Aposematic coloration plays an important role for species, as it serves as a clear signal of danger to visually-oriented predators regarding the potential toxicity of individuals displaying this condition. However, considerable gaps remain on this subject, and, primarily, empirical data are lacking to support robust discussions on the topic. The harlequin frog Atelopus hoogmoedi exhibits a range of aposematic colors across different populations, yet we still do not know how this characteristic was selected throughout evolution nor what the impacts of this characteristic are on the species' biology, ecology, and behavior. Considering that this topic deserves further in-depth studies, particularly due to being one of the most threatened groups of vertebrates and still lacking research, we present possible insights to guide future investigations on this subject.

Subclavian Steal Syndrome

Intricacies in Managing Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis in Afghanistan: A Case Report

Emotion reactivity refers to the activation, intensity, and duration of emotional responses to internal or external stimuli. It can be differentiated from emotion regulation since the former is the very first response to an emotional trigger, and the latter can be defined as a tool for maintaining one’s own arousal in a window of tolerance. Since, to date, there are no Italian self-report measures able to evaluate individuals’ emotional reactivity, this study aimed to contribute to the Italian validation of the short form of the PERS (PERS-S). The PERS-S is an 18-item self-report measure answered on a 5-point Likert scale that generates six subscale scores and two composite scores, with higher scores indicating higher levels of reactivity. Data from 768 individuals showed that the PERS-S had good to excellent goodness-of-fit. The internal consistency was high, with an overall reliability coefficient (Cronbach’s α) of .87 and .86 for the negative and positive general scales, respectively. The PERS-S also demonstrated appropriate convergent validity, showing significant correlations with conceptually related measures, and acceptable divergent validity, showing minimal correlations with unrelated constructs. Finally, we evaluated the Test-Retest Reliability by administering the PERS-S to the same sample twice, with a 2-week interval. The significant correlations between the two PERS-S administrations suggest temporal stability. The Italian version of the PERS-S will enrich the repertoire of self-report measures for investigating the development and risk factors of mental health disorders and may have practical applications in clinical settings.

Understanding the impact of long-term partial substitution of chemical nitrogen fertilizer with organic fertilizers (partial organic fertilizers substitution) on soil nitrogen components, mineralization, and availability is necessary to foresee nitrogen (N) dynamics. The present study was conducted a long-term field experiment to investigate the effect of 12 years of fertilizer application on soil nutrient concentrations, enzymatic activities, and N mineralization in a rubber plantation. Treatments included: unfertilized as control (CK), 100% recommended dose of chemical fertilizer (CF), and integrated application of 50% chemical and 50% organic fertilizer (cow manure) (CF+M). The soil physicochemical properties, including total nitrogen (TN) and six labile N components (microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), particulate organic nitrogen (PON), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), light fraction organic nitrogen (LFON)), ammonium nitrogen (NH 4 +-N), and nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 --N); five soil enzymes (urease (UE), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG), Acid phosphatase activity (AcP), and β-1,4-Glucosidase (BG)), and soil organic nitrogen mineralization were determined. Compared with CF, CF+M treatment significantly increased soil pH, TN, MBN, LFON, DON, PON, NH 4 +-N, NO 3 --N, organic carbon (SOC), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) concentrations, while significantly decreased the soil bulk density (BD) and the proportion of soil silt and clay particles. In 0-20 cm soil layer, CF+M treatment significantly decreased the activities of BG but increased AcP. Meanwhile, CF+M treatment significantly increased the NAG and LAP activities in the topsoil layer and UE activities in the subsoil layer. CF+M treatment had high cumulative mineral N production (N t) and N mineralization potential (N 0) but were low net soil N ammonification rates (Net N AM), net soil N nitrification rates (Net N NM), and net soil N mineralization rates (Net N Min) than CF. The piecewiseSEM analysis showed that 99% of the variation in N t and 97% of N Min were explained, with TN and it’s labile components and soil physicochemical properties being the most important direct influencing factor for N t and Net N Min, respectively. Conclusively, partial organic fertilizers substitution could facilitate N availability and soil N supply capacity by affecting soil organic N mineralization and improving soil environmental condition of the rubber plantation. These results suggest that the combine application of chemical fertilizer and manure is a useful management practice and provide theoretical guidance and scientific basis for rational fertilization of rubber plantations in the tropics.

