Ocean governance is complex and influenced by multiple drivers and actors with different worldviews and goals. While governance encompasses many elements, in this paper we focus on the processes that operate within and between states, civil society and local communities, and the market, including industry. Specifically, in this paper, we address the question of how to move towards more sustainable ocean governance aligning with the sustainable development goals and the UN Ocean Decade. We address three major risks to oceans that arise from governance-related issues: 1) the impacts of the overexploitation of marine resources; 2) inequitable distribution of access to and benefits from marine ecosystem services, and 3) inadequate or inappropriate adaptation to changing ocean conditions. The SDGs have been used as an underlying framework to develop these risks. We identify five drivers that may determine how ocean governance evolves, namely formal rules and institutions, evidence and knowledge-based decision-making, legitimacy of decision-making institutions, stakeholder engagement and participation, and empowering communities. These drivers were used to define two alternative futures by 2030: (a) ‘Business as Usual’ - a continuation of current trajectories and (b) ‘More Sustainable Future’ – optimistic, transformational, but technically achievable. We then identify what actions, as structured processes, can reduce the three major governance-related risks and lead to the More Sustainable Future. These actions relate to the process of co-creation and implementation of improved, comprehensive, and integrated management plans, enhancement of decision-making processes, and better anticipation and consideration of ambiguity and uncertainty.

Proactive and coordinated action to mitigate and adapt to climate change will be essential for achieving the healthy, resilient, safe, sustainably harvested and biodiverse ocean that the UN Decade of Ocean Science and sustainable development goals (SDGs) seek. Ocean-based mitigation actions could contribute 12% of the emissions reductions required by 2030 to keep warming to less than 1.5ºC but, because substantial warming is already locked in, extensive adaptation action is also needed. Here, as part of the Future Seas project, we use a “foresighting/hindcasting” technique to describe two scenarios for 2030 in the context of climate change mitigation and adaptation for ocean systems. The “business-as-usual” future is expected if current trends continue, while an alternative future could be realised if we were to effectively use available data and knowledge to push as far as possible towards achieving the UN SDGs. We identify three drivers that differentiate between these alternative futures: (i) appetite for climate action, (ii) handling extreme events and (iii) climate interventions. Actions that could navigate towards the optimistic, sustainable and technically achievable future include:proactive creation and enhancement of economic incentives for mitigation and adaptation;supporting the proliferation of local initiatives to spur a global transformation;enhancing proactive costal adaptation management;investing in research to support adaptation to emerging risks;deploying marine-based renewable energy;deploying marine-based negative emissions technologies;developing solar radiation management approaches; anddeploying existing and new solar radiation management approaches to help safeguard critical ecosystems.

Physical disruption of gene flow among mountains is commonly viewed as an important process for the generation of hyperdiverse tropical mountain biotas. However, the role of in situ diversification within mountains has been seldom explored. Here we evaluate spatially fine-scale patterns of arthropod community assembly within a single mountain to understand the role of dispersal limitation and landscape features as drivers of tropical mountain diversity. We focus on a single tropical sky-island of the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, where we sampled whole-communities of arthropods for eight orders with a comparable design at a spatial scale ranging from 50 m to 20 km, using 840 pitfall traps and whole community metabarcoding. We explored multiple hierarchical levels, from individual haplotypes to lineages at 0.5, 1.5, 3, 5, 7.5% similarity thresholds, to evaluate patterns of richness, turnover and distance decay of similarity with isolation-by-distance and isolation-by-resistance approaches. Our results showed that distance and altitude influence distance decay of similarity at all hierarchical levels. This holds for arthropod groups of contrasting dispersal abilities, but with different strength depending on the spatial scale. Our results suggest long-term persistence of lineages within sky islands, combined with local-scale differentiation, may be an important driver of high arthropod biodiversity in tropical mountains.

Primary cardiac lymphoma is rare, with a frequency of 1.0% to 1.6% among cardiac malignant tumors. Chemotherapy is often selected as first-line treatment for primary cardiac lymphoma. However, when the tumor causes heart failure or life-threatening hemodynamic collapse, antecedent urgent surgery is required. We herein report a successful case of complete tumor resection and reconstruction of the right atrium and right ventricle using a bovine pericardial patch combined with tricuspid valve replacement in a patient with a huge primary cardiac lymphoma filling the right heart that manifested as tricuspid valve stenosis and subsequent heart failure.

