L’ ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS, nasce dal matematico Thomas Saaty, negli anni Settanta per organizzare ed analizzare decisioni complesse. \cite{mocenni}\cite{cavallo} La metodologia consente di confrontare più alternative in relazione ad una pluralità di criteri, di tipo quantitativo o qualitativo, e ricavare una valutazione globale per ciascuna di esse. Ciò permette di:·        ordinare le alternative secondo un asse di preferenza;·        selezionare l'alternativa globalmente migliore;·        assegnare le alternative a sottoinsiemi predefiniti.I punti di forza principali sono il confronto a coppie delle alternative decisionali e la separazione fra importanza del criterio e impatto sulla decisione. Il metodo è basato su una  scala di comparazione, suddivisa in nove livelli, la cui base teorica è data dal teorema di Perron-Frobenius. Riportiamo a seguire la documentazione relativa alla realizzazione del corridoio Tirreno -Brennero sul quale è stato applicato il metodo AHP, relativamente al confronto dei diversi corridoi stradali e la successiva scelta di quello a minimo impatto ambientale.

Assessment of DFT methods through analysis of the Renner-Teller Effect (RTE) in the X2Π state of the NCO radical was completed. Our results suggest that the amount of exact exchange at long range is important for an accurate description of the RTE in NCO. DFT functionals from the B3LYP, PBE, TPSS, M06, and M11 families with standard Correlation Consistent, 6-311G split valence family, as well as Sadlej, and Sapporo polarized triple-ζ basis sets were assessed. Our Renner coefficients are compared with previously published theoretical and experimental results to characterize the overall accuracy of various functional/basis set combinations in determining the RTE splitting in the Π (bending) modes of NCO(X2Π). We suggest that this method of analysis can be extended to other systems, serve as an accuracy metric when selecting a functional, and provide a means to create training sets for machine learning in computational molecular physics applications.

Metabarcoding of DNA extracted from community samples of whole organisms (whole organism community DNA, wocDNA) is increasingly being applied to terrestrial, marine and freshwater metazoan communities to provide rapid, accurate and high resolution data for novel molecular ecology research. The growth of this field has been accompanied by considerable development that builds on microbial metabarcoding methods to develop appropriate and efficient sampling and laboratory protocols for whole organism metazoan communities. However, considerably less attention has focused on ensuring bioinformatic methods are adapted and applied comprehensively in wocDNA metabarcoding. In this study we examined over 600 papers and identified 111 studies that performed COI metabarcoding of wocDNA. We then systematically reviewed the bioinformatic methods employed by these papers to identify the state-of-the-art. Our results show that the increasing use of wocDNA COI metabarcoding for metazoan diversity is characterised by a clear absence of bioinformatic harmonisation, and the temporal trends show little change in this situation. The reviewed literature showed (i) high heterogeneity across pipelines, tasks and tools used, (ii) limited or no adaptation of bioinformatic procedures to the nature of the COI fragment, and (iii) a worrying underreporting of tasks, software and parameters. Based upon these findings we propose a set of recommendations that we think the wocDNA metabarcoding community should consider to ensure that bioinformatic methods are appropriate, comprehensive and comparable. We believe that adhering to these recommendations will improve the long-term integrative potential of wocDNA COI metabarcoding for biodiversity science.

Metabarcoding of DNA extracted from environmental or bulk specimen samples is increasingly used to detect plant and animal taxa in basic and applied biodiversity research because of its targeted nature that allows sequencing of genetic markers from many samples in parallel. To achieve this, PCR amplification is carried out with primers designed to target a taxonomically informative marker within a taxonomic group, and sample-specific nucleotide identifiers are added to the amplicons prior to sequencing. This enables assignment of the sequences back to the samples they originated from. Nucleotide identifiers can be added during the metabarcoding PCR and/or during ‘library preparation’, i.e. when amplicons are prepared for sequencing. Different strategies to achieve this labelling exist. All have advantages, challenges and limitations, some of which can lead to misleading results, and in the worst case compromise the fidelity of the metabarcoding data. Given the range of questions addressed using metabarcoding, the importance of ensuring that data generation is robust and fit for purpose should be at the forefront of practitioners seeking to employ metabarcoding for biodiversity assessments. Here, we present an overview of the three main workflows for sample-specific labelling and library preparation in metabarcoding studies on Illumina sequencing platforms. Further, we distil the key considerations for researchers seeking to select an appropriate metabarcoding strategy for their specific study. Ultimately, by gaining insights into the consequences of different metabarcoding workflows, we hope to further consolidate the power of metabarcoding as a tool to assess biodiversity across a range of applications.