Informed, wise land management is a challenge since long, but has gained extra importance through the need for responding to the climate change effects. The European Green Deal is one example of a concertation effort in a world where data availability, sharing options, and just-in-time exploitation are not entirely solved. The LandSupport service responds to this challenge through a combination of a Spatial Decision Support System on top of a datacube management and analytics engine. In this paper we specifically focus on this datacube engine and how it can contribute to a better decision making through an ordered multi-dimensional data man­agement paired with strictly standards-compliant inter­faces. Further, the approach described shows a remedy against the current fragmentation of services: through a location-transparent federation a single common pool of information is established, including distributed fusion allowing an unlimited mix-and-match of data regardless of their location.

Ectotherms are expected to be particularly vulnerable to climate change driven increases in temperature. Understanding how populations adapt to novel thermal environments will be key for informing mitigation plans. We took advantage of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) populations inhabiting adjacent geothermal (warm) and ambient (cold) habitats to test whether their evolutionary divergence was adaptive using field reciprocal transplant experiment. We found evidence for adaptive morphological divergence, as growth (length change) in the non-native habitat was found to relate to head, posterior and total body shape. Higher growth in fish transplanted to a non-native habitat was found to be associated with shape profiles closer to that of the native fish. The consequences of transplantation were asymmetric with cold sourced fish transplanted to the warm habitat suffering from lower survival rates and greater parasite prevalence than warm sourced fish transplanted to the cold habitat. We also found evidence for divergent shape allometries that related to growth. Our findings suggest that wild populations can adapt quickly to thermal conditions. However, immediate transitions to warmer conditions may be particularly difficult.

Primary Lymphoma of the Larynx: A case report Moushami Singh1, Sumi Piya1, Biplov Adhikari2, Anu Sherchan1, Prabhat Chandra Thakur3, Hari Prasad Dhakal1Affiliation:Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nepal Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lalitpur, NepalNepal medical college and teaching hospital, Kathmandu, NepalHead and Neck Oncology Unit, Nepal Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lalitpur, Nepal

Early-life conditions impact fitness, but whether the combined effect of extrinsic stressors is additive or synergistic is not well known. This is a major knowledge gap, because exposure to multiple stressors is likely to be frequent. Telomere dynamics may be instrumental when testing whether combined stressor effects are additive or synergistic, because many factors affect telomere shortening, and telomere shortening predicts survival. We evaluated the effects of manipulated brood size and natural infestation by the carnid fly Carnus hemapterus on nestling growth and telomere shortening of wild jackdaws (Corvus monedula). Telomere length, measured in blood using TRF, shortened on average by 264 bp. In enlarged broods, nestlings’ telomeres shortened more when parasitized, while in reduced broods there was no effect of infestation on telomere shortening. We conclude that there is a synergistic effect of number of siblings and Carnus infestation on telomere shortening rate: blood-sucking parasites may negatively impact telomeres by increasing cell proliferation and/or physiological stress, and coping with infestation may be less successful in enlarged broods with increased sibling competition and lower per capita feeding rate. Larger nestlings had shorter telomeres independent of age, brood manipulation or infestation. Growth was independent of infestation but in enlarged broods, nestlings were lighter at fledging. Our findings indicate that (i) evaluating consequences of early-life environmental conditions in isolation may not yield a full picture due to synergistic effects, and (ii) effects of environmental conditions may be cryptic, e.g. on telomeres, with fitness consequences expressed beyond the temporal framework of the study.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of nosocomial infection which at times causes a grim situation in clinical setups. There is a dire need to develop strategies to overcome the increasing incidence of drug resistance in this organism. The protective outer membrane and over expressed efflux pumps serve as a major survival weapon for this pathogen, making it to resist present day antibiotics. The present review dwells on some of these strategies, with emphasis on tagging to existing antibiotics with siderophore as a carrier employing Trojan horse strategy so that antibiotic can creep into bacterial cell through iron acquisition pathway. These hybrid drugs, defined as synthetic construct are likely to overcome drug resistance due to their ability to evade resistance mediated by multiple antibiotic resistance operon. The advances and challenges of siderophore-antibiotic conjugates are elaborated in this article. Moreover, several xeno-siderophore-antibiotic conjugates, currently in clinical trials, have been discussed. The present review provides insights into repurposing of fluroquinolones through siderophore targeted delivery to increase the biological activity of antibiotic. In near future, siderophore based Trojan horse antibiotics indeed will not only help in altering the potency of antibiotics hence decreasing antimicrobial resistance but also will lead to disarming the pathogen of its virulence

