Purpose: To compare clinical outcomes associated with pediatric oropharyngeal dysphagia, before and after videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) and feeding strategies recommendations. Methods: A longitudinal, analytical uncontrolled study with evaluation before and after VFSS was performed. Children between 0 and 24 months were included in the study. Each participant received recommendations for the therapeutic management of oropharyngeal dysphagia after the VFSS, as well as follow-up care at a hospital Outpatient Clinic for Pediatric Dysphagia in order to monitor feeding and swallowing complaints. The respiratory and feeding outcomes were compared. Results: A penetration/aspiration event was observed in 61% of the videfluoroscopic exams (n=72). Feeding strategies to improve biomechanical coordination and swallowing safety were required for 97% of the examined children. After the exam, there was a reduction in the use and length of antibiotic therapy (p=0.036), in the number of children who had been admitted to hospital (p<0.001), in the frequency (p=0.037), and in the length of hospitalization (p=0.025). There was an increase in combined oral and enteral feeding in relation to isolated feeding routes (p=0.002). Conclusions: This study data shows a high prevalence of penetration / aspiration in VFSS in this population. The therapeutic management of oropharyngeal dysphagia, guided by objective examinations, was associated with a decrease in respiratory morbidity in children included.

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in the environment has becoming a hot issue worldwide, as it has posed a great risk to human health through food chain. Cd accumulation in the edible parts of crops are involved in four processes: uptake, translocation, sequestration and (re)distribution, which are all controlled by membrane transporters. In this review, the advance in studies on physiological and molecular mechanisms of Cd accumulation in plants was summarized, and then the functional evolution was discussed based on oneKP database. Cd accumulation in plants is a derived and polyphyletic trait that has evolved convergently by several times. During their evolution, the membrane transporter families, such as NRAMPs, HMAs, ABCCs, ZIPs, CDFs, CAXs and OPTs, have undergone the lineage specific expansion due to gene duplication. The orthologues of OsHMA2 in higher plants are stepwisely evolved from monophyletic evolutionary lineage with one common ancestor; whereas the orthologues of OsNRAMP5 from a polyphyletic evolutionary lineage with several ancestors. In addition, phylogenetic clusters of the orthologues of OsNRAMP5 have occurred rampant intermixing, suggesting horizontal gene transfer. It may be concluded that evolution of Cd accumulation in plants could provide an adaptive advantage for colonization of plants to the new habitats like metalliferous soil.

Background: Careful preoperative selection and operative management in coronary artery disease patients with low EF undergoing CABG improve early outcome(LVEF,NYHA class). Material and Methods:This is descriptive observational retrospective study of 113 patients of coronary artery disease with moderate to severe left ventricular dysfunction who underwent CABG during study period. Results: Male patients (76%) outnumbered female patients (24%). Male to female ratio was 3.19:1. Most common age group was 60-69 yrs (34 %), followed by 70-79 yrs (29 %) & 50-59 yrs (21 %) . Mean age was 66.28 yrs. Majority patients had LM (43 %) & TVD (Triple vessel disease)(42%) as coronary artery disease in present study.LIMA+Vein (91 %) were most commonly used grafts . 61 (54 %) patients needed 3 grafts, while 24 (21%) & 19 (17%) respectively required 4 & 2 grafts respectively. 32(29 %) patients had mitral regurgitation. In 6(5 %) patients emergency CABG was done. Total mortality rate was 7.9%. We compared LVEF values in preop, immediate postop & 3 months follow up period. Statistically significant (p – 0.004) difference was noted in pre-op & 3 months follow up values of LVEF. Similarly we compared NYHA class in preop & 3 months follow up period. A statistically significant (p – 0.003) difference was noted in pre-op & 3 months follow up values of NYHA class in our patients. Conclusion: Postoperative improvement of EF and NYHA functional class reflects the high benefit of CABG in patients with coronary artery disease with moderate to severe LV dysfunction.