Background: Many arguments suggest that neutrophils could play a prominent role in COVID-19. However, the role of key components of neutrophil innate immunity in severe forms of COVID-19 has deserved insufficient attention. We aimed to evaluate the involvement of Neutrophil Elastase, histone-DNA, and DNases in systemic and multi-organ manifestations of COVID-19. Methods: We performed a multicenter study of markers of neutrophil innate immunity in 155 cases consecutively recruited in a screening center (ambulatory subjects), local hospitals, and two regional university hospitals. The case were evaluated according to clinical and biological markers of severity and multi-organ manifestations and compared to 35 healthy controls. Results: Blood Neutrophil Elastase, histone-DNA, myeloperoxidase-DNA and free dsDNA were dramatically increased, and DNase activity decreased by 10-fold, compared to controls. Neutrophil Elastase and histone-DNA were associated with intensive care admission, body temperature, lung damage and markers of cardiovascular outcomes, renal failure and increased IL-6, IL-8 and CXCR2. Neutrophil Elastase was an independent predictor of the computed tomography score of COVID-19 lung damage and the number of affected organs, in multivariate analyses. The increased blood concentrations of NE and neutrophil extracellular traps were related to exacerbation of neutrophil stimulation through IL8 and CXCR2 increased concentrations and increased serum DAMPs, and to impaired degradation of NETs as a consequence of the dramatic decrease of blood DNase activity. Conclusion: Our results point out the key role of neutrophil innate immunity exacerbation in COVID-19. Neutrophil Elastase and DNase could be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets of severe systemic manifestations of COVID-19.

Introduction Sedation during pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) of atrial fibrillation often provokes a decline in left atrial (LA) pressure (LAP) under atmospheric pressure and increases the risk of systemic air embolisms. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) on the LAP in sedated patients. Methods and Results Fifty-one consecutive patients undergoing cryoballoon PVI were enrolled. All patients underwent sedation using propofol throughout the procedure. Sedation status was monitored by the bispectral index. After the transseptal puncture and inserting the long sheath into the LA, the LAP was measured via the sheath. Then, the ASV treatment was started, and the LAP was re-measured. The LAP before and after the ASV support was investigated. Before the ASV, the LAP during inspiratory phase was significantly smaller than that during expiratory phase (4.9±5.4 mmHg vs. 14.0±5.2 mmHg, p<0.01). The lowest LAP was -2.2±5.1 mmHg and was under 0 mmHg in 37 (73%) patients. After the ASV, the LAP during inspiratory phase significantly increased to 8.9±4.1 mmHg (p<0.01), and lowest LAP to 4.7±5.9 mmHg (p<0.01). The negative lowest LAP value became positive in 30/37(81%) patients. There were no statistical differences regarding obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), obesity, gender, or other comorbidities between patients with and without a negative lowest LAP after the ASV support. Conclusion ASV is effective for increasing the LAP above 0 mmHg and might prevent air embolisms during PVI. A negative LAP after the ASV was rare but occurred in patients even without comorbidities such as OSA and obesity

Left atrial appendage (LAA) has been known as a source of focal atrial tachycardias (AT)。Radio-frequency (RF) energy based focal ablation of these arrhythmias was a common strategy in most cases. However, catheter ablation in these foci remains challenging due to the complexity of the LAA anatomy. Sometimes an epicardial approach is an alternative when endocardial ablation of LAA fails. Cryo-balloon based LAA isolation may be considered before epicardial access3。We report a patient with focal atrial tachycardia originated in the tip of a LAA ligation stump (he underwent a heart valve mitral bio-prostheses replacement and had his LAA ligated during the operation years ago), who, being refractory to focal RF ablation, received a LAA isolation using a cryo-balloon which successfully terminated the tachycardia and converted the patient to sinus rhythm.

The increasing number of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device (CIED)-carriers is leading to a growing need of transvenous lead extraction of various levels of complexity. Although still little utilized for patients with CIED-related infection and concomitant history of VT, report a peculiar case of transvenous lead extraction with the following temporary external cardioverter-defibrillator implantation as a bridge to reimplantation; this bridge system had a life-saving role for the patient by stopping an episode of sustained ventricular tachycardia through antitachycardia pacing.