Human casualties caused due to human-elephant conflicts are a major problem in modern world where conservation is often pitted against development. This review paper is an attempt to study cases where human casualties have occurred due to human-elephant conflicts involving Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) by using peer-reviewed articles and verified news reports from various national and international dailies. The main aim of this study is to understand monthly, seasonal, spatial and temporal patterns of human casualties and our study reveals that most human casualties due to Asian elephants occur during the dry season (winter) mostly in December and January with very few exceptions and occur in higher frequency in farmlands located near fringe areas or boundaries of protected zones. Temporal patterns indicate that most of these casualties have occurred in the night time. The patterns are supported with relevant statistical data and analysis for better understanding of the problem. Mitigating this problem is a challenge which is discussed in this article with potential solutions suggested as per proven and tested methods and is also based on our understanding of these patterns.

Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has been applied to many biomedical applications over the past decades. However, the received PA signal usually suffers from poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Conventional solution of employing higher-power laser, or doing long-time signal averaging, may raise the system cost, time consumption, and tissue damage. Another strategy is de-noising algorithm design. In this paper, we propose a new de-noising method, termed gradient-based adaptive wavelet de-noising, which sets the energy gradient mutation point of low-frequency wavelet components as the threshold. We conducted simulation, ex vivo and in vivo experiments to validate the performance of the algorithm. The quality of de-noised PA image/signal by our proposed algorithm has improved by 20%-40%, in comparison to the traditional signal denoising algorithms, which produces better contrast and clearer details. The proposed de-noising method provides potential to improve the SNR of PA signal under single-shot low-power laser illumination for biomedical applications in vivo.

Epithelial–myoepithelial carcinoma in the parotid gland with HRAS mutation: a case reportTaisei Yasudaa, Masami Osakia, and Masahiko Sugitaniba Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ageo Central General Hospital, Saitama, Japanb Department of Pathology, Ageo Central General Hospital, Saitama, JapanCorresponding Author:Taisei YasudaDepartment of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck SurgeryAgeo Central General Hospital1-10-10 Kashiwaza, AgeoSaitama, Japan, 362-8588Tel: +81-48-773-1111E-mail: taisei1229@gmail.com

The management of respiratory problems in children on home invasive mechanical ventilation (HIMV) is a complex and challenging task. In recent years, with appropriate family education, these patients have been able to be discharged from the hospital and continue their treatment at home. The population of pediatric patients dependent on HIMV has been increasing worldwide, presenting unique and varying care needs. Management of these patients involves addressing ventilator settings, monitoring respiratory status, ensuring airway safety, and providing continuous support and education to patients and their caregivers. Despite the completion of home settings and family education, children on HIMV may encounter various respiratory problems during home follow-up. Prevention and timely management of these complications are crucial to improving patient outcomes. This article summarizes the most significant respiratory problems in children on HIMV and the management strategies for each problem are discussed, emphasizing the importance of appropriate aspiration techniques, regular monitoring, adequate training of caregivers, and a well-prepared emergency plan.