Purpose Significant numbers of children and teenagers with COVID-19 have developed a severe inflammatory condition with a Kawasaki-like disease. Some needed intensive care unit admission, and others recovered quickly. We aimed to summarize the clinical and laboratory features of patients with Kawasaki-like features diagnosed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A literature search in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct up to June 30, 2020. The mean or untransformed proportion and 95%CI were estimated. Results Analysis of 15 articles (318 COVID-19 patients) revealed that the mean age was 9.10 years. Although many presented with typical Kawasaki-like features; fever (82.4%), polymorphous maculopapular exanthema (63.7%), oral mucosal changes (58.1%), conjunctival injections (56.0%), edematous extremities (40.7%), and cervical lymphadenopathy (28.5%), atypical gastrointestinal (79.4%) and neurocognitive symptoms (31.8%) were also common. They had elevated LDH, D-dimer, CRP, procalcitonin, interleukin-6, troponin I levels, and lymphopenia. Nearly 77.0% developed hypotension, and 68.1% went into shock, while 41.1% had acute kidney injury. Intensive care was needed in 73.7% of cases, 13.2% were intubated, and 37.9% required mechanical ventilation, with only one reported fatality case. Intravenous immunoglobulins and steroids were given in 87.7% and 56.9% of the patients, and anticoagulants were utilized in 67.0%. Pediatric patients were discharged after a hospital stay of, on average, 6.77 days (95%CI:4.93-8.6). Conclusion Recognizing the typical and atypical presentation of pediatric COVID-19 patients has important implications in identifying children at risk. Monitoring cardiac and renal decompensation and early interventions in patients with “multisystem inflammatory syndrome” is critical to prevent further morbidity.

Italy has been hard hit by SarV CO2 infection with more than 240,000 cases and 35,000 deaths. During the acute phase of the pandemic the italian government decided on the lockdown which lasted about 2 months. During this period all surgical activities were limited to non-deferable procedures only. The sudden closure posed problems with the management of the heart surgery waiting which at that time included 135 patients. Among these were selected cases with the worst clinical characteristics that were progressively operated on. Compared with a similar period in 2019, the cardiac surgery activity of the “Lancisi Cardiovascular Center” in Ancona has been reduced by 65%. With pandemic mitigation, heart surgery activity has gradually resumed but many open questions remain. Above all, there is the problem of living with a low but persistent level of presence of the virus with the need to organize the activity in order to ensure patients and staff safety and an optimal level of performance.

The AR (androgen receptor) is a primary therapeutic target in androgen-dependent prostate cancer. Challenges remain for AR-independent prostate cancer as they exhibit complex cellular signaling in their progression rather than relying on the AR. Currently, prostate cancer metabolic signaling became an achievable target in prostate cancer treatment. In the present study, synthetic steroidal glycoside SBF-1, a potent anti-tumor agent known to have a strong cytotoxic effect on different kinds of cancers. We investigated SBF-1 potentials in AR-independent prostate cancer treatment and its effect on prostate cancer metabolic signaling. SBF-1 inhibited the growth of AR independent prostate cancer cell lines DU145 and PC3. Also, SBF-1 downregulates AKT/mTOR pathway and inhibited the ENO1 (alpha-enolase 1) protein and gene levels. Besides, SBF-1 blocked the interaction between mTOR and SIX1, which, for the first time shown mTOR essential for the regulation of ENO1 through binding to SIX1 (sineoculis homeobox homolog 1), accordingly, nuclear mTOR is an essential coregulator for the transcription of the ENO1 gene. Blocking the interaction between mTOR and SIX resulted in robust cell growth inhibition also the downregulation of ENO1, a consensus target in prostate cancer treatment. Accordingly, the current study suggests that SBF-1 is a leading compound in treating androgen-independent prostate cancer. Also, targeting the interaction between mTOR and SIX1 considered a better strategy in Androgen independent prostate cancer treatment

Background and Purpose: Diosmetin (Dios) exerted a hepatoprotective effect against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), but few reports interpreted clearly that the alleviation of Dios against NASH were associated with the inhibition of signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) and macrophage chemotactic ligand 10 (CXCL10). Meanwhile, the mechanism of Dios involved with STAT1/CXCL10 mediated pathway was unknown yet. Experimental Approach: Here, high-fat diet (HFD) and palmitic acid (PA) were used to induced NASH model in mice and HepG2 cells, respectively. The liver RNA-Seq was used to reveal the key targets interfered by Dios. The impacts of Dios on the expressions of STAT1, CXCL10 and the levels of genes and proteins associated with lipogenesis and inflammation were measured by qRT-PCR and western blot assays. The STAT1 inhibitor, STAT1 overexpression plasmid, and CXCL10 siRNA were utilized to clarify the mechanism of Dios against NASH through STAT1 / CXCL10. Key Results: Dios could reduce functional parameters and morphological changes in HepG2 cells and NASH mice. Additionally, Dios alleviated the expressions of key targets STAT1 and CXCL10, and their downstream proteins involved with lipogenesis and inflammation. Interestingly, NASH was ameliorated in STAT1-inhibited mice and HepG2 cells. Unfortunately, transfecting HepG2 cells with STAT1 over-expression plasmid aggravated the development of NASH and reduced Dios-conferred hepatoprotective effect. Conclusions and Implications: The alleviation of Dios against NASH was through mediation of lipogenesis and inflammatory response via STAT1/CXCL10-dependent pathway. Therefore, Dios has good hepatoprotective effects and potentiality as a promising therapeutic agent for NASH in clinical application.

