extensively farmed Philippi Horticultural Area (PHA) being among the most noteworthy. To better understand contamination hotspots within this area, a water quality index (WQI) was developed, incorporating 24 parameters measured in 96 boreholes over a five-year period (2018 – 2021, and 2023). Principal component analysis (PCA) using the WQI parameters showed that a mix of agricultural and geogenic sources contribute to the poor water quality. Primarily, the use of saline and poor-quality irrigation water and fertilizer runoff were identified as the most pressing threats. We conclude that caution should be taken when abstracting water from areas that were identified by the WQI as polluted and that efforts should be taken in curtailing some of the activities contributing to the deteriorating groundwater quality.

Abstract Objective: To describe the impact of heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) and dysmenorrhea on young Australian women’s lives. Design: Cross-sectional online survey. Setting: Australian general population setting. Population: Australian women aged 16-24 with HMB and/or dysmenorrhea. Method: the study was promoted through the online networks of health organisations and community-based groups. Interested parties could opt in (convenience sampling). Data was collected using the secure REDCap platform. Data was analysed descriptively, and associations were explored. Main outcome measures: Prevalence and impact of HMB and dysmenorrhea, information sources, and healthcare-seeking behaviour. Results: 903 participants completed the survey (median age: 22 years, range: 16 - 24, IQR 20-24). All participants reported dysmenorrhea, and 94% (n=554) also had HMB. The most frequent menstrual problems were clots (84%), spotting (34%), and cycle irregularity (51%). Of those who experienced clots (n=497), 70% did so in more than one cycle. Individuals with HMB and dysmenorrhea tend to visit their doctor more than those who with dysmenorrhea alone (p<0.001). The vast majority of participants (92%) were unable to complete daily activities due to dysmenorrhea, and most (69%) also attributed life interference to HMB. Over three-quarters (78%) reported menstruation-related absences from school or university. Participants mostly turned to their mothers (81%), female friends (64%), the internet (61%), and doctors (61%) for information about menstrual health. Youth workers (1%) and male friends (0.7%) were the least common sources of information. Over half (52%) consulted a healthcare professional for menstrual-related issues, but 15% had never done so. Conclusions: Having dysmenorrhea and HMB was disruptive for the daily lives of young women. This was underscored by the lack of reliability and accuracy of their sources of information about menstrual health. There is a need for focused interventions and support systems for this group. Keywords: Young adult, menstrual cycle, menstruation, adolescence, menorrhagia hypermenorrhea, heavy periods, pelvic pain, adolescents, mental health

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Background: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathways are multi-disciplinary strategies to return patients to their physiologic baseline as efficiently as possible. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and benefits of an ERAS pathway in children undergoing resection of abdominal neuroblastoma. Methods: After IRB approval, all patients >1 month old undergoing resection of an abdominal neuroblastoma at one of three children’s hospitals between 2020–2022 were offered enrollment. A standardized ERAS protocol was utilized at all institutions. Data were prospectively recorded. We compared the prospective cohort to a propensity matched historical cohort (2014–2020). Fisher’s exact and t testing were used, as appropriate. Results: The study included 23 patients in the ERAS group compared to 24 historic patients. Post-operative nasogastric tube use decreased from 91.7% pre-ERAS to 16.7% in the ERAS cohort. ERAS patients were advanced to regular diets and ambulated 3 days earlier than pre-ERAS. Post-operative opioid consumption decreased from 0.54 to 0.21 MME mg/kg/day (p=0.047). All but one patient (23, 96%) in the pre-ERAS cohort experienced at least one post-operative complication, compared to only 9 (39.1%) in the ERAS cohort (p<0.001). Average length of stay was 3.7 days with ERAS compared to 6.9 days pre-ERAS (p=0.004). Discussion: ERAS is associated with improvements in length of stay and a decrease in complications following resection of abdominal neuroblastoma. Children with neuroblastoma stand to benefit considerably from the benefits associated with the use of an ERAS protocol given their intensive treatment, complex surgeries, and need for expeditious recovery.

