In this paper we study partial regularity of weak solutions to the initial boundary value problem for the system $-\textup{div}\left[(I+{\bf m}\otimes {\bf m})\nabla p\right]=S(x),\ \ \partial_t{\bf m}-D^2\Delta {\bf m}-E^2({\bf m}\cdot\nabla p)\nabla p+|{\bf m}|^{2(\gamma-1)}{\bf m}=0$, where $S(x)$ is a given function and $D, E, \gamma$ are given numbers. This problem has been proposed as a PDE model for biological transportation networks. The mathematical difficulty is due to the fact that the system in the model features both a quadratic nonlinearity and a cubic nonlinearity. The regularity issue seems to have a connection to a conjecture by De Giorgi \cite{DE}. We also investigate the life-span of classical solutions. Our results show that local existence of a classical solution can always be obtained and the life-span of such a solution can be extended as far away as one wishes as long as the term $\|{\bf m}(x,0)\|_{\infty, \Omega}+\|S(x)\|_{\frac{2N}{3}, \Omega}$ is made suitably small, where $N$ is the space dimension and $\|\cdot\|_{q,\Omega}$ denotes the norm in $L^q(\Omega)$.

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), a bacterial pathogen, causes bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit. To elucidate the local and systemic influences of Psa infection on kiwifruit, comprehensive analyses were conducted by combining metabolomic and physiological approach under Psa-infected treatment and control in leaves, stems and bleeding saps. Our results show that Psa infection stimulated kiwifruit metabolic reprogramming. Levels of sugars, fumarate, and malic acid were decreased in Psa-infected leaves and stems, accompanied by the increased level of amino acids (AAs), which is associated with energy metabolism and defense metabolism. Arg, Gln, and pyroglutamic acid systematically were accumulated in long-distance leaves, which probably confers to systemic acquired resistance (SAR). In situ zymography analysis showed that Psa-infection increased N-acetyl-glucosaminidases (chitinases) activity and was highest at the root tips, indicating Psa- inoculation accelerated the nitrogen (N) cycling in kiwifruit. Moreover, phenolic compounds were negatively and lignin was positively related to kiwifruit Psa-resistance, respectively. Our results first reveal that Psa enhances infection by manipulating carbon (C)/N metabolism and sweet immunity, and that host lignin synthesis is a major physical barrier for restricting bacterial infection. This study provides an insight into the complex remodeling of plant metabolic response to Psa stress.

The Hopf algebraic structure problem for a two-parameter deformed white noise Heizenberg algebra based on the two-parameter deformation of canonical commutation relations is discussed. Firstly, in the basis of the (p, q)-Fock space we present the Fock realization of the (p, q)-deformed quantum Heizenberg algebra and we give its Hopf structure.

Niemann-Pick type C (NPC, MIM #257220) is a neuro-visceral disease, caused predominantly by variants in NPC1 gene. Here we studied patients with clinical diagnosis of NPC but inconclusive results regarding molecular analysis. We used a NGS-panel followed by cDNA analysis. Latter, we used massively parallel single cell RNA-seq (MARS-Seq) to address gene profiling changes and finally the effect of different mutations on the protein and cellular levels. We have identified novel mutations and cDNA analysis allowed us to stablish the functional effect of a silent variant. We demonstrated that this mutation induces complete skipping of exon 11 and premature stop codon and identified it in NPC patients from unrelated families. MARS-Seq analysis showed that a number of upregulated genes were related to the unfold protein response (UPR) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and for all analyzed mutations, the NPC1 protein was partially retained in the ER.