Catchments in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico are warm, wet, and tropical with steep elevational relief creating gradients in temperature and rainfall. Long-term objectives of research at the site are to understand how changing climate and disturbance regimes alter hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the montane tropics and to provide information critical for managing and conserving tropical forest ecosystems globally. Measurements of hydrology and meteorology span decades, and currently include temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloud base, throughfall, groundwater table elevation, and stream discharge. The chemistry of rain, throughfall, and streams is measured weekly, and lysimeters and wells are sampled monthly to quarterly. Multiple data sets document the effects of major hurricanes including Hugo (1989), Georges (1998), and Maria (2017) on vegetation, biota, and catchment biogeochemistry and provide some of the longest available records of biogeochemical fluxes in tropical forests. Here we present an overview of the findings and the data sets that have been generated from the Luquillo Mountains, highlighting their importance for understanding montane tropical watersheds in the context of disturbance and global environmental change

Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4), a novel and unclassified member of the genus Circovirus, was first reported in China in 2019. Aimed at providing more evidence about the active circulation of PCV4, this study screened 335 pooled internal organs and detected the virus (i) at the rates of 3.28%, (ii) from both clinical healthy and clinical sick pigs of various age groups, and (iii) in six out of nice provinces of Korea. The complete genomic sequence of a Korean PCV4 strain (E115) was 1,770 nucleotides in length and had 98.5% to 98.9% identity to three PCV4 strains available at GenBank up to date. Utilizing a set of bioinformatic programs, it was revealed that the Korean PCV4 strain contained several genomic features of (i) a palindrome stem-loop structure with conserved nonanucleotide, (ii) packed overlapping ORFs oriented in different directions, and (iii) two intergenic regions in between genes encoding putative replication- associated protein (Rep) and capsid (Cap) proteins. This study also predicted the presence of essential elements known so far for the replication of circoviruses, for example, the origin of DNA replication, endonuclease and helicase domains of Rep, the nuclear localization signal on the putative Cap protein. Finally, based on the phylogeny inferred from sequences of the putative Rep protein, it was suggested that PCV4 belong to genus Circovirus of family Circoviridae and losely related to three previous known porcine circoviruses of PCV1, PCV2 and PCV3.

Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with many clinical manifestations including respiratory failure and cardiovascular compromise. Objectives: We examine outcomes in critically ill individuals with COVID-19 who develop atrial tachyarrhythmias (ATA). Methods: We collected data from electrocardiograms and the electronic medical record of COVID-19 positive (COVID+) and negative (COVID-) individuals admitted to our medical intensive care unit between February 29 and June 28, 2020. We compared clinical and demographic characteristics, new onset ATA, hemodynamic compromise (HC) following ATA, and in-hospital mortality in those who were COVID+ vs. COVID-. HC was defined as having a new or increased vasopressor requirement or the need for direct current cardioversion for hemodynamic instability within 1 hour of ATA onset. Results: Of 300 individuals included, 200 were COVID+ and 100 were COVID-. Mean age was 60±16 years, 180 (60%) were males, and 170 (57%) were African American. New onset ATA occurred in 16% of COVID+ and 19% of COVID- individuals (p=0.51). When compared to COVID- participants without ATA, COVID+ individuals with new onset ATA had higher mortality after multivariable adjustment (OR 5.0, 95% CI 1.9-13.5). New onset ATA was followed by HC in 18 COVID+ but no COVID- participants (P=0.0001). COVID+ individuals with HC after ATA were requiring high levels of ventilatory support at the time of ATA onset. Conclusions: ATA may be an important mediator of HC in critically ill individuals with COVID-19, especially for those mechanically ventilated. Recognition of this could assist with clinical care and prognostication for individuals with COVID-19.

KEYWORDSArctic, benthic, catchment, climate change, discharge, long-term monitoring, nutrient enrichment, nutrients

In this paper, we study the weak convergence of the algorithms for solving variational inclusion problems without using Lipschitz condition of the inverse strongly monotone operator in real Hilbert spaces. The algorithms are inspired by Tseng’s modied forward-backward splitting method [4](SIAM J Control Optim 38,431-446(2000))with a simple step size. The weak convergence theorems for our algorithms are established without any requirement of additionally resolvent operators and the prior knowledge of the bounded linear operator norm. Also, our methods are extended to solve the split feasible problem and split minimization problem. Finally, some numerical experiments are provided to demonstrate the eciency of the proposed iterative method.