The present work analyses in detail the published data on ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine and provides arguments for the involvement of anti-vector immunity and of SARS-CoV-2 variants on the efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. First, it is suggested that anti-vector immunity takes place as the regimen of homologous vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine is applied and interferes with efficacy of the vaccine when the interval between prime and boost doses is less than three months. Second, longitudinal studies suggest that ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine provides sub-optimal efficacy against UK variant of SARS-CoV-2, which appears to have an increased transmissibility over the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 among vaccinated people. At the moment, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine is able to reduce the severity of symptoms and transmissibility; however, if the vaccinated individuals do not maintain everyday preventive actions, they could turn into potential spreaders, thus accelerating the process of generation of new viral variants due to the selective pressure of immune response. Prediction and possible consequences of the SARS-CoV-2 evolution and repeated anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations are discussed. Since the impact of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants suggests that vaccines are unlikely to be effective in quickly solving the pandemic crisis, it is highlighted the need to keep searching for new and more efficacious pharmacotherapy for COVID-19, such as those targeting ACE2 and ADAM17 zinc-metalloprotease activities.

Professor PEP Petros DSc DS (UWA) PhD (Uppsala) MB BS MD (Syd) FRCOG (Lond)31/93 Elizabeth Bay Rd, Elizabeth Bay NSW 2011 AUSTRALIAReconstructive Pelvic Floor Surgeon and Certified Urogynaecologist (retired)Formerly University of NSW Professorial Dept of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital Sydney (retired)Adjunct Professor, University of Western Australia School of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering, Perth WA (current)Tel 61 2 9361 3853 Cellphone (AUST) 61 411 181 731Email pp@kvinno.com website www.integraltheory.org

Radio frequency interference (RFI) constitutes a significant problem in achieving a good quality of service in radio links. Several techniques have been proposed to identify and mitigate RFI in wireless networks. However, most of these techniques are not generalized for all propagation environments due to their varying geographical features. The need for extensive frequency scan measurements on the links to identify the available channels, evaluate the performances of the links, and detect RFI in the channels becomes imperative. In this study, performance evaluation of frequency scan measurements from active microwave links comprising eighteen base stations is presented. The measurements equipment comprises a spectrum analyzer and a 0.6-meter antenna dish. The frequency scans were taken at 6GHz, 7GHz, and 8GHz with full azimuth coverage of the horizontal and vertical polarization. Measured data were processed to determine the available frequencies and RFI in the channels. The histogram and probability density function of the frequency scans were computed. The cumulative distribution functions were determined, and the statistical error characteristics of the frequency scans for the estimated normal distribution and the estimated fitness curve were derived. The short-time Fourier transform of the noisy signal was obtained, and the signal without noise was recovered using the inverse short-time Fourier transform. Analysis of the scanned signals before and after the noise removal is demonstrated. The denoised signals compare favorably with related results in the preliminary literature. Overall, the frequency scans would be highly useful in evaluating RFI measurements and spectrum planning.

Water scarcity in the southeastern United States has increased in recent decades due to population growth, land use intensification, and climate variability. Precipitation is relatively abundant, but declines in streamflow suggest a need to better manage water yield. Restoration of low-density, frequent-fire longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) woodlands, which once dominated the southeastern Coastal Plain, represents a possible strategy to increase water yield and mitigate water scarcity. The Flint River Basin has seen recent conflicts over water appropriations and lies within the historic range of longleaf pine. We used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to evaluate the potential effect of longleaf pine restoration on streamflow in the Ichawaynochaway Creek, a major tributary of the Flint River. Parameters governing plant water use, e.g. leaf area and leaf physiology, were adjusted to create a longleaf pine land cover. We simulated the conversion of ~95,000 ha of existing forest to longleaf pine, an increase from 3% to 35% of landcover in the basin. Modeled evapotranspiration was lower for longleaf pine compared to other forest types in the region, and conversion to longleaf pine increased annual water yield by 17.9 ± 1.6 mm, or 5.2%. Proportional changes in monthly streamflow were up to 74% higher during low flow periods, when in-stream habitat is most vulnerable. Restoration of longleaf pine could be a promising way to mitigate water scarcity in the southeastern U.S., and adding flow during extreme droughts may prove vitally important for conserving imperiled aquatic organisms.