Cesarean hysterectomy remains a life-saving surgery mostly performed under critical circumstances to control severe obstetric hemorrhage. Post-hysterectomy pelvic bleeding is a serious complication that may arise despite securing all accessible vascular pedicles. Pelvic compression presents a key last resort in the management of such challenging cases. No procedure-related intraoperative complications were encountered. One patient developed surgical site infection that was treated by antibiotics and secondary closure. In summary, we believe that the present balloon tamponade has employed a low-cost readily available equipment to provide a rapid and simple intervention which can be potentially lifesaving for women with pelvic hemorrhage post-hysterectom

There is not any medicine during the emergency of 2019-nCov has been an outbreak and we have already found antiviral phytomedicine Chinese elderberry will be inhibition of 2019-nCoV.This commentary used to be presented in June of 2013 at the first international symposium for the elderberry, the conference, held in the USA, many scientists were surprised to learn of the 9 native species of elderberry in China. This paper aims to publish our comment on the elderberry, as, since our initial presentation in 2013, no English literature references are present in China. Most Chinese horticulturists and farmers consider the elderberry a wild plant. It is regarded as a plant of little value due to its abundance and ease of harvest. This article contains details of the Sambucus species groups, including the botanical names, Chinese common names, geographic distributions, economic uses and full descriptions of the elderberry. In southwest China, where the climate is mildly warm, there are 2 species of elderberries; one, Sambucus adnata, is termed the “blood-red herb-elderberry” by local residents as the roots, rhizomes, and branches exude red-juice when broken. The second, named S. javanica or S. chinensis, is commonly called the “herb-elderberry”. In northeast China where the climate is cold, there are 7 species of elderberry, however, most scientists recognize only 2 main species: Sambucus. williamsii, commonly called the “woody-elderberry”, and Sambucus sibirica, commonly called the “Siberian woody-elderberry”. The other 5 species of elderberry in northern-east of China.

Abstract Mammals function as ecological engineers. The ecological relevance of mammals, shortage of data and increased human threats make the matter very essential and necessary to evaluate their diversity and current conservation status. Mammals’ diversity and their threats in Faragosa Communal Forest (FCF) areas are poorly surveyed. The study aimed at assessing medium and large-sized mammals of the study area, and their major threats in FCF. Survey of mammals conducted from August to December 2019 in FCF, Gamo zone, Southern Ethiopia. Transect line method using direct and indirect field observations used to collect data on mammals and their threats. A total of 685 individuals were id belonging to twenty-one mammalian species, six orders and thirteen families were observed. Hystrix cristata, Xerus rutilus, Marmota monax, Mellivera capensis, Chlorocebus aethiops, Papio anubis, Colobus guereza, Civettictis civetta, and Lapus hassinicus were among the medium-sized mammals while Tragelaphus imberbis, Redunca redunca, Ourebia ourebi, Sylvicapra grimmia, Phacochoerus aethiopicus, Pontamochoreus larvatus, Hippopothamus amphibus, Orycteropus afer, Crocuta crocuta, Panthera leo, Panthera pardus, and Canis mesomelas were the large mammals of the study area. Papio anubis and Chlorocebus aethiops were the dominant species identified. The abundant order recorded by the number of observations was order Primates (284 individuals) followed by order Artiodactyla (201 individuals) while the least abundant order was Tubulidentata (8 individuals). Among observed 685 mammals, 371 (54.16%) individuals were recorded in dry season while 314 (45.84%) individuals were recorded in wet season and abundance significantly varied between seasons (2 = 40.783; df = 20; < 0.05). The prevailing threatening factors identified were logging of trees for fuelwood and house construction, overgrazing, deforestation, hunting, mining, and invasive alien plants. As the area is rich in mammals and threatened by different factors, urgent conservation action is highly recommended. K E Y W O R D S diversity, Ethiopia, Faragosa forest, mammals, threats