Background: Transapical transcatheter mitral valve implantation (TMVI) may be a therapeutic option for patients with severe mitral regurgitation (MR) excluded from cardiac surgery due to excessive risk. Common reasons for exclusion from surgery are pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. The effect of TMVI on RV function has not previously been well-characterized. Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the procedural and 3-month impact of TMVI on RV hemodynamics and remodeling. Methods: This was a multi-center, retrospective, observational cohort study of patients with >3+MR undergoing TMVI. Pre- and post-TMVI hemodynamics were assessed with right heart catheterization. RV remodeling was assessed at baseline, pre-discharge and at 3-months by echocardiography. Results: Forty-six patients (age 72±9 years; 34 men) with ≥3+MR underwent TMVI over a 5-year period. Successful device implantation was achieved in all patients with abolition of MR (p<0.001) and reduction in left-ventricular end-diastolic volume (p=0.001). RV stroke work index increased intra-operatively (7±4g/m/beat/m² vs 11±5g/m/beat/m²; p<0.001). At 3-months there were reductions in severity of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) (p<0.001) and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) (49±16mmHg vs 36±12mmHg; p<0.001), and improvements in RV fractional area change (28±7% vs 34±9%, p<0.001), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) (1.0±0.3 vs 1.5±0.5cm, p=0.03), and RV free wall longitudinal strain (-14.2±5.0 vs -17.6±7.3, p=0.05). Conclusions: Transapical TMVI results in significant improvement of RV function that is sustained to 3 months as evidenced by reductions in TR severity and PASP, and improvements in RV fractional area change, TAPSE, and RV free wall longitudinal strain.

In this paper the system of ordinary impulse differential equations with nonlocal conditions is investigated. First, the boundary value problem is reduced to the equivalent integral equation. Further, using the fixed point theorem, conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the solution of the boundary value problem are obtained. The continuous dependence of the solutions on the right-hand side of the boundary conditions is also established.

Hydrological drought is one of the most destructive natural disasters, and it has large negative impacts on agriculture, water resources, and human life. Characteristics of hydrological drought are generally affected by climate change and human activities. Assessing the impacts of climate change and human activities on hydrological drought is important for water resources management. This study aims to evaluate the impacts for the Nenjiang River Basin in Northeast China, where the only large controlled water conservancy project, the Nierji Reservoir, was officially completed in December 2006. Firstly, two methods, namely hydrological simulations based on the SWAT and the Budyko framework, were used to evaluate the impacts on runoff at four stations after the construction of the reservoir. Both methods show that human activities contribute the most to the runoff changes at the four stations. Among the human activities, returning farmland to forests was the main factor affecting runoff changes in the upstream of the Nierji Reservoir, while reservoir construction was the main factor affecting runoff in the downstream. Then the Standardized Runoff Index and run theory were used to identify the hydrological drought, and the simulated-observed method was used to evaluate the impacts on the hydrological drought. For long-term droughts, the construction of reservoirs has reduced the monthly average intensity and the peak value of drought for the downstream of the reservoir. For short-term droughts, the construction of reservoirs has reduced the intensity and duration of drought for the downstream of the reservoir. The results of the study may help relevant departments to rationally allocate, optimize, and protect the limited water resources of the Nenjiang River Basin. The results of the study may help relevant departments to rationally allocate, optimize, and protect the limited water resources of the Nenjiang River Basin.

Hydrology models of humid areas have always been studied deeply with higher model accuracy, but relatively less so for semi-humid and semi-arid areas, especially in plain. Here an integrated hydrology model (GA-HYDRUS model) was developed based on improved Green-Ampt model and HYDRUS model using the dataset of 7 rainfall events in Tianjin, China. The SCE-UA optimization algorithm was applied based on the data of soil moisture content to calibrate GA-HYDRUS model. The calibration and verification results demonstrated that the NSE values of the average soil moisture content were above 0.7. Meanwhile, the NSE values of the soil moisture content at the depths of 10, 20, and 40 cm were generally high and the R<2> were all greater than 0.75. The average runoff coefficient of permeable surface was 0.54. Furthermore, the relationships between different hydrological fluxes (rainfall, surface runoff, soil infiltration and vertical groundwater recharge) calculated by GA-HYDRUS model were analyzed. The results showed that rainfall characteristics such as rainfall, rainfall intensity and duration greatly affected the runoff, indicating that high rainfall intensity and short rainfall duration would produce more surface runoff. On the contrary, bimodal rainfall with small rainfall intensity and long duration made the effect of vertical groundwater recharge to supplement groundwater more significant. Therefore, the GA-HYDRUS model is a highly effective approach to simulate the transformation processes between surface runoff, soil water and groundwater in semi-humid and semi-arid plains. This study may have important applications in aiding water resources management.