Backdround: Enteroviruse-D68 (EV-D68) has been endemic in Beijing for some years. This study analyz the prevalence and phylogenetic characterizations of EV-D68 in Beijing during 2018 to 2019. Methods: The clinical specimens were collected from respiratory infection cases of 30 sentinel hospitals in Beijing and subjected to EV and EV-D68 detection by real-time PCR. Results: Of 15, 645 respiratory infection cases, 467(2.98%) cases were enterovirus positive and 14(0.09%) were EV-D68 positive. The detection rates of EV-D68 were 0.11% (9/7, 837) in 2018, 0.06% (5/7, 805) in 2019, respectively. Of these EV-D68 infection patients, 7 cases were aged younger than 18 years, 3 were aged 18 to 60 years and 4 aged over 60 years. 4 cases (28.6%) were diagnosed as upper respiratory tract infection and 10 (71.4%) as pneumonia, including one with severe pnuemonia. The main symptoms for EV-D68 patients were fever (10/14,71.4%) and cough (9/14, 64.3%). 7 cases were detected in summer and the rest cases in the autumn. The phylogenetic analysis suggested that EV-D68 strains from 2018 belonged to a major subclade B3 and a minor subclade D3, while all strains in 2019 were clustered into subclade D3. These subclade B3 or subclade D3 strains were located in a separated evolutionary branches,respectively. Conclusions: Our research further elucidate the continuous molecular evolution and genetic variability of EV-D68 occured in Beijing, China.

The rapid stem elongation of the invasive weed Mikania micrantha in the forest understory is of vital significance for its successful invasion. To understand the physiological and molecular mechanisms for this process, here we comparatively investigated the physiological characteristics and transcriptome patterns of M. micrantha stem under low light (30%) and full light (100%) conditions. The results showed that M. micrantha stem had photosynthetic capacity, which was highly plastic to light intensities, constituting of an indispensable part of the plastic response of M. micrantha to shading. M. micrantha had longer internodes, epidermal cells, and consequently longer stems under low light than full light conditions, which could be attributed to the reduced photoprotective substances (flavonoid and anthocyanin) and increased synthesis of phytohormones (gibberellin, GA and Auxin) as observed under shading treatment. The transcriptome sequencing and qPCR verified the results from physiological investigation, and showed that under low light condition the expression levels of genes involving in photosynthesis (e.g. MmPsaA, MmPsbO1 and MmFd3) were generally down-regulated in comparison to full light condition, so were the genes related to the photoprotective substances synthesis (e.g. MmCHS, and MmF3H1) and the negative regulators of phytohormone (e.g. MmAUX1, MmRR1 and MmGAI). It was concluded that the regulation of phytohormones and photoprotective substances are the important material basis for the rapid elongation of M. micrantha stems with high plasticity, which really matters to the vine to have high invasiveness in the forest understory.

Effective microbial decontamination of healthcare equipment, tools and surfaces is imperative in order to prevent the transmission of pathogens among patients, medical staff and visitors. The terminology used to describe microbial decontamination processes, including “sanitizing”, “sanitizing”, “antiseptic” and “sterilization”, is frequently used interchangeably, and the evaluation parameters are often misunderstood. Hence, the main objective of this review is to comprehensively explain the concepts of microbial decontamination, highlight the different types of microbial decontamination in terms of effectiveness of decontamination and how they perform with respect to microbial resistance.