Freshwater ecosystems are facing severe threats by human activities. As a consequence of this, they can get disturbed. In developing countries, like India, freshwater lakes are endangered primarily by agricultural activities, which often accelerate erosion and the runoff. The massive application of pesticides and chemical fertilizers to agricultural lands is one reason for eutrophication in the Kolleru Lake. Industrial pollution causes deteriorating water quality and makes them unfit for drinking water to the inhabitants of the villages around the Kolleru Lake. Besides, the indiscriminate rise of fishponds across the lake is another source of pollution to the lake. The different natural and anthropogenic influences increase the highly complex ecosystem of the lake. Managing these ecosystems is a challenging task. Due to the lack of an integrated approach and comprehensive environmental policy, Kolleru Lake has been becoming an ecological crisis area. Diffuse pollution sources are still remaining. Together with inadequate management planning and actions, they are contributing to the deterioration of the water body of the Kolleru Lake. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to ascertain the priority control areas aiming at socio-economic development for the long turn protection of the lake water quality by applying the Best Management Practices (BMPs). For this purpose, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to identify the critical areas of the lake’s catchment in terms of pollution from agricultural runoff into the tributaries of the Kolleru Lake and the lake itself. Further, suggestions were provided for the implementation of agricultural management practices to minimize pollution levels.

Euterpe edulis (Arecaceae) Mart has high ecological and economic importance providing food resources for more than 58 species of birds and 20 species of mammals, including humans. E. edulis is the second most explored non-timber product from Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Due to overexploitation and destruction of habitats, E. edulis is threatened by extinction. E. edulis populations have large morphological variations, with individuals having green, red or yellow leaf sheath. However, no study has related phenotypic distinctions between populations and their levels of genetic structure. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the diversity and genetic structure of different E. edulis morphotypes. We sampled 250 adult individuals in eight populations with the different morphotypes. Using 14 microsatellite markers, we access genetic diversity through population genetic parameters calculated in the GenAlex program and the diveRsity package in R. We used the Wilcoxon test to verify population bottlenecks and the genetic distance of Nei and Bayesian analysis for genetic clusters. The eight populations showed low allele richness, low heterogeneity observed and high inbreeding values (f). In addition, six of the eight populations experienced genetic bottlenecks, which would partly explain the low genetic diversity in populations. Cluster analysis identified two clusters (K=2), with green morphotype genetically distinguishing from yellow and red morphotypes. Thus, we show, for the first time, a strong genetic structure among E. edulis morphotypes even for geographically close populations.

L-lysine amino acid is cocrystallized with L-mandelic acid by the slow evaporation method. Single crystal X-ray analysis reveals that lysine-mandelic acid crystallized as a dihydrate form. In the crystalline state, the lysine molecule exists in the cationic form in which the backbone and side chain amino groups are protonated and the carboxylic acid is deprotonated. The carboxylic acid proton of the mandelic acid is transferred to the lysine side chain and thus carries a negatively charged ion. The lattice water molecules are located near the amino groups of the lysine. Intermolecular interactions formed between lysinium, mandelate and lattice water molecules are qualitatively analyzed using Hirshfeld surfaces and 2D-fingerprint plots. The energetics of different dimeric complexes is quantitatively analyzed using PIXEL energy analysis. Topological parameters derived from QTAIM framework are used to delineate the nature of different intermolecular interactions formed in the title complex.

Multi-reference configuration interaction, MR-CI (including extensivity corrections, named +Q) calculations have been performed on S0 to S3 states of cyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-thione (thione 24) and cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1-thione (thione 25), which are thione isomers of thiophenol. Several types of uncontracted MR-CIS and MR-CISD wavefunctions have been employed, comprising MR-CI expansions as large as ~ 374 x 106 configuration state functions. The nature of the studied excited states has been characterized. Vertical excitation energies (ΔE) and oscillator strengths (f) have been computed. The most intense transitions (S0→S2 for 24 and S0→S3 for 25) do not change with the wavefunction, although a variation as large as ~ 1 eV has been obtained for the S3 state of 24. On the other hand, ΔE changes at most ~ 0.15 eV for 25, as the wavefunction changes. The S1 state of both thiones has nπ* character and is in the visible region. For 24 S2 and S3 are ππ* and nπ* states, respectively, while for 25 the reverse order has been obtained. S2 and S3 are in the range from ~ 3.5 to 5.2 eV, at the highest level (MR-CI+Q). It is the first time that the excited states of the title molecules are studied. The computed results agree with the experimental onsets of photoreactions of thiones 24 and 25 found by Reva et. al. (Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2015, 17, 4888).