We analyzed hydrology of 1st order paired watersheds (155-ha WS77 (treatment) and 160-ha WS80 (control)) in anticipation of a study to assess the hydrologic response to restoring longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) on the Santee Experimental Forest in coastal South Carolina. Rainfall, streamflow (runoff), water table, and other watershed parameters measured during 2011-2019 were used as the basis of comparison with earlier studies. The objective is to affirm hydrologic relationships between the two watersheds by testing the hypotheses that the a) mean annual runoff coefficients (ROC) are not different between the pair and b) paired mean annual ROCs, mean monthly runoff difference and calibration regression are not different (α = 0.05) from the respective ROCs, runoff difference, and regression reported for historic 1969-1978 and 2004-2011 forest regeneration periods, and c) the calibration regression is also indifferent from both periods and statistically significant (α = 0.05). Annual ROCs were not statistically different (p > 0.17) between the WS77 (0.24) and WS80 (0.19) for 2011-2019 and the ROC pair was also not different (p > 0.20) from 2004-2011 (WS77 (0.18); WS80 (0.14)), nor (p > 0.8) from the 1969-1978 period (WS77 (0.25); WS80 (0.18)). The mean monthly runoff difference (WS80-WS77) of – 7.54 (±1.68) mm was not different (p = 0.41) from -8.57 (±1.66) mm for the 1969-1978 period but different from -3.89 (±1.09) mm for 2004-2011 period. The inherently higher WS77 runoff than WS80 was attributed to its > three times smaller surface storage than WS80 and its land morphological characteristics defined by higher hypsometrical integral. The monthly runoff calibration relationship (WS77 = 1.03*WS80 + 7.00; R2 = 0.83; p = 0.0005), without an extreme October 2015 runoff (outlier), was significantly different (α = 0.05) from the historic 1969-1978 relationship, but not from the recent 2004-2011 one with similar climate regime.

Two experimental basins – the Cariri basins – were installed in a typically semiarid region in the State of Paraíba, Brazil, for obtaining reliable estimates of runoff and soil erosion in different scales to evaluate the influence of the human activities and other factors over the processes of runoff and erosion. In the first basin, located in the municipality of Sumé, the field studies were carried out at three different scales: four micro-basins with an area of around 0.5 ha; nine standard Wischmeier-type erosion plots of 100 m2 and seven sample plots of 1 m2. The experimental units had varied vegetal cover and management and, except the sample plots, were subjected to natural rainfall events only, and were monitored from 1982 to 1991. The total runoff and total sediment yield were determined for each of the events of precipitation. The installations of the second basin, in the near municipality of São João do Cariri, were planned for the continuation of the studies initiated at Sumé, and include erosion plots (100 m2), micro-basins, and sub-basins, which are being monitored for runoff and sediment production up to now. Among them, two nested micro-basins were monitored to detect any scale effect at the micro-basin level. Nearly 600 events of natural precipitation, that produced runoff in at least one of the experimental units, have been registered. This bulk of data was utilised to evaluate the influence of various factors, including cultivation practices. The data collected so far has been successfully used to calibrate hydrological models for plots and micro-basins. Parameters have been tested by means of cross validations among micro-basins and sub-basins. The data sets, in part, have been made available to researchers in Brazil and now the updated data files are being made available to all the researchers in hydro-sedimentology at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4044690

H7N9 avian influenza vaccines induce high levels of non-neutralizing (nonNeu) antibodies against the haemagglutinin (HA). However, the antigenic epitopes underlying this particular antibody response are still undefined. In this study, a panel of 15 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the HA protein of H7N9 virus was generated and 14 of them had no hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralizing activities. Four antigenic epitopes, including one linear and three conformational epitopes, in HA were identified using peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and biopanning of phage display random peptide library. More importantly, two mAbs (4B7 4D5 and 1B10 1D1) strongly inhibited HA-binding of chicken nonNeu antisera against viral-vectored H7N9 vaccine, whereas lower inhibition was observed for chicken neutralizing antisera. In contrast, there was weak competition between the mAb and murine nonNeu antisera against inactivated H7N9 antigen. The epitopes targeted by these two mAbs were defined as the immunodominant epitopes underpinning the elicitation of nonNeu antibodies by viral-vectored H7N9 vaccine. Additionally, the identified stalk epitopes were conserved among the H1-H17 subtypes and the stalk-reactive mAbs exhibited cross-reactivity with different subtypes. In conclusion, four novel nonNeu epitopes in H7N9 HA were identified, and two dominant epitopes underlying the induction of nonNeu antibodies by viral-vectored H7N9 vaccine were identified. Our results add new knowledge to the molecular basis for antibody immunity against H7N9 vaccines and provide useful implications for vaccine design and modification.

We present herein a hepaticoduodenotomy performed for a retained, impacted distal CBD stone in a low resource setting with a good outcome. This impacted stone had complicated an open cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis by causing the dehiscence of the cystic duct stump as a result of distal biliary obstruction.

Local community and research interest to better understand regional climate change impacts has led to the establishment of a long-term soil moisture and weather observation network in the Roaring Fork catchment of the Colorado River Headwaters. This catchment-wide suite of 10 stations collects frequent and continuous data on soil moisture, soil temperature, rain, air temperature, relative humidity, and (at some stations) snow across an elevational gradient from 1,800m to 3,680m in elevation. We demonstrate how this effort can support research on mountain hydrology with applications for resource management and climate change adaptation decision making. We also share perspectives on the value and opportunities a community science approach can bring to catchment studies moving forward. All data from this project are publicly available.

The USDA-ARS Grazinglands Research Laboratory (GRL) operates four research watersheds at three spatial scales representing a gamut of topographic, physiographic, vegetative, or agricultural conditions characteristic of the Southern Great Plains (SGP). The mission of GRL is to address “agricultural sustainability, climate change, ecosystem services, and conservation of natural resources at the watershed or landscape scale”— a primary objective of the USDA-ARS Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP) and the Long-Term Agro-Ecosystem Research (LTAR) network. Assessment of the impacts of conservation practices in agricultural watersheds requires long-term research sites of varying size due to differences in scales required to codify and evaluate the collection of water and soil data. The two larger (> 600 km2) watersheds provide primarily observational data collected for use in hydrologic modeling and large-scale investigations. Modeling is used to quantify benefits of conservation and best management practices to meet selected environmental endpoints. The Little Washita River (LWREW) and Fort Cobb Reservoir (FCREW) experimental watersheds are located in southwestern Oklahoma, USA, and have been part of the GRL research catchment portfolio since 1961 and 2004, respectively. The two smaller catchment areas are located on the grounds of the GRL in Central Oklahoma and are a collection of eight plot-scale watersheds, The Water Research and Erosion Units (WRE) and ten farm-scale watersheds the Grazinglands Research agroEcosystems and the ENvironment (GREEN) Farm that allow replicated manipulative and/or process-based investigations. The WRE, established in 1976, consists of eight contiguous 1.6 ha sized plots. The GREEN Farm comprises 162 ha. Both catchments contain alternative agricultural systems that are evaluated for intensification, sustainability, resiliency, minimization of environmental impact, and profitability in anticipation of climate shifts and extremes. Measurements collected across the four watersheds includes but are not limited to components of water balance, soil erosion, runoff, water quality, nutrient and water use efficiency and soil health.

There are three types of proteins in the coronaviruses; nonstructural, structural and accessory proteins. The coronaviruses proteins are essential for the viral replication and for the binding, invasion and regulation of the host cells metabolism and immunity. This article investigated the amino acid sequence similarity and identity percentages of 10 proteins present in SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and the Rhinolophus affinis bat coronavirus (BatCoV RaTG13). The investigated proteins were 1ab polyprotein, spike protein, orf3a, envelope protein, membrane protein, orf6, orf7a, orf7b, orf8, and ncleocapsid protein. The online sequence alignment service of The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite (EMBOSS) was used to determine the similarity and identity percentages of the three viruses proteins. The results showed that the similarity and identity percentages of the SARS-CoV-2 and BatCoV RaTG13 proteins are above 95% while the identity and similarity percentages of the SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV are above 38%. The proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 and the BatCoV RaTG13 are of high identity and similarity percentages compared to those of the SARS-CoV-2 and the SARS-CoV.