The star barnacle, Chthamalus stellatus Poli, populates the Mediterranean Sea, the North-Eastern Atlantic coasts, and the offshore Eastern Atlantic islands. Previous studies have found apparent genetic differences between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean populations of C. stellatus, suggesting possible geological and oceanographic explanations for these differences. We have studied the genetic diversity of 14 populations spanning from the Eastern Atlantic to the Eastern Mediterranean, using 63 genomic polymorphic sites. We have found that these populations form four distinct clusters: Eastern Atlantic, Western Mediterranean, Mid-Mediterranean and Eastern Mediterranean, with evident connectivity between them. We examined here environmental conditions like surface currents, water salinity and temperature as probable factors that have formed the population structure. We suggest that C. stellatus is a suitable marine animal for studying how geological events and hydrographic conditions shape the fauna in the Mediterranean Sea.

The emission of carbon dioxide in large amounts is commonly believed to be the main cause of global climate changes. Development of CO2 capture processes is still a big current challenge. Some anions have been studied for the gas sequestration process due their great affinity to CO2. In this work, electronic structure calculations were performed at the MP2/aug-cc-pvtz level to compute the interaction between 20 anions and CO2. A CBS scheme, using extrapolated energies, was also employed for both gas phase and solvent calculations. The reactions between the anions and CO2 were therefore studied in four different conditions (gas phase, toluene, tetrahydrofuran and water). The trends observed for the reaction thermodynamics with the MP2 method is similar to that observed previously with the B3LYP-D3 and M06-2X functionals. The reactions in the gas phase are highly exothermic and do not involve any activation energy. The solvent effect reduces the exothermicity and induces an intrinsic activation barrier. The negative charge is dispersed in the adduct, leading to a weaker interaction in a polar solvent. Then, increasing the medium polarity, the energy difference between the adduct and the reactants decreases. We also observed a limit for solvent stabilization in the low dielectric constant range. For example, the results obtained with tetrahydrofuran are closer to those obtained with water than to those obtained with toluene. Considering both the thermodynamics of the reaction and the differential solvent effects, we were able to indicate anions derived from alkyl sulfides as the most convenient for CO2 sequestration among the set here considered.

Background: Asymptomatic recurrences of atrial fibrillation (AF) are common after ablation of AF. Objective: We aimed to analyze the performance of the mobile ECG device using artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm in detection of AF after ablation. Method: A randomized controlled trial of AF screening using a handheld single-lead ECG monitor (BigThumb®) or a traditional follow-up strategy was conducted in patients with non-valvular AF after catheter ablation. Consecutive patients were randomized to either BigThumb Group (BT Group) or Traditional Follow-up Group (TF Group). Monitoring data was collected and analyzed. The ECGs collected by BigThumb were compared using the automated AF detection algorithm, AI algorithm and cardiologists’ manual review. Subsequent changes in adherence on oral anticoagulation of patients were also recorded. Result: We studied 218 patients (109 in BT Group, 109 in TF Group). After a follow-up of 345.4±60.2 days, AF-free survival rate was 64.2% in BT Group and 78.9% in TF Group (P=0.0163), with more adherence on oral anticoagulation in BT Group (P=0.0052). The participants in the BT Group recorded 26133 ECGs during the follow-up, among which 3299 (12.6%) were diagnosed as AF by cardiologists’ manual review. The sensitivity and specificity of the AI algorithm were 94.4% and 98.5% respectively, which are significantly higher than the automated AF detection algorithm (90.7% and 96.2%). Conclusion: We found that follow-up after AF ablation using BigThumb leads to a more frequent detection of AF recurrence and more adherence on oral anticoagulation. Artificial intelligence algorithm improves the accuracy of ECG diagnosis.

• Scapular and parascapular free tissue transfer (SFTT) is a well described reconstructive option for the head and neck. Majority of reported outcomes are of reconstruction of oromandibular and midface defects. The aim was to describe one institution’s experience with SFTT for reconstruction of PE defects. • This study was a retrospective review of patients undergoing SFTT for head and neck defects between 2009 and 2014 at a tertiary center. The cohort included patients undergoing reconstruction of PE defects with at least 6 months follow up. Seventeen patients (13 male and 4 female) met inclusion criteria. Surgical outcomes, speech, voice outcomes, swallowing outcomes, enteral feeding and tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) usage were evaluated. • Two of 17 patients developed pharyngocutaneous fistulas (PCF) as inpatients. There was one major medical complication (pulmonary embolism) and 7 minor complications. Mean hospital length of stay was 15.7 days (SD 8.2). In post-operative setting, only one patient remained PEG-dependent, 11 patients supplemented oral intake with PEG feeds and 5 patients took nutrition solely by mouth. Four patients utilized written communication exclusively, 6 patients pursued TEP placement and 7 utilized electrolarynx. • The SFTT is a viable option for hypopharyngeal reconstruction. All scapula free tissue transfers remained viable for the duration of our review. Post-operative PCF rate were comparable to that reported after laryngectomy.