This is aimed at studying the aeration kinetics of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) smoked directly with biogas. Five live fresh fishes (Clarias gariepinus) were obtained from Fishery and Aquaculture Technology Department in FUTA, Ondo State, Nigeria. The fishes were killed, de-gutted, thoroughly washed with water, cut into pieces of 3 cm length. The chunks were smoked with biogas and the weight was being monitored at 15 minutes interval until constant weight was observed.. The study showed that the time taken for drying of Clarias gariepinus to reach the humidity point of around 12.43% (db.) was two and a half hours. We tailored the drying data to 10 thin-layer drying models. The compared the performances of the models using the determination of coefficient (R2), reduced chi-square (χ2) and root mean square error (RMSE) between the detected and foreseen moisture ratios. The results showed that Henderson and Pabis modified model was found to satisfactorily describe the biogas drying curves of Clarias gariepinus.

With the continuously increasing cost of energy, conservation of energy in pressurized irrigation networks has become an important goal. Such networks are usually designed to irrigate sectors of approximately equal areas in turns. Pumps are often operated to guarantee the absolute maximum head required for all sectors. This design criterion, however, does not guarantee minimum energy consumption. In this study, the k-means clustering technique is used for grouping (sectoring) hydrants with the same characteristics to minimize energy consumption. Various dimensionless parameters are used to identify hydrants characteristics, the relative elevation z*, the relative distance l*, and the relative head h*. These parameters were combined with different integrations to determine the best combinations from an energy point of view. MATLAB - EPANET Toolkit is used to implement the suggested clustering technique and test the impact of proposed management on energy consumption. The proposed methodology is applied to a drip irrigation network at Kostol area, Egypt. Results show that sectoring the study area using the k-means technique based on dimensionless parameters leads to energy savings up to 16.23% for the whole irrigation season.

A document by Md Nyme Uddin. Click on the document to view its contents.

Electrical energy occupies the top position in the energy hierarchy and its demand is not always met in Osogbo due to overloading of distribution transformers. In the past, several methods have been used to solve the problem of load demand and forecasting like Parametric Methods, Trend Analysis, Isolated Area Load Forecasting, Long and Short Time Load Forecasting. This work aimed to model the distribution load pattern of Odi-Olowo and Ikirun road distribution substations in Osogbo, Osun state for the purpose of forecasting load demand for the future. The readings were the peak hourly readings in Amps as documented by the power holding conpany of Nigeria (PHCN). The data were recorded and arranged on daily basis. It was transformed using Microsoft Excel Package. A scatter diagram was plotted with the transformed load in (MVA) on the vertical (y) axis and the dates on the horizontal (x) axis using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17. “Best line of fit or surface” was drawn using the least square method, a test of significance was conducted for each of the fitted line or surface and model equations were obtained for the three transformers. The scatter diagram shows a linear relationship between transformer load demand and date, Correlation coefficient of 0.661, 0.665 and 0.446 were obtained for transformer 1,2 and 3 respectively. Analysis of Variance indicated about 43.7%, 43% and 19% of the variation in capacity of transformers 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Linear models were obtained for forecasting load power distribution. The predicted results showed a high degree of closeness for the distribution load pattern of the three transformers.The model developed can be used to determine the load pattern of electrical distribution substation which will assist utility companies in efficient operation planning.