Background/Objectives: Adolescents and young adults (AYA) with sickle cell disease (SCD) face challenges related to the disease and its treatment. The Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire (TRAQ) is a self-report tool for assessing transition readiness for youth with special health care needs (YSHCN), including SCD. This study uses the TRAQ to understand transition readiness in patients with SCD treated at the Boston Medical Center, evaluates associations between TRAQ scores and transition outcomes (e.g., EDr, EDu), and compares TRAQ scores in this population with other YSHCN. Methods: We reviewed electronic medical records of AYA with SCD who completed the TRAQ in the pediatric hematology clinic between January 1, 2019, and March 1, 2020, and categorized healthcare encounters to calculate EDu and EDr. We used t-tests and ANOVA models to analyze mean TRAQ scores, sex, age, genotype, EDu, and EDr. Results: The sample was 45 AYA patients with SCD between 13 and 22 years old. The mean TRAQ score for the overall patient sample was 3.67. Mean TRAQ scores did not significantly vary by sex or genotype but did significantly increase with age. TRAQ scores were lower in the SCD population than in other YSHCN. TRAQ scores did not correlate to EDu or EDr. Conclusions: AYA patients with SCD have lower transition readiness than other populations of YSHCN. The age of 18 may not be the most reliable attribute of readiness, though older patients do have higher readiness. The relationship between TRAQ scores, EDr, and EDu is not clear and requires further evaluation.

Many transgenic animals have been produced using CRISPR–Cas9 technology to edit specific genes. However, there are few guidelines for the application of this technique in cattle. The goal of this study was to produce trait-improved cattle using the genome editing technology CRISPR–Cas9. Myostatin (MSTN) was selected as a target locus and synthetic mRNA of sgRNA and Cas9 was microinjected into bovine in vitro fertilized embryos. As a result, 17 healthy calves were born and 3 of these showed MSTN mutation rates of 10.5%, 45.4%, and 99.9%, respectively. Importantly, the offspring with the 99.9% MSTN mutation rate had biallelic mutation (-12bp) and a doubling muscle growth phenotype. In conclusion, we showed that the genome editing technology CRISPR–Cas9 can produce genetically modified calves with improved traits.

Objective: Predicting postoperative atrial fibrillation (PoAF) in the preoperative period will provide a serious advantage in preventing the morbidity and mortality associated with this arrhythmia and in planning the treatment. In this study, we investigated the value of atrial electromechanical delay (AEMD) in predicting the development of PoAF. Methods: A total of 93 patients who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) operation were included in this prospective study. Patients’ demographic characteristics, laboratory parameters, echocardiographic data, and AEMD durations that could be measured by the co-use of electrocardiography and echocardiography were recorded. The patients at sinus rhythm during the postoperative period were identified as “Group 1”, and those who developed PoAF were identified as “Group 2”. Results: PoAF incidence was 26.88% (n=25). Left ventricle (LV) lateral AEMD, LV medial AEMD, right ventricle lateral AEMD, and left atrium (LA) lateral AEMD durations of Group 2 were significantly higher than Group 1 (p<0.001, p=0.004, p=0.004, p<0.001; respectively). In Univariate Logistic Regression Analysis, the age, hypertension, LA maximum volume, LA lateral AEMD and pulmonary artery pressure were significantly associated with PoAF development (p=0.01, p=0.004, p=0.004, p=0.001, p=0.01; respectively). However, only LA lateral AEMD was found as an independent predictive factor for the development of PoAF in the Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis (OR:1.03, 95% CI:1,001-1.06, p=0.04). AUC was 0.741 for LA lateral AEMD in ROC Curve Analysis (95% CI:0.633-0.849, p<0.001). Conclusions: The development of PoAF can be predicted by AEMD durations measured in the preoperative period in patients undergoing isolated CABG.

Science in Action Seminar Series at Skyline College, May 11, 2021Matteo (@physicsteo on Twitter) studied Chemistry at the University of Milan (Italy) and University of Valencia (Spain) before obtaining his Ph.D. in the Quantum Chemistry group of the Physics Department at Stockholm University (Sweden). After 3 years’ experience as a researcher in Berlin (Germany), working on computer simulations of novel catalytic materials, he left the lab bench (which was actually a computer) to join the US-based STEM publisher Wiley in 2010. Matteo held several editorial roles in various scholarly journals in chemistry and material sciences prior to becoming the publisher of the material sciences and physics group at Wiley, overseeing the operations of the US-based journals in those areas.

Since the start of the COVID-19 outbreak, the race for testing new platforms designed to confer immunity against SARS-CoV-2, has been rampant and unprecedented, leading to conditional emergency authorization of various vaccines. Despite progress on early multidrug therapy for COVID-19 patients, the current mandate is to immunize the world population as quickly as possible. The lack of thorough testing in animals prior to clinical trials, and authorization based on safety data generated during trials that lasted less than 3.5 months, raise questions regarding vaccine safety. The recently identified role of SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein for inducing endothelial damage characteristic of COVID-19, even in absence of infection, is extremely relevant given that most of the authorized vaccines induce endogenous production of Spike. Given the high rate of occurrence of adverse effects that have been reported to date, as well as the potential for vaccine-driven disease enhancement, Th2-immunopathology, autoimmunity, and immune evasion, there is a need for a better understanding of the benefits and risks of mass vaccination, particularly in groups excluded from clinical trials. Despite calls for caution, the risks of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination have been minimized or ignored by health organizations and government authorities. As for any investigational biomedical program, data safety monitoring boards (DSMB) and event adjudication committees (EAC), should be enacting risk mitigation. If DSMBs and EACs do not do so, we will call for a pause in mass vaccination. If DSMBs and EACs do not exist, then vaccination should be halted immediately, in particular for demographic groups at highest risk of vaccine-associated death or serious adverse effects, during such time as it takes to assemble these boards and commence critical and independent assessments. We urge for pluralistic dialogue in the context of health policies, emphasizing critical questions that require urgent answers, particularly if we wish to avoid a global erosion of public confidence in science and public health. 

The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is a robust and customizable platform for producing recombinant proteins for basic research and biomedical applications. However, genome instability is an intrinsic property of BEVs, and expression of several viral proteins negatively impacts recombinant protein quantity and quality. The CRISPR-Cas9 system is a powerful tool that simplifies sequence-specific genome editing and effective transcriptional regulation of genes for which disruption may not be appropriate. Here, the effectiveness of the CRISPR-Cas9 system for gene disruption and transcriptional repression in the BEVS was compared. A cell line constitutively expressing the cas9 or dcas9 gene was developed, and recombinant baculoviruses delivering the sgRNA were evaluated for disruption or repression of a reporter gfp gene. Finally, endogenous AcMNPV genes were targeted for disruption or downregulation to affect gene expression and baculovirus replication. This development lays a foundation for optimization of the BEV for improved genome stability and recombinant protein production.

Objective: To compare the diagnostic efficiency of fluorescence colposcope with dye TMTP1-PEG4-ICG versus conventional colposcope with acetic acid and Lugol’s iodine in identifying cervical precancerous lesions. Design and setting: Randomized controlled trial conducted at Colposcopy Center. Population: Women with abnormal cervical cancer screening results including cytology and/or HPV test. Methods: All participants were randomized to fluorescence colposcope group or conventional colposcope group. Patients of fluorescence colposcope group were applied dye TMTP1-PEG4-ICG to the cervix uteri. Patients of conventional colposcope group routinely administrated acetic acid and Lugol’s iodine to stain the cervix uteri. Main outcome measures: The colposcopists gave colposcope assessment impressions according to the cervical staining reactions and fluorescence signal-to-background ratio (SBR) calculation results. The diagnostic efficiency of fluorescence colposcope and conventional colposcope was calculated on a per-patient and per-site basis. Results: 195 women were successfully completed the study protocol and were randomized to fluorescence colposcope group (n=97) and conventional colposcope group (n=98). The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of fluorescence colposcope on a per-patient basis were 61.9%, 66.7%, 61.0%, 23.8%, 90.9%, respectively. The above data corresponded to 73.9%, 69.6%, 74.2%, 15.5%, and 97.3% on a per-site basis in fluorescence colposcope group. In the conventional colposcope group, the above diagnostic indicators corresponded to 59.2%, 54.2%, 60.8%, 31.0%, 80.4%, respectively. Conclusions: The fluorescence colposcope with dye TMTP1-PEG4-ICG was comparable to the conventional colposcope with acetic acid and Lugol’s iodine, and exhibited better accuracy, sensitivity and excellent NPV on the basis of per cervical sites.

The called burden of cardiac heart failure (CHF) on healthcare systems and economies remains large and a major factor contributing to this burden is the high hospital admission rate for acute decompensated heart failure. These repeated heart failure hospitalizations (HFH) not only exert a high burden on healthcare systems, but also impact patient quality of life and have been associated with impaired prognosis and reduced life expectancy. The need for remote monitoring has become extremely important, mainly based on devices capable of measuring intracardiac filling pressures. If we assume that hemodynamic congestion precedes clinical congestion, the hemodynamic monitoring could be able to detect early signs of congestion and enables clinicians to intervene in a pre-symptomatic phase avoiding hospital admission. Dr. Veenis JF and colleagues present the results of implanting the CardioMEMS device in 10 patients who underwent heartmate 3 implantation. The authors describe the study design based on an earlier publication by the same author. The authors argue that the use of this device will allow the monitoring of patients pre, during hospitalization and after implantation, with a possible reduction in the number of readmissions for allowing the diagnosis and treatment of complications related to ventricular failure and volume overload.

This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: (Non)Parallel developmental mechanisms in vertebrate appendage reduction and loss , which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8226. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions.   Appendages have been reduced or lost hundreds of times independently during vertebrate evolution. This suggests that selection routinely favors appendage reduction. How often are the same developmental and genetic pathways used during loss by independent lineages? We reviewed the developmental and evolutionary literatures of appendage reduction in 12 genera spanning fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals. We found that appendage reduction and loss resulted from modified gene expression in each case but one. However, the genes for which expression was modified were rarely shared. Our findings suggest that adaptive loss of complex traits might proceed relatively easily through changes in gene expression along multiple developmental pathways.

Angiotensin receptor antagonist associated enteropathy is becoming increasingly prevalent within the literature. We report a case of sprue-like enteropathy associated with Losartan with a unique cutaneous manifestation. Our case of Losartan associated enteropathy further suggests that sprue-like disease may be a class effect of ARBs.

Biofilm communities cause many infectious diseases. Biofilms are diverse microbial species found either attached to a surface or aggregated into an extracellular matrix. Bacteria form biofilms as a default mode of growth or as a response mechanism to environmental conditions like stress. As such, biofilm strains are increasingly virulent causing a wide variety of chronic persistent diseases, are typically antibiotic-resistant and known to improve host mortality rate. Most biofilms contain polysaccharides, proteins, extracellular DNA (eDNA), RNA, and water. Determining and quantifying the major components of a biofilm may indicate an appropriate treatment for biofilm eradication. Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative, motile bacillus typically found in surface water and/or soil in endemic regions. It is the etiologic agent of melioidosis and is capable of forming both surface adherent and air-liquid interface biofilms (pellicle) in broth cultures. This study evaluates the components of established biofilms using B. pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis, a closely related nonpathogenic species. Using assays, fluorescent dyes and microscopy, we quantified the major components of biofilms produced by five genetically related B. pseudomallei strains and compared them to B. thailandensis E264. Our data show that biofilm produced by the B. pseudomallei 1026b derivatives and B. thailandensis E264 significantly differ. The molecular composition of the surface adherent biofilm is similar to the molecular composition of the air-liquid pellicle. Finally, the eDNA quantity biofilm produced by JW270 which bears a CPS I deletion, is significantly increased in comparison to 1026 and Bp82 biofilm.

This paper deals with the global uniqueness of an inverse problem for the stochastic plate with structural damping. The key point is the Carleman estimate for the fourth order stochastic plate operators dyt − ρ∆ytdt + ∆2ydt. To this aim, a weighted point- wise identity for a fourth order stochastic plate operator is established, via which we obtained the desired Carleman estimate for the corresponding stochastic plate equation with structural damping.

In this study, solutions of time-fractional differential equations that emerge from science and engineering have been investigated by employing reduced differential transform method. Initially, the definition of the derivatives with fractional order and their important features are given. Afterwards, by employing the Caputo derivative, reduced differential transform method has been introduced. Finally, the numerical solutions of the fractional order Murray equation have been obtained by utilizing reduced differential transform method and results have been compared through graphs and tables. Keywords: Time-fractional differential equations, Reduced differential transform methods, Murray equations, Caputo fractional derivative.

Objective: To analyze the proportion of backup ventilation during neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) in preterm infants at different gestational ages and to analyze the trends in backup ventilation in relation to clinical deteriorations. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in 18 preterm infants born at a median (range) 27+4 (23+4–34+4) weeks of gestation with a median (range) birth weight of 1,100 (460–2,820) g, who received respiratory support with either invasive or noninvasive NAVA. Data on ventilator settings and respiratory variables were collected daily; the mean values of each 24-hour recording were computed for each respiratory variable. For clinical deterioration, ventilator data were reviewed at 6-hour intervals for 30 hours prior to the event. Results: A total of 354 ventilator days were included: 269 and 85 days during invasive and noninvasive NAVA, respectively. The time on backup ventilation (%/min) significantly decreased, and the neural respiratory rate increased with increasing postmenstrual age during both invasive and noninvasive NAVA. The median time on backup ventilation was less than 15%/min, and the median neural respiratory rate was more than 45 breaths/min for infants above 26+0 weeks of gestation during invasive NAVA. The relative backup ventilation significantly increased prior to the episode of clinical deterioration. Conclusion: The proportion of backup ventilation during NAVA showed how the control of breathing matured with increasing gestational age. Even the most immature infants triggered most of their breaths by their own respiratory effort. An acute increase in the proportion of backup ventilation anticipated clinical deterioration.

This work aims to study the streamflow statistic patterns in the Sapucaí River watershed, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. This study embraces the streamflow probabilistic modeling to determine the reference streamflow and, later, the streamflow regionalization to improve the water resources management. A 26-year-data series (1989 - 2014) of maximum, average, and minimum streamflow were used. Probability density functions were applied to the maximum and minimum daily streamflow to determine the recurrence periods. Long-term average annual and monthly streamflow were also calculated. Linear and non-linear regressions were adjusted for the streamflow regionalization. The drainage area and the streamflow equivalent to the total rainfall (with and without abstractions) were used as predictor variables. The probability density functions that best adjusted the maximum streamflow data set were the Generalized Extreme Values, and for the minimum streamflow was the normal distribution. Linear and non-linear regressions were efficient (R²> 0.90 and d Willmott> 0.97) in the regionalization process regardless of the predictor variables. However, a small statistical advantage was found for the adjustment of non-linear regressions that used the predictor variables drainage area and the streamflow equivalent to the total rainfall (without abstractions).

This study used Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to investigate the impacts of groundwater abstraction and forest growth on the watershed hydrology of Geum River basin (9,645.5 km2), South Korea. Groundwater abstraction (GA) and forest growth (FG) data from 1976 to 2015 (1980s;1976~1985, 1990s; 1986~1995, 2000s; 1996~2005, 2010s;2006~2015) were prepared with 10-year interval as SWAT input data, respectively. SWAT was calibrated (2006~2015) using daily observation data from two multipurpose dams and three multifunction weirs. The dam and weir calibration result showed coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.78, 0.81, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.79, 0.76, root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.96 mm/day, 0.55 mm/day, and PBIAS of -5.48%, 8.56%, respectively. The SWAT ran at each decade using corresponding GA and FG information under the same weather condition of the 2010s to evaluate the impact of GA and FG on hydrologic cycle. Influenced by both GA and FG, the streamflow at the watershed outlet showed the decrease of 1.3% (10.1 mm/year), 4.4% (34.2 mm/year), and 7.8% (60.3 mm/year) in the 1990s, the 2000s, and the 2010s, respectively. The hydrologic response of surface runoff, lateral flow, groundwater flow, and soil moisture showed decreasing trend while evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge showed increasing trend. GA imposed bigger influence on the spatial and temporal loss of streamflow than FG. Especially, it was discovered that the agricultural water use from groundwater was the most influential factor that has decreased total runoff in the target watershed for the last four decades.