Abstract Juvenile nasal angiofibroma is a benign tumour mainly found in adolescent males. Its primary treatment is surgical excision. Preoperative embolisation is widely peformed prior to the surgery. We propose some changes to the approach to the pre-operative navigation imaging that may help improve the resection.

ABSTRACT We report four cases of children who presented skin lesions compatible with viral etiology after close contact with adults with coronavirus disease. Children presented a light exanthematous rash, a mild Pityriasis rosea, erythematous-edematous plaques on the legs with facial rash or papules and umbilicated vesicles on the scrotum without other symptoms. INTRODUCTIONThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a multisystemic disease with varying degrees of severity caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).1 Among the affected organs, the SARS-CoV-2 infection can present cutaneous manifestations2 with a significant number of reports in adults and hospitalized patients.2,3 The cutaneous manifestations can occur before, simultaneously or after the systemic symptoms, therefore they can contribute to the diagnosis of the infection, especially in pre-symptomatic or oligosymptomatic patients.4,5 However, only a few cases of dermatological conditions related to SARS-CoV-2 were reported in children. This group has a higher frequency of mild symptoms than adults,6,7 not requiring hospitalization in most cases. Therefore, dermatological lesions in outpatient children may be the only symptom of COVID-19. We report four cases of different cutaneous lesions compatible with a viral etiology in children without other symptoms, who had close contact with a sick adult and had been evaluated by dermatologists between may and june of 2020.   CASE REPORTS Case one: Girl, eight-years-old. Father, mother, and grandmother diagnosed with COVID-19. The grandmother was hospitalized for pneumonia associated with COVID-19. One week after the grandmother got sick, the child had a light exanthematous rash on face, behind the ears (Figure 1), on the upper dorsal region, and the sternal region. It was resolved in five days without treatment. She had all vaccinations up to date including rubella. The Serology for SARS-CoV-2 performed one month after the lesions were negative.

We report a case of Plasmablastic Lymphoma occurring in a 45-year-old HIV-negative woman involving extra nodal sites including ovary, breast and adrenal glands. Prognostic outcomes are generally dismal. On relapse, she received conventional as well as novel therapies and is disease free now, two years post allogenic haploidentical transplantation.

Although myxoma represents the most frequent non-malignant cardiac primary tumor; it is extremely rare met in the left ventricle. Clinical features of the neoplasm extend from symptomless to critical signs of either ischemia or embolism. We describe a case of a huge left ventricular myxoma presented with acute myocardial infarction.

Overhunting is extirpating large animals across tropical forests, affecting tree populations and potentially global carbon cycling. Species reliant on large-bodied seed dispersers may be particularly negatively affected. But defaunation also affects seed predation, trampling of seedlings, and conspecific density dependence. Therefore, defaunation predictions must incorporate multiple plant-animal interactions in the context of the entire tree life cycle. Because we cannot conduct such analyses for every species, we assess whether we can predict species' responses to defaunation based on phenotypic and demographic traits. Using population models, Monte Carlo simulations, and syntheses of demographic data, we found that responses to defaunation were best explained by how hunting altered seed predation, particularly for small-seeded angiosperms. How tree species will respond to defaunation still cannot be precisely predicted, but ascertaining how seed predation varies across species and hunting scenarios could greatly enhance our understanding of changing species composition and carbon dynamics in defaunated forests.

Although primate females are predicted to develop counterstrategies against male infanticide, it has remained unclear whether counterstrategies are effective. Detailed long-term observations in Rhinopithecus roxellana reveal that females are able to mount versatile counterstrategies, including extra-unit mating, female joint defense and transfer with the infants, which lead to only 4 of 31 infants succumbing to infanticide and no difference in mortality of infants present during male replacements compare to other periods. Female joint defenses crucially delay infanticide and provide an opportunity for mothers' transfer to another social unit. In response to mothers' transfer, some males cease attacking infants, which is likely beneficial to males as during longer tenure they can sire future offspring of the mothers who remain. Our findings show how dynamic interactions between males and females can be and how the conditions in multilevel societies can shift the balance of intersexual conflict from males to females.