Smart antennas are becoming popular in the cellular wireless communication for capacity enhancement while reducing multipath effect and interference from undesired direction and to be useful for both base station and mobile handset antennas. The demands for smart antenna is even increasing widely as 5G cellular communication evolves to support higher data speed and bandwidth. The fundamental principle of smart antenna design is the adaptive beamforming using any best suited adaptive algorithm such as Least Mean Square (LMS), Normalized Least Mean Square (NLMS), Sample Matrix Inversion (SMI) and Recursive Least Square (RLS) each having its own pros and cons. Among the four, the LMS and NLMS are iterative approaches while SMI is block adaptive and RLS is a recursive method. Though there are many discrete research works using these algorithms, but comprehensive investigations considering all for smart antenna design is not available to the best of our knowledge. Thus, in this paper, exhaustive comparative performance studies of LMS, NLMS, SMI, RLS are performed in antenna array beamforming with multiple interference rejection using null steering. The contribution of this paper includes implementation methods of adaptive beamforming algorithms in presence of multiple interferers through flow charts illustration. Then exhaustive comparative results are analyzed for all four algorithms in terms of beamwidth, null depth, maximum sidelobe level, rate of convergence and error variation with respect to number of antenna elements and spacing. Finally, a comparative look up table is prepared which observes the pros and cons of all the algorithms listed. This paper will be a good ready reference for researcher in smart antenna design using these adaptive algorithms.

Electronic machines are rapidly being developed with the increasing benefits while getting smaller in sizes resulting in more thermal stress. To manage this thermal stress, a comparative study was conducted between a two-metal (Cu-Ag) micro heat pipe (TMMHP) and the presently utilized single-metal (Cu) micro heat pipe (SMMHP). Thermal effects of TMMHP of circular cross section at steady state are experimentally investigated. The tube possesses three common basic dimensions – 150 mm long hollow axial space, 3.0 mm hydraulic diameter and 0.3 mm thickness. The evaporator and condenser section is made of pure copper and silver. The adiabatic section is made of two parts – first half is made with copper and the second half is made with silver. Water and three low boiling point liquids – ethanol, methanol and iso-propanol – are used as working liquids. Tests are conducted by placing the heat pipe at three different orientations – horizontal, vertical and at 45o inclination. To provide heat flux electric heater-coil is spiraled around the evaporator and simultaneously the condenser section is directly cooled by water in an annular space. Internal fluid-flow is considered one dimensional. Ten calibrated K-type thermocouples are installed at different locations. Temperatures are recorded by digital electronic thermometers. Unlike in the SMMHP, it is found that the boiling and super heat effects in the evaporator of TMMHP transform the two-phase flow into a single phase superheated vapor flow, which increases TMMHP’s heat transfer capability to three and half times the capacity of SMMHP. Such an enhanced heat transfer coefficient may be possible from the improved convection which is developed from the different heat conductivity of metals that enables the TMMHP to reject heat at a higher rate through its condenser than the rate it can take heat in SMMHP through its evaporator.

Piping system failure can be caused by several factors, one of which is the pipe load. Pipe loads cause stress to the pipe. The thickness of the pipe in the piping system affects the value of the stress. The research uses the computational method of pipe stress analysis by comparing the value of stress in the variation of schedule pipe thickness 10S 4mm; schedule 80 13mm; and the XXS 22mm schedule between manual calculations and the results of a simulation of pipe stress analysis. The purpose of this research is to find out the value of stress to temperature of 500o F and pressure of 689 KPa from the results of manual calculations with the calculation results of pipe stress analysis to compare with the value of the allowable stress limit on N08825 nickel alloy material of 241.31 MPa. Pipe stress analysis is needed to calculate the amount of stress caused by the load on the pipe. Loading is carried out at a temperature of 500o F and a pressure of 689 KPa. Research on variations in pipe thickness produces a value of 18.86 MPa for each manual calculation, 30.6 MPa for CAESAR II and 41.75 MPa for ANSYS calculations

This paper examines the merits and challenges of the introduction of an alternative aircraft taxiing method which does not use aircraft main engines for aircraft ground movement at Kenneth Kaunda International Airport (KKIA). The proposed aircraft taxiing method uses electric motors embedded in the nose wheel, left and right landing gears. This is part of the ongoing research and development of the More Electric Aircraft (MEA). The concept and feasibility of introduction of electric taxing at KKIA is done using the current air traffic of KKIA. The study shows the potential for taxiing fuel burn reduction, reduced carbon dioxide, nitric oxide and sound pollution around the airport and potential savings in engine and brake system maintenance costs.

The ethylene oligomerization and aromatization reaction kinetics on ZSM-5 with different Si/Al ratio was modeled by the single-event concept combined with the Brönsted kinetic model for establishing a quantitative acidity-activity relationship. The NH3 desorption activation energy is related to the reaction activation energy and de/protonation heat based on the linear free energy theory by introducing γ, δ as the kinetic parameters of reaction sensitivity to the acid strength. Total 36 parameters in the subtype elementary step level were estimated for each kinetic model. The hybrid genetic optimization algorithm was generated to obtain the kinetic model parameters, which can efficiently and accurately fit the change of product distribution of for 3 three catalysts within C8 hydrocarbon in the reaction network. The performance of the kinetic modeling is confirmed by experimental data. The regressed kinetic modeling can predict the influence of zeolite with same topology and different acidity on product distribution.

Quantitative analyses on the coefficient of friction of common coating waxes are necessary and essential for designing systems for coating, conveying, packaging operations, transporting and storing of papers and paperboards, while analyses on wear behavior can be helpful for predicting performance durability of the coating surface. In this study, we investigated the friction and wear behaviors of six waxes including four commercial waxes and two soybean oil-based wax developed in our lab for bulk coating on cardboard. The effect of normal load, sliding velocity, and environmental temperature was evaluated. The friction coefficient of different waxes varies with sliding conditions. Higher normal load, sliding velocity, and environmental temperature resulted in significantly greater wear loss. Crystalline morphology and crystallinity were affected by environmental temperature, and they correlate to the variations in friction coefficient and wear loss of these materials. Overall, the Estercoat developed in our lab had comparable frictional properties and much less wear than paraffin wax under tested conditions and can be a good substitute for paraffin wax.

We study the evaporation dynamics of multiple water droplets deposited in ordered arrays or randomly distributed (sprayed) on superhydrophobic substrates (SHP) and smooth silicone wafers (SW). The evaluation of mass of the droplets as a function of time shows a power-law behavior with exponent 3/2, and from the prefactor of the power-law an evaporation rate can be determined. We find that the evaporation rate on a SHP surface is slower than a normal surface for both single droplet and collection of droplets. By dividing a large droplet into more smaller ones, the evaporation rate increases and the difference between the evaporation rates on SHP and SW surfaces becomes higher. The evaporation rates depend also on the distance between the droplets and increase with increasing this distance.

The hybrid turbine for VAWTs has been widely investigated by researchers around in the world. Whereas hybrid turbines for HAWTs especially the venturi turbine and propeller turbine have never been examined. This study aims to obtain the characteristics of hybrid horizontal axis turbine that combine propeller turbine and venturi turbine on a single shaft have been proposed as a way of combining the excellent starting torque, low cut in, while propeller turbine with the high operational efficiency, poor with turbulent flows. The study was conducted experimentally. There are two parameters of the turbine to be tested, the first being the effect of the diameter of the wind turbine propeller on the venturi diameter of the wind turbine. The second is the pitch angle of propeller turbine. The results of tests conducted, obtained an increase in power from hybrid wind turbine compared to wind turbine propeller.

CONSTANS-LIKE (COL) family members are commonly implicated in light signal transduction during early photomorphogenesis. However, some of their functions remain unclear. Here we propose a role for COL13 on the hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that COL13 RNA accumulates to high levels in hypocotyl, and that disruption of COL13 function via T-DNA insertion or RNAi led to longer hypocotyl of Arabidopsis seedlings in red light. On the contrary, overexpression of COL13 resulted in shorter hypocotyl. With various genetic, genomic and biochemical assays, we proved that another COL protein named COL3 directly bound to the promoter of COL13, and the promoter region of COL3 was targeted by the transcription factor LONG HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), to form a HY5-COL3-COL13 regulatory chain for regulating hypocotyl elongation in red light. In addition, further study demonstrated that COL13 interacted with COL3 and COL13 promoted the interaction between COL3 and CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1), suggesting a possible COP1-dependent COL3-COL13 feedback pathway. Our results provides new information regarding the genes network in mediating hypocotyl elongation.