I develop Alpay Algebra II, a self-contained formal framework that rigorously characterizes identity as an emergent fixed point in a categorical setting. Building only on Mac Lane's category-theoretic foundations and Bourbaki's structural paradigm, I define identity objects via unique solutions to self-referential functorial equations. In particular, given a transfinite endofunctor φ : A → A on a category A, I show that infinite data structures, streams, and symbolic transformations arise as unique fixed points of φ. The identity of a generative process is thereby identified with the initial (and universal) fixed point of φ, obtained as the limit of an ordinal-indexed iterative construction. All necessary definitions-categories, functors, algebras, universal morphisms, initial fixed points, and convergence of transfinite sequences-are provided within my formal development. I prove existence and uniqueness (up to isomorphism) of initial algebras (minimal fixed-point objects) under broad conditions, and I demonstrate that each such fixed point carries a universal property: it serves as the canonical representative of the process's identity. The main results establish that (1) every sufficiently continuous endofunctor admits a unique minimal fixed point (initial algebra) which is isomorphic to its own image under φ, and (2) this fixed point yields the intrinsic identity of the underlying generative system, in the sense that its associated structural morphism is an identity morphism in the emergent category of states. In sum, identity in Alpay Algebra is not an extra axiom but a necessary outcome of transfinite fixed-point convergence. The presentation is strictly mathematical and abstract: I employ categorical reasoning (initial objects, universal constructions, transfinite induction) without any reliance on external implementation or philosophical narrative. By focusing on structural convergence and universal properties, I illustrate the generality and necessity of this fixed-point characterization of identity. Minimal references to Bourbaki and Mac Lane contextualize my approach within the grand paradigm of structural foundations and category-theoretic logic.

This study investigates the distribution of fingerprint minutiae types in boys with autism spectrum disorder (N = 48) compared to neurotypical controls (N = 46), with the aim of gaining insights into atypical developmental processes. The analysis focused on differences in the total number and types of minutiae across two areas of the fingerprint. Results showed no significant difference in the total number of minutiae across all fingers; however, notable differences were observed on the fourth finger (p = 0.001573) and in specific minutiae types. Boys with ASD showed a higher incidence of types like fragments, dots, and breaks in the central area (p < 0.00001), while neurotypical boys exhibited more enclosures. These findings suggest that the distribution and types of fingerprint minutiae could be potential markers for neurodevelopmental differences, as they indicate a disruption in the normal developmental pathways.

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown The mechanical, thermal transport and thermoelectric characteristics of X2S2 (X = K, Rb) compounds are comprehensively investigated with the first-principles calculations, merging self-consistent phonon theory, Bubble theory, and Boltzmann transport equations. Our results reveal that the X2S2 materials exhibit good mechanical and thermal stability. Importantly, the strong lattice anharmonicity is found in X2S2. In addition to considering the quartic anharmonic renormalization of phonon frequency, we also introduce the Bubble term (which represents cubic anharmonic renormalization), thereby leading to an obvious phonon frequency shift. Thus, the accurate lattice thermal conductivity (κL) can be obtained by the SCP+Bubble-3ph4ph method, considering the temperature-driven phonon frequency shift and scatterings processes involving three-phonon (3ph) and four-phonon (4ph) scatterings. The calculated κL is found to be ultralow values with 0.84 (0.56) and 0.78 (0.49) WK-1m-1 along the a(b)- and c-axes at 300 K for K2S2 (Rb2S2), respectively. Moreover, the coexistence of high electronic dispersion band edges and electronic flat band edges along Γ to A direction causes the large power factor. Consequently, a high figure of merit (ZT) is achieved along the c-axis. The outstanding ZT peak values of n-type K2S2 (2.62) and n-type Rb2S2 (2.11) exceed 2 along the c-axis at 900 K, indicating their great potential for thermoelectric application. Remarkably, the ZT values display the significant anisotropy. These results emphatically reveal that the non-layered bulk n-type K2S2 material holds great promise for the development of thermoelectric devices with anisotropic properties in the future.

This article explores how European Union (EU) law facilitates the integration of electricvehicles (EVs) into energy markets as flexibility resources. It analyses key legislativeinstruments including the Electricity Market Directive (EU) 2019/944, Electricity Regulation(EU) 2019/943, Renewable Energy Directive (EU) 2018/2001, Energy Performance ofBuildings Directive (EU) 2018/844, and the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (EU)2023/1804. The study highlights the legal rights and obligations for EV owners, aggregators,and system operators, focusing on provisions related to demand response, grid connection,smart charging, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services. It shows that EU law increasinglysupports a consumer-centric and technology-neutral electricity market that values flexibility,reduces grid stress, and enhances renewable integration through EV participation. Thearticle concludes that while the legal framework is largely enabling, effective implementationat the national level remains essential to unlocking the full potential of EVs in the EU powersystem.

We present a new approach and model with new equations of atomic nuclei (new equation of calculating strong nuclear force and constant connecting nuclear radius and atomic mass number) with calculations and results in good agreement with known determined calculations. All nuclei are consisting of nucleons (protons & neutrons) as certain masses with certain diameters at certain distances with certain number of its constituents with certain velocities hold and maintained by certain fundamental force (strong nuclear force), so the main equations of nuclei are controlled by these physical parameters. It is found that the distribution of particles in the nuclei is uniform for their masses and diameters. The calculations confirmed that the mass and diameter of any nucleus give certain constant value (2.2 × 10 15 2 / kg m). The new equation with a new nuclei constant is used to calculate previously undetermined experimental radii. The new equation of strong nuclear force can be determined by three main physical parameters (mass, distance, velocity of light).

This research introduces a novel approach to diabetes prediction by combining Siddha healthcare practices with machine learning and deep learning techniques. The method incorporates various machine learning algorithms, including Decision Tree Classifier (DT), Support Vector Machine Classifier (SVM), and Random Forest Classifier (RF), compared with the deep learning technique Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) with Deep Neuro Fuzzy System (DNFS). This study developed a dataset based on Siddha diagnostic principles to extract relevant features, which are then input into the classifiers for diabetes prediction. The effectiveness of each algorithm is assessed using multiple performance metrics, such as precision, recall, accuracy, F1-score, specificity, False Positive Rate (FPR), and True Positive Rate (TPR). The results demonstrate that ANN had the best performance of 90% on test accuracy and precision and recall of 88% and 91%, respectively and was very close to the RF and SVM. This study also demonstrates the medications used in the Siddha medical system, and the concept of combining Siddha with modern deep-learning techniques to predict Diabetes is a useful resource for healthcare professionals.

To assess the potential for high resolution ion mobility (HRIM) as an alternative means of precursor isolation for mass spectrometry fragmentation analysis we performed a meta-analysis of predicted tryptic peptide features from the human proteome to measure the rate of chimeric spectrum generation relative to traditional quadrupole-based isolation. Results indicate that for proteomic mixtures, HRIM separation with a peak capacity of 100 produces chimeric spectra at a rate commensurate with a ~5 Th quadrupole isolation window, while providing the additional benefit of generating non-chimeric spectra for many isobaric and isomeric peptides unresolvable with a quadrupole filter. This behavior was verified experimentally using a HRIM-QTOF mass spectrometry system. The ability to combine HRIM and MS isolation resulted in >10x increase in precursor isolation specificity as compared to either of the techniques independently.

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown To address the problems of low equalization efficiency and poor adaptability of the traditional non-modular active equalization structure and the direct cell-to-cell equalization method in the application of long battery strings, this paper proposes a modular active equalization system based on a bidirectional flyback converter, and designs a multi-mode collaborative equalization control strategy based on dynamic clustering for it. Firstly, a modular topology structure is designed, and the cross-module energy efficient transfer is achieved through the time-sharing multiplexing of the equalizer and the common balancing bus, supporting two working modes of cell-to-cell (C2C) and multicell-to-multicell (MC2MC), and establishing the dynamic equalization mathematical models for both working modes. Secondly, for the problem of target multi-battery group identification in the MC2MC mode, an improved DBSCAN clustering algorithm is proposed, combined with the battery position adjacency and the consistency of state-of-charge (SOC) deviation to dynamically divide the multicell groups to be balanced. On this basis, a multi-mode switching equalization control strategy combining the clustering algorithm is proposed to achieve the coordinated optimization of efficient parallel energy transfer of multiple batteries in the MC2MC mode and refined equalization in the C2C mode. Finally, in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed equalization method in this paper, experiments and Monte Carlo method were used to confirm that compared with the traditional single-cell equalization method, this system can reduce the average equalization time by approximately 23% under the three working conditions of rest, charging, and discharging, and has higher equalization efficiency.

Objectives: Present study tested the distinctive mediation model of moral injury (MI) and positive affect with burnout via wellbeing and negative affect. It also examined the moderating effect of positive emotions in the association between MI with wellbeing and negative affect among police officers. Furthermore, this study provided data about the prevalence of MI and burnout among a sample of police officers. Methods: One hundred eighty-seven active law enforcement officers completed the online self-report measures. The hypothesized model included MI as the predictor, positive affect as moderator, wellbeing and negative affect as mediators, burnout as the outcome, and gender as covariate. Results: The indirect effects of MI on burnout via wellbeing ( ab = 0.08) and negative affect ( ab = 0.08) were significant. Similarly, the indirect effect of positive affect on burnout via well-being ( ab = –0.12) was significant. The indirect effect of positive affect on burnout via negative affect was insignificant ( ab = –0.04). Positive affect did not moderate the association between MI and well-being ( ab = 0.12) or negative affect ( ab = 0.04). Officers showed low to high scores on various subscales of MI and burnout. Conclusion: The results highlighted the importance of considering MI and positive affect as phenomena that can impact law enforcement officers’ well-being, emotional state, and burnout.

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The brain’s extracellular matrix (ECM) is an intricate and dynamic network that plays essential roles in neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity, and circuit stability. Despite its importance, the molecular composition and spatial organization of the developing brain ECM remain poorly characterized. In this commentary, we highlight the recent study by Vilicich et al., which employs a multi-modal approach, integrating single-cell transcriptomics, proteomics, and immunohistofluorescence, to construct a map of the ECM in the developing neocortex of humans and non-human primates. By curating a comprehensive list of extracellular proteins termed the ”Exomatrix” and analyzing their distribution across cortical layers and developmental stages, the authors reveal layer-specific and evolutionarily conserved ECM features. These findings not only expand our understanding of ECM’s role in shaping the brain during early development but also emphasize its potential involvement in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders, urging further research into ECM biology as a frontier in neuroscience.

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Introduction Myoepithelial tumors are uncommon tumor with no specific predilection for age or sex. Myoepithelial tumors of the head and neck are predominantly found in the salivary glands, whereas those located in the sinuses are rare. 1,2A study observed that 66 (about0.009%) out of 7190 salivary gland tumors involved maxillary sinus, confirming its rarity in this anatomical location. 3We report a case of an older male patient with a lesion in the sphenoid sinus who was admitted to the hospital with decreased visual acuity. Preoperative computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicated a mass in the sphenoid sinus, and postoperative pathology confirmed the diagnosis. To our knowledge, there are no reports in the literature on myoepitheliomas located in the sphenoid sinus. Myoepitheliomas lack distinctive imaging, making preoperative diagnosis challenging. Consequently, diagnosis relies on postoperative pathology and immunohistochemistry. Surgery is currently an effective treatment modality; however, the efficacy of radiotherapy and chemotherapy remains unclear.

This study investigated how annotated and unannotated exemplars influence L2 learners' argumentative essay writing, focusing on changes in argument quality across both revision and new composition tasks. Additionally, learners' self-regulated learning journals and questionnaire responses were analyzed to explore their perceptions and reflections on using exemplars. The findings indicate that over half of the participants in both groups demonstrated improvements in overall argument quality. The annotated exemplar group showed a deeper analytical focus on argument quality during the analysis phase and achieved greater gains in revising their original essays. However, in the new composition task, the unannotated group exhibited greater improvement, suggesting that self-directed analysis may foster more durable internalization of writing strategies. These effects appeared to be mediated by individual differences and learners' writing proficiency, underscoring the importance of balanced scaffolded support. The study discusses pedagogical implications for exemplar-based L2 writing instruction and emphasizes the importance of fostering learner autonomy.