Population models are based upon the ideology that removing large, old individuals provides space for young, fast-growing counterparts that can maximize (fisheries) yields while maintaining population and ecosystem stability. Yet, we revealed that compensatory density dependence only existed for 49% of target coral-reef fishes exposed to growing fishing pressure across Pacific islands. Remaining species slowly disappeared from landings and reefs with limited population replenishment. To understand these remarkable differences, we constructed phylogenies for dominant fish families and discovered that large patristic distances between sister species, or greater isolation, predicted size-and-age truncation. Isolated species appeared to have greater niche dominance or breadth, supported by their faster growth rates and group foraging behavior. In contrast, closely related species may have more restricted, realized niches that led to their disappearance and replacement. Phylogenetic attributes offered novel guidance to proactively manage multispecies fisheries and improve our understanding of ecological niches and ecosystem stability.

NiCr metal matrix composite reinforced with Cr3C2 particles can be applied as coating to various pieces of equipment, including those operating under fatigue. In the present study, the nanometric powder was obtained by high energy milling and sprayed by the high velocity oxygen fuel technique on ASTM A516 steel substrate. The comparison was made between the layer obtained from powders in nanometric scale, micrometric scale and mixing 50% of both. The coating thickness, hardness, microstructure, porosity and roughness were evaluated. Fatigue tests were performed on the three coatings in addition to the layer free substrate. The effect of coating morphology and its roughness on fatigue performance was studied. The surface roughness of the Nano coating was significantly lower than both of the other coatings. However, the three different layers that were tested did not experience significant differences in their fatigue performance. All three coatings had lower fatigue performance than the steel substrate.

Garg and Kumar (Scientia Iranica, 2017, https://doi.org/ 10.24200/SCI.2017.4454) proposed some new correlation coefficient between intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs). To point out the advantages of their proposed correlation coefficient over the existing correlation coefficient, Garg and Kumar applied their proposed correlation coefficient as well as the existing correlation coefficient to identify a suitable classifier for an unknown pattern, represented by an intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS), from the known patterns, each represented by IFS. Garg and Kumar suggested that the existing correlation coefficient fails to identify a suitable classifier, whereas, the correlation coefficient, proposed by them, does not fail to identify a suitable classifier. So, it is appropriate to use the correlation coefficient, proposed by them, instead of the existing correlation coefficient. In this note, it is shown that the correlation coefficient, proposed by Garg and Kumar, also fails to identify a suitable classifier. Furthermore, it is shown that more computational efforts are required to apply the correlation coefficient, proposed by Garg and Kumar, as compared to the existing correlation coefficient. In the actual case, it is inappropriate to apply the correlation coefficient for identifying a suitable classifier.

Innate immune sensing of viral molecular patterns is essential for development of antiviral responses. Like many viruses SARS CoV-2 has evolved strategies to circumvent innate immune detection including low CpG levels in the genome, glycosylation to shield essential elements including the receptor binding domain, RNA shielding and generation of viral proteins that actively impede anti-viral interferon responses. Together these strategies allow widespread infection and increased viral load. Despite the efforts of immune subversion SARS-CoV-2 infection does activate innate immune pathways inducing a robust type I/III interferon response, production of proinflammatory cytokines, and recruitment of neutrophils and myeloid cells. This may induce hyperinflammation or alternatively, effectively recruit adaptive immune responses that help clear the infection and prevent reinfection. The dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system due to downregulation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2, the receptor for SARS-CoV-2, together with the activation of type I/III interferon response, and inflammasome response converge to promote free radical production and oxidative stress. This exacerbates tissue damage in the respiratory system but also leads to widespread activation of coagulation pathways leading to thrombosis. Here, we review the current knowledge of the role of the innate immune response following SARS-CoV-2 infection, much of which is based on the knowledge from SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses. Understanding how the virus subverts the initial immune response and how an aberrant innate immune response contributes to the respiratory and vascular damage in COVID-19 may help explain factors that contribute to the variety of clinical manifestations and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection.