The initial oleogelation process (microstructuring) as well as the formulation are determinant to obtain the desired characteristics in oleogels with potential application in the industry. The microstructuring process in oleogels has been extensively studied by means of techniques highly sensitive to thermal variations, such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). However, there are other readily available techniques and equipment that can be employed to perform similar evaluations. Non-isothermal nucleation kinetics by spectrophotometric methods can be used as alternatives to basic crystallization studies in oleogels. Therefore, in this research a comparison of both techniques is presented, highlighting their similarities, advantages and limitations, in the study of the microstructure of oleogels. Oleogels were obtained with a minimum concentration of gelator and another saturated one, using vegetable oils of different degrees of saturation. The crystallization profiles of the oleogels were obtained by DSC, a non-isothermal nucleation kinetics was performed from the molten system and the final microstructure was evaluated by optical microscopy. The Fisher-Turnbull and Avrami model was used to evaluate the behavior during microstructuring. A gap was observed during the crystallization process by DSC which can be evaluated by spectrophotometry. Differences in the microstructuring process were found in both methods due to the temperature ramp used and formulation variables. The results obtained by spectrophotometry indicate that it can be a good alternative, easily accessible in oleogel crystallization studies, when high sensitivity or very specific thermal parameters are not required.

Rahul Naithani, MD, DM1; Nitin Dayal, MD21Division of Hematology & Bone Marrow Transplantation, 2Lab MedicineMax Superspeciality Hospital, DelhiWord Count: 182Figure: 1Dr Rahul Naithani declares that he has no conflict of interest. Dr Nitin Dayal declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Background and Purpose：Hypoxia, as a risk factor for pulmonary hypertension (PH), was an inducing factor for pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) injury and inflammation. Pyroptosis induced cell death along with the maturation and secretion of the inflammatory mediators. However, the correlation among pyroptosis, PAECs injury and inflammation remain unknown. Here, we explored, in detail, the effect of hypoxia on pyroptosis of PAECs. Experimental approach：Using RNA-seq sequencing method, we screened differentially expressed genes in pulmonary artery in SU5416-induced hypoxia PH model. Next, we verified the role and mechanism of the differentially expressed gene GPR146 in PAECs by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, CCK8, western blotting, realtime PCR, and LDH release experiments. Key Results: Our results showed that GPR146 was highly expressed in PH human lung tissue and Sugen5416/hypoxia (SuHx) induced rat PAH lung tissues. Meanwhile, our data suggested the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins was remarkably increased under hypoxia both in vivo and in vitro, which were inhibited by silencing GPR146. Moreover, inhibiting NLRP3 or caspase-1 effectively suppressed cleavage of caspase-1, production of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 in PAECs by hypoxia and overexpression of GPR146. Conclusion and Implications: Our results indicated that GPR146 induced pyroptosis and inflammatory responses through the NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling axis, triggering endothelial injury and vascular remodeling. Hypoxia could promote PAECs pyroptosis through upregulation of GPR146 to affect the progression of PH, which might provide novel targets for treatment of PH.

Title: Percutaneous Lead Extraction in Patients with Large Vegetations: Limiting our Aspirations.Robert D. Schaller, DO11The Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaFunding: This work was supported in part by the Mark Marchlinski EP Research & Education FundKey words: Lead extraction, vegetation, pulmonary embolism, thrombus, aspirationDisclosures: NoneWord count: 1547Transvenous lead extraction (TLE) in the 1960’s involved orthopedic-style pulley systems that joined the exposed portion of the lead to progressively heavier weights hanging from the bed. Sustained tension on the lead was maintained until the patient experienced discomfort, ventricular arrhythmias, or noticeable resistance developed, and was maintained for minutes to days. The location of the lead within the chest was monitored with daily chest radiographs and the ensuingbang of the weight hitting the floor of the intensive care unit signified case conclusion; at which point the patient was assessed. Complications were erratic and included lead laceration and possible migration, injury to the tricuspid valve (TV), myocardial avulsion, tamponade, and death.1 Due to the immature nature of the procedure at that time, it was relegated to infectious indications including lead-related endocarditis, at that time referred to as “catheter fever”.Contemporary TLE has evolved into a highly refined practice with a multitude of tools and predictable results, and procedural indications that now span infection, venous occlusion, management of redundant leads, and access to magnetic resonance imaging.2Procedural imaging with computed tomography (CT) and real-time ultrasound-based tools have similarly changed the TLE experience with identification of adhesions, thrombi, vegetations, and complications.3 Large lead-related masses have historically caused angst due to the possibility of being sheared off by the extraction sheath and embolizing to the lung, and still represent a relative contraindication to percutaneous TLE.2In this issue of the Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology , Giacopelli, et al.4 present the outcomes of 25 consecutive patients (mean age 64 years, 68% male) including 5 with pacemakers, 10 with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, and 10 with cardiac resynchronization therapy devices, who underwent TLE with vegetations ≥10 mm on transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Contrast-enhanced CT was performed before and after TLE with 18 (72%) patients showing subclinical pulmonary embolism (PE). Vegetation size (median of 17.5 mm and maximum of 30 mm) did not differ in those with and without PE (20.0 mm vs. 14.0 mm, p=0.116). Complete TLE success was achieved in all patients with 76% requiring advanced tools and 2 needing femoral snaring, and there were no significant procedural complications. In the group with pre-TLE PE, a post-TLE scan confirmed the presence of PE in only 14/18 (78%) and there were no patients with new PE formation. During a median follow-up period of 19.4 months, no re-infection of the new implanted systems was reported and there were 5 deaths (20%); with no differences between the groups. The authors concluded that subclinical PE was common in this clinical scenario but did not influence the complexity or safety of the procedure.Several aspects of this paper warrant comment. No data are reported on the size or location of the PEs nor the time between the first and second CT. It is possible that small PEs would not be identified on subsequent studies days after antibiotics had already been started. Patients also received acute and chronic anticoagulation if PE was identified, which in the setting of vegetations, is generally not indicated and could potentially lead to bleeding. The authors did not provide information regarding infectious pathogens or the timing of culture clearance, which could influence treatment. Additionally, it is unclear which patients received new CIED systems including the type and timing of reimplantation, which might influence subsequent infectious risk. A vascular occlusion balloon was not used in any patients in this report. While this tool is associated with a reduced risk of death in the setting of a superior vena cava laceration when used properly, it has also been shown to be thrombogenic during long dwell times,5 and use could impact post-operative CTs in future studies. Despite utilizing transthoracic echocardiography during TLE, neither TEE nor intracardiac echocardiography were used intraoperatively and thus no information regarding the precise location of the vegetations within the heart is known. Importantly, no information regarding the characteristics of the vegetations other than size was reported.Not all lead-related masses are created equal with two distinct sub-types previously described.6 The first is composed of thickened endocardium and fibrous tissue covering the leads and ultimately forming into connective tissue. These masses, commonly found on leads behind the TV, are caused by a vortical flow pattern leading to low shear stress on the lead surface and provoking neointimal hyperplasia,7 and range from small fibrous strands to large, smooth organized thrombus (Figure, left column). Despite their sterile nature, TLE in the setting of a large, mature thrombus could result in embolization and obstruction of the pulmonary artery resulting in symptomatic PE. The second type, frequently seen in the setting of infective endocarditis, is composed of inflammatory cells, platelets, adhesion molecules, fresh fibrin, and bacteria binding to coagulum and forming vegetations. They are typically longer, more likely to be multi-lobular, and commonly span several chambers of the heart (Figure, right column). These vegetations that are typically acute, with friable finger-like projections, characteristically break apart upon being sheared off during TLE, with reports showing low risk of symptomatic PE.8 Vegetations that are lobular, however, have been associated with worse outcomes.9Despite acute procedural success in the setting of lead-related vegetations, mortality rates at 1 year approach 25%.10 Indeed, despite successful TLE in this report, 20% of patients were dead at 1.5 years. Although complete understanding of the mechanism of these poor outcomes remains unknown, septic emboli, lung abscesses, and infected lead “ghosts” have been implicated.11 Vegetation removal prior to TLE has thus represented an appealing therapeutic option with reports of successful percutaneous aspiration prior to TLE showing promising results, albeit with unknown long-term benefit.12,13 Although the lack of new PEs after TLE in this report does not directly support the effort, cost, and added risk of such a strategy, “debulking” of infectious burden remains a tempting complementary treatment. Importantly, the acute safety of TLE with large vegetations in this study should not be extrapolated to chronic, large lead-related masses, which are more like to cause acute PE if embolized. While aspiration of these sterile masses prior to TLE is appealing from a procedural outcome perspective, their morphologic characteristics, and the imperfect, but evolving, aspiration sheaths currently available are limiting, and requires consideration of surgical extraction. Further advancements in aspiration catheter technology and the development of right ventricular outflow track filters might influence future management.TLE continues to represent the gold standard for the management of lead-related infection.2 Due to the extensive work of the pathfinders in the vanguard of procedural development, the sound of crashing weights has been supplanted by those that power advancing sheaths. Yet despite the safe and predictable nature of modern-day TLE, the sobering long-term mortality of patients with infectious indications remains out of proportion to acute procedural success. While infectious “debulking” continues to represent the most attractive and practical complementary option to address this incongruity, future studies should concentrate both on identification of mass characteristics that suggest success, as well as determining if long-term benefits exist above and beyond lead removal. However, if improvement in clinical outcomes that warrant this added cost and effort are not identified, we should likely limit our aspirations.

A biopharmaceutical grade poloxamer designed with less hydrophobic contaminants and shown to resolve growth issues for mammalian cell lines was implemented in a commercial biopharmaceutical process and expected to improve protection of cells from hydrodynamic stress [[1]](#ref-0001). However, contrary to expected results, the cell growth and resultant titer further declined. This was not consistent with prior reports in literature [[2]](#ref-0002), which demonstrated that these hydrophobic contaminants present in P188 poloxamer contributed to low performance due to inefficiency in protecting cells from shear stress. An analytical screening tool as well as a novel, high shear stress bioreactor model was developed and used to determine that an overall higher poloxamer average molecular weight was actually the root cause of poor growth in this SP2/0 production cell line. This demonstrates an increased SP2/0 sensitivity to subtle differences in poloxamer molecular weight distribution.

Selection on quantitative traits by divergent climatic conditions can lead to substantial trait variation across a species range. In the context of rapidly changing environments, however, it is equally important to understand selection on trait plasticity. To evaluate the role of selection in driving divergences in traits and their associated plasticity within a widespread species, we compared molecular and quantitative trait variation in Populus fremontii (Fremont cottonwood) populations throughout Arizona. Using SNP data and genotypes from 16 populations reciprocally planted in three common gardens, we first performed QST-FST analyses to detect selection on traits and trait plasticity. We then explored the mechanistic basis of selection using trait-climate and plasticity-climate regressions. Three major findings emerged: 1) There was significant genetic variation in traits expressed in each of the common gardens and in the phenotypic plasticity of traits across gardens. 2) Based on QST-FST comparisons, there was evidence of selection in all traits measured; however, this result varied from no effect in one garden to highly significant in another, indicating that detection of past selection is environmentally dependent. We also found strong evidence of divergent selection on plasticity across environments for two traits. 3) Traits and/or their plasticity were often correlated with population source climate (R2 up to 0.77 and 0.66, respectively). This suggests that steep climate gradients across the Southwest have played a major role in shaping the evolution of divergent phenotypic responses in populations and genotypes now experiencing climate change.

In this paper I shall focus on proving the Inequality, π((x + 1) 2) − π(x 2) ≥ 1 provided some range of x. Our proof is merely relied on basic calculus. Specifically speaking we will use basic properties of definite integrals to prove this inequality.

1. Ombrotrophic peatbogs provide valuable records of environmental change on long timescales but are rarely preserved in an undamaged state near the major centres of industrial activity. Holcroft Moss is a rare example of an intact lowland peatbog in NW England, which provides a valuable opportunity to trace industrial impacts on vegetation in a sensitive environmental archive in close proximity to the early industrialising cities of Manchester and Liverpool. 2. We reconstructed the environmental changes of a Holcroft Moss before and after the Industrial Revolution using a high-resolution record of pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs, microcharcoal, peat composition (organic content, ash-free bulk density) and heavy metal content constrained by a radiocarbon and SCP (spheroidal carbonaceous particle) chronology. We examine the relationship between abiotic and biotic environmental tracers using principal components analysis and evaluate the role of local and regional climatic and anthropogenic drivers using canonical redundancy analysis and partitioning of variation. 3. Results show significant changes in bog vegetation composition during the last 700 years. From the 14th to 18th centuries AD, atmospheric climate variability and local agro-pastoral disturbance (grazing and fires) were the main drivers of vegetation change. From the mid-18th century onwards, the intensification of regional coal-fired industry contributed to increases in atmospheric pollutants such as dust, heavy metals and acid deposition that severely impacted vegetation, driving the decline of Sphagnum. Grasses subsequently rose to dominance in the 20th century associated especially with cumulative nitrogen deposition. Although atmospheric pollution significantly decreased after the Industrial Revolution, vegetation has not returned to previous pre-industrial conditions, reflecting the ongoing impact of external press drivers which pose challenges for conservation and restoration. 4. Synthesis. Palaeoecological studies are needed to reveal the long-term history of vegetation degradation and to offer guidelines for restoration and conservation practices.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI) is a lysosomal storage disorder associated with pathogenic variants in the ARSB gene. Herein, we present a novel type of ARSB mutations, which is an insertion of the LHFPL2 gene fragment derived from unequal non-allelic homologous recombination between these two genes. The 52 kb insertion, containing the LHPL2 exon 3, was identified in reverse complement orientation deep in the intron 4 of ARSB using whole genome sequencing. Subsequent RNA analysis determined its deleterious effect, which is premature transcription termination. Two mobile genetic elements of the L1 class with high sequence similarity were identified in both genes at the site of recombination and their close spatial proximity is suggested to favor structural rearrangements in this locus. The recombination was identified in compound heterozygous state with the nonsense variant c.966G>A (p.Trp322*) in patient with an early-onset form of MPS VI. Almost complete absence of the full-length ARSB mRNA isoform expression from both alleles correlates well with a severe phenotype of the patient. The results of our study expand mutational spectrum of the ARSB gene towards complex structural variants and novel molecular-genetic mechanisms.

In the past decade, on account of computer-aided prosthetic manufacturing techniques, subperiosteal implants were introduced as a safe option for patients with compromised alveolar ridges. We present 3 years follow-up of a complete maxillary rehabilitation by subperiosteal implants in a young patient after an endosseous implant treatment failure.

We report a rare case of right ventricular angioleiomyoma in a 35-years old man diagnosed by multimodality imaging, including echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), Positron emissions tomography (PET) and Computer tomography angiography (CTA). The imaging results were finally confirmed by surgery. We present the clinical value of multimodality imaging in diagnosing cardiac angioleiomyoma.

Acute fatty liver disease of pregnancy (AFLP) is a rare condition associated with other common liver manifestations such as hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome (HELLP). We present a 27-year-old pregnant woman who developed hepatic encephalopathy and DIC after being diagnosed with Acute fatty liver disease of pregnancy.

A 64-year-old edentulous woman with a mandibular fracture received a subperiosteal implant for fracture fixation and dental rehabilitation. Unfortunately, the ball abutments were covered by soft tissue because they were too short. Therefore, we designed a connector to lengthen the attachment and achieve adequate stability and retention for the overdenture.

A novel nonlinear higher order difference equation is introduced in this paper. The difference equation has the form x_(n+1)=1+A x_n/(x_(n-m)^k ) with A and initial conditions are positive real numbers, m,k ∈ {2, 3, 4, · · · }. The dynamics of the proposed equation are studied. Some new results on the periodicity, semicycles, boundedness and global asymptotically stability of solutions of the proposed difference equation are established.

Title Page Title: Letter to the Editor: ” Role of matrix metalloproteinases in mitral valve regurgitation: Association between the of MMP‐1, MMP‐9, TIMP‐1, and TIMP‐2 expression, degree of mitral valve insufficiency, and pathologic etiology ”.Article type : Letter to the editor.

On Time Surgery Start: Is Standardization The Answer?Olufunke Folasade Dada MD, Tanaya Sparkle M.B.B.S.University of Toledo Medical Center, Anesthesiology Department,3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, Ohio, USACorresponding Author: Dr. Tanaya Sparkle, M.B.B.S.Address for correspondence:University of Toledo Medical Center, Anesthesiology Department,3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, Ohio - 43614E-mail: tanaya.sparkle@utoledo.eduPhone: 419-383-3531

Adolescence is a critical stage of rapid biological, emotional and social change and development. Adolescents and young adults (AYA) with asthma and allergies need to develop the knowledge and skills to self-manage their health independently. Healthcare professionals (HCP), parents and their wider network play an essential role in supporting AYA in this process. Previous work showed significant limitations in transition care across Europe. In 2020, the first evidence-based guideline on effective transition for AYA with asthma and allergies was published by EAACI. We herein summarize practical resources to support this guideline’s implementation in clinical practice. For this purpose, multi-stakeholder Task Force members searched for resources in peer review journals and grey literature. These resources were included if relevant and of good quality, and were pragmatically rated for their evidence-basis and user friendliness. Resources identified covered a range of topics and targeted healthcare professionals, AYA, parents/carers, schools, workplace, and wider community. Most resources were in English, web-based and had limited evidence-basis. This position paper provides a valuable selection of practical resources for all stakeholders to support effective transitional care for AYA with asthma and allergies. Future research should focus on developing validated, patient-centred tools to further assist evidence-based transition care.

A fracture of the mastoid bone should be considered in the work-up of a head and neck traumatic injury. A well-pneumatized mastoid can absorb forceful impacts, protecting middle and inner ear structures. Fractures of the mastoid, followed by Valsalva maneuver can lead to subcutaneous cervical emphysema.

BackgroundIt was getting hard to find reviewers for the F1000Research Highlights papers, since one of us seemed to have collaborated with nearly everyone doing GTS research. Here are suggestions on how to find non-conflicted expert reviewers.Via PubMedFollow these steps in order: Search PubMed for (subject of article) NOT (OR'ed list of authors of this paper). Example: (Tourette [MAJR] NOT Tourette [AU]) NOT (Hartmann A [au] OR Andrén P [au] OR Atkinson-Clement C [au] OR Czernecki V [au] OR Delorme C [au] OR Debes N [au] OR Mol Debes, N [au] OR Debes, N [au] OR Szejko N [au] OR Ueda K [au] OR Black KJ) Filters: in the last 5 years Sort by: Publication Date   Then pick from the results 10+ authors I've heard of.        Then for potential reviewer names, perhaps a few at a time, search PubMed as follows to identify anyone who's published with us in the past 5 years: (list of OR'ed names from Step 2) AND (list of author names from Step 1). Example: (Emily J Ricketts [fau] OR Flint M Espil [fau] OR Douglas W Woods [fau] OR Shannon M Bennett [fau] OR John T Walkup [fau] OR Joseph F McGuire [fau] OR Jordan T Stiede [fau]) AND (Hartmann A [au] OR Andrén P [au] OR Atkinson-Clement C [au] OR Czernecki V [au] OR Delorme C [au] OR Debes N [au] OR Mol Debes, N [au]  OR Debes, N [au]  OR Szejko N [au] OR Ueda K [au] OR Black KJ) Filters: in the last 5 years Sort by: Publication Date    Results are highlighted as shown in Fig. \ref{885437}, showing that we have to scratch Szejko, McGuire, and Woods. But also we can keep the others above, namely Ricketts, Espil, Bennett, Walkup and Stiede. Note: the [fau] tag will not catch publications that don't submit the author's full name to NLM, e.g. it may miss a publication by Walkup JT [au]. I used the [fau] tag so I could just copy and paste from the PubMed search output in step 1, and I think journals are mostly submitting full author names now. Use the "Walkup J [au]" style instead to catch a few more potential conflicts.  Repeat as needed with other groups of potential reviewers.

Protein extraction from soybeans is a vital part of the soy industry. Traditionally, the extraction of soy protein has been done by alkaline extraction and isoelectric precipitation. As technology has advanced, more extraction techniques are superior to this traditional method. In this review, the composition and classification of soy protein are summarized. Next, the current emerging technologies for soy protein extraction are highlighted. Three extraction technologies, namely reverse micellar, enzyme-assisted and membrane ultrafiltration, are reviewed in detail. Finally, the research prospects and trends of soy protein extraction technology are also summarized.

Tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) is one of the main powder components in self-setting calcium phosphate cements for hard tissue applications. In this study, two types of calcium phosphate/chondroitin sulfate bone cements in which TTCP powders in nanoscale-rod like (R-TTCP) and micro-conventional irregular shape (C-TTCP) were used. The first one was synthesized by reverse microemulsion chemical process and the second one, was prepared by thermal conventional method. The results showed that both cements formed hydroxyapatite as the result of cementation process. The R-TTCP cement revealed a slightly longer initial but no difference in final setting time, less compressive strength, higher porosity and better degradation behavior compared to C-TTCP one. The both cements presented similar tendency to the formation of a dense hydroxyapatite on their outer surfaces through immersion in simulated body fluid. Taking into consideration the initial porosity, the cement made from R-TTCP rod like nanopowder presented more aptness to participate in ion exchange in SBF resulting to fill the 15% more initial porosity via the precipitation of hydroxyapatite mineral. From the biological point of view, analysis of cytotoxicity and MG63 osteoblastic-cell behavior proved that the both cements had good viability and proper cell adhesion and activity.

In this paper, we use a novel approach to derive the close form of the Kirchhoff index of a ladder graph. Compared with the existing method due to Z. Cinkir, our approach is effective and thus instructive for obtaining the most interesting quantity.

Objective: The therapeutic effect of PARP inhibitors (PARPi) monotherapy compared with platinum-based chemotherapy, and the impact to subsequent platinum-based chemotherapy after PARPi resistance were inconclusive. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Patients from seven medical centers in China. Population: BRCA1/2-mutated ovarian cancer patients with secondary platinum-sensitive relapse, without any maintenance regimen after first- and second-line platinum therapy, and the secondary platinum-free interval (PFI) was more than 6 months. Methods: Patients in study group (n=31) were treated with PARPi monotherapy until disease progression, and patients in control group (n=33) were treated with platinum-based chemotherapy without restriction. Main Outcome Measures: RECIST and GCIG standard, Kaplan-Meier plotter Results: The objective response rate (ORR: 77.4% vs. 84.0%, p=0.538) and median progression-free survival (mPFS: 8.6 vs. 11.1 months, p=0.679) were comparable. PARPi monotherapy significantly prolonged post-recurrent survival (PRS, HR=0.35, p=0.024), and was the independent factor associated with PRS (HR=0.33, p=0.038). The median time from treatment to first subsequent therapy or death (TFST) of patients with platinum-based chemotherapy after PARPi progression and patients in control group with PFI≥6months after third-line platinum-based chemotherapy was comparable (mTFST: 7.5 vs. 7.1 months, p=0.800). Further survival analysis showed that PRS of patients with PARPi monotherapy were similar to patients with PFI≥6 months after third-line platinum chemotherapy (HR=0.66, p=0.503), and superior to patients with PFI<6 months after third-line platinum chemotherapy (HR=0.15, p=0.009). Conclusions: PARPi monotherapy was equivalent to platinum-based chemotherapy for BRCA1/2-mutated ovarian cancer patients with secondary platinum-sensitive recurrence, and could improve prognosis.

Objective To test equivalence of two doses of intravenous iron (ferric carboxymaltose) in pregnancy. Design Parallel, two-arm equivalence randomised controlled trial with an equivalence margin of 5%. Setting Single centre in Australia. Population 278 pregnant women with iron deficiency. Methods Participants received either 500 mg (n=152) or 1000mg (n=126) of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in the second or third trimester. Main outcome measures The proportion of participants requiring additional intravenous iron (500mg) to achieve and maintain ferritin >30ug/L (diagnostic threshold for iron deficiency) at 4 weeks post-infusion, and at 6 weeks, and 3-, 6- and 12-months postpartum. Secondary endpoints included repeat infusion rate, iron status, birth, and safety outcomes. Results The two doses were not equivalent within a 5% margin at any timepoint. At 4 weeks post infusion, 26/73 (36%) participants required a repeat infusion in the 500 mg group compared with 5/67 (8%) in the 1000 mg group (difference in proportions, 0.283 95% confidence interval (0.177, 0.389)). Overall, participants in the 500 mg arm received twice the repeat infusion rate (0.81 (SD= 0.824 vs 0.40 (SD= 0.69), rate ratio 2.05, 95% CI (1.45, 2.91)). Conclusions Administration of 1000mg ferric carboxymaltose in pregnancy maintains iron stores and reduces the need for repeat infusions. A 500 mg dose requires ongoing monitoring to ensure adequate iron stores are reached and sustained.