BackgroundAn EMR is an electronic medical record, also known as an electronic health record (EHR), and is a computerized database containing patient information (demographics, admission data, clinical notes, test results, medications, etc.) and accounting information(McGraw-Hill, 2002). EMRs often include additional features to streamline care, such as decision aids for clinicians, and theoretically improve efficiency and reduce human error in healthcare (Australian Digital Health Agency, 2021; Duckett, 2018b).The Australian public health system has only started to implement EMRs and related technologies to advance digital health over the past decade or so, amongst a complex and fragmented funding system shared between the Commonwealth and the States and Territories (Duckett, 2018b; Jedwab et al., 2019).To ensure compliance with the 2020-25 National Health Reform Agreement (Australian Government Department of Health, 2022), so that value for money can be achieved in an area where competition for resources and funding is fierce, this scoping literature review will identify the available evidence, what opportunities there are for improvement, and where Australia has excelled.Evidence check questionThis review was guided by the question: ‘Has the success of electronic medical record (EMR) implementation been evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively in the Australian health care system?’ObjectiveTo review available evidence evaluating EMR implementation across all health settings in Australia, to identify current knowledge gaps, and provide recommendations for future research on evaluation strategies.Summary of methodsA scoping literature review of primary, peer-reviewed, academic literature was performed by a single researcher to identify and map the available evidence over the past decade (2012-2022) in Australia only. The PRISMA-ScR methodology was followed, with a critical appraisal of individual evidence sources assessed against the MMAT integrity checklist. A thematic analysis of findings was then performed on the shortlisted articles. Because there was no primary data collection involved, ethical approval was not required (Griffith University, 2022).Key findings 25 papers met the inclusion criteria. Approximately half of the studies (n=12) were qualitative, nine were quantitative in nature, and four were mixed-methods studies. There was an even split of studies in the Victorian and New South Wales settings (32% each) and just 8% in Queensland. The remainder did not define the location setting.14 studies targeted nurses, three targeted midwives, allied health professionals, and aged care workers, seven targeted pharmacy staff, and eight targeted doctors/medical staff. Only seven were pre-post studies, most of which (n=5) were quantitative & based in NSW.11 of the 25 studies disclosed which EMR system was being assessed, the majority of which were from Cerner (Cerner Millennium).High-level findings were grouped into the following topics: patient safety, efficiency, medication management, usability, documentation, workforce satisfaction, and patient outcomes.Evidence bases of shortlisted articles by topic (articles could be assigned more than one topic)Further analysis allowed the above topics to be grouped into the following high-level themes for discussion:Quality & safetyService deliveryWorkforce-relatedConclusionThere is no consistent framework to evaluate EMR implementation in Australia, making return on investment, and impacts on healthcare delivery difficult to define. Overall, Australia has answered the call to arms to increase their evidence base. However, given the complexity designing and executing research in this field, the quality and quantity of available evidence may not be sufficient to drive policy reform or recommendations for future evaluation strategies, since most of the evidence is qualitative. The evidence captured in this scoping review generally supports EMR implementation, demonstrating benefits such as improved efficiency, safety and patient outcome; though is constrained by research based on various EMR systems in different settings and among different user groups. The use of validated, standardized evaluation tools such as WOMBAT, STAMP and NuHISS is advocated to ensure consistency and reliability in future evaluations.

Introduction: Airway stent implantation may alleviate respiratory difficulties in pediatric patients with airway narrowing, yet its physiological changes in pulmonary function tests remain unknown. Our objective is to determine the aerodynamic changes after stent implantation by spirometry and impulse oscillometry in children with airway stent implantation. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted at China Medical University Children’s Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan between January 2019 and October 2022. Results: Four adolescents with successful stent implantation received impulse oscillometry examination (IOS) before and after BONA stent implantation. The results showed no significant reduction in total airway resistance (R5) (1.66±0.44 vs. 1.25±0.21, P = 0.10) or central airway resistance (R20) (0.74±0.21 vs. 0.70±0.11, P = 0.63). However, there was significant improvement in small airway resistance (0.92±0.36 vs. 0.56±0.27, P = 0.04) after stent implantation. Meanwhile, all patients had a positive bronchodilator test response in impulse oscillometry before and after stent implantation. Inhaled corticosteroids with long-acting beta-2 agonists were given to all four patients after stent implantation. Conclusions: IOS could be used as a non-invasive tool for monitoring pulmonary function after airway stent implantation. Peripheral airway resistance, but not total or central airway resistance, may be improved after airway stent implantation. However, chronic airway inflammation may remain and require long-term inhaled steroid with bronchodilator treatment.

”Comment on: Pulmonary hypertension screening in Children with sickle cell disease”Riteeka Kumari Bhimani1*, Deepak 1 , Mahima Khatri 21 Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan2 Dow University Of Health Sciences,Karachi, PakistanCorresponding author: 1: Riteeka Kumari BhimaniContact: +923322667920

Background and Purpose L-type amino acid (AA) transporters LAT1 (SLC7A5) and LAT2 (SLC7A8) facilitate the bidirectional transport of branched and aromatic AA across the plasma membrane. While LAT1 is overexpressed in different tumour cells and it is dedicated to deliver AA into growing cells, LAT2 facilitates the transcellular AA transport at biological barriers. Data on dynamic AA transport by LAT1/2 in physiological media are widely lacking and the impact of LAT1-selective inhibitors and mutations on the cellular metabolome is unknown. Experimental Approach The human MDST8 cell line lacking LAT1/2 expression was employed to generate transiently and stably expressing MDST8-LAT1 and MDST8-LAT2 cells. Together with the HT-29 cell line, we depicted metabolic signatures mediated by LAT1 and LAT2 using LC-ESI-MS/MS and characterized potent LAT1/2 inhibitors for their selectivity and mode of action. Moreover, LAT1 mutations associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were functionally evaluated. Key Results LAT1 and LAT2 expression induced the expression of 4F2hc and facilitated differential cellular metabolomic signatures in MDST8 cells. The LAT1(A246V) mutation showed overall reduced aromatic AA uptake and profound alterations of intracellular metabolites and biochemical processes. The equipotent LAT1 inhibitors JPH203 and JX-078 showed intriguing differences on metabolomic effects, uncovering their distinct mode of action. Conclusion and Implications Our study demonstrates that SLC7A transporters mediate differential dynamic cellular AA changes under physiological conditions and reports the broad effects of one human LAT1 mutation associated with ADS. Moreover, the characterization of biased LAT1 inhibitors challenges current concepts about transporter pharmacology and has implications for drug discovery.

This study focuses on investigating the effects of an oncogenic mutation (G12V) on the stability and interactions within the KRAS-RGL1 protein complex. The KRAS-RGL1 complex is of particular interest due to its relevance to KRAS-associated cancers and the potential for developing targeted drugs against the KRAS system. The stability of the complex and the allosteric effects of specific residues are examined to understand their roles as modulators of complex stability and function. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we calculate the mutual information, MI, between two neighboring residues at the interface of the KRAS-RGL1 complex, and employ the concept of interaction information, II, to measure the contribution of a third residue to the interaction between interface residue pairs. Negative II indicates synergy, where the presence of the third residue strengthens the interaction, while positive II suggests anti-cooperativity. Our findings reveal that MI serves as a dominant factor in determining the results, with the G12V mutation increasing the MI between interface residues, indicating enhanced correlations due to the formation of a more compact structure in the complex. Interestingly, although II plays a role in understanding three-body interactions and the impact of distant residues, it is not significant enough to outweigh the influence of MI in determining the overall stability of the complex. Nevertheless, II may nonetheless be a relevant factor to consider in future drug design efforts. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of complex stability and function, highlighting the significance of three-body interactions and the impact of distant residues on the binding stability of the complex. Additionally, our findings demonstrate that constraining the fluctuations of a third residue consistently increases the stability of the G12V variant, making it challenging to weaken complex formation of the mutated species through allosteric manipulation. The novel perspective offered by this approach on protein dynamics, function, and allostery has potential implications for understanding and targeting other protein complexes involved in vital cellular processes. The results contribute to our understanding of the effects of oncogenic mutations on protein-protein interactions and provide a foundation for future therapeutic interventions in the context of KRAS-associated cancers and beyond.

A document by Paul Meyers. Click on the document to view its contents.

Background: The ‘PenCS Flu Topbar’ app was deployed in Central Queensland (CQ), Australia medical practices through a pilot program in March 2021. Methods: We evaluated the app’s user experience and examined whether the introduction of ‘PenCS Flu Topbar’ in medical practices could improve the coverage of NIP funded influenza vaccinations. We conducted a mixed-method study including a qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews with key end-users, and a quantitative analysis of influenza vaccine administrative data. Results: ‘PenCS Flu Topbar’ app users reported positive experiences identifying patients eligible for NIP-funded season influenza vaccination. A total of 3,606 NIP funded influenza vaccinations were administered in the eight intervention practices, 14% higher than the eight control practices. NIP-funded vaccination coverage within practices was significantly higher in intervention practices (31.2%) than the control practices (27.3%) (absolute difference: 3.9%; 95%CI: 2.9%-5.0%; P<0.0001). The coverage was substantially higher in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged more than 6 months, pregnant women and children aged 6 months to less than 5 years for the practices where the app was introduced when compared to control practices; Incidence Rate Ration (IRR) 2.4 (95%CI: 1.8-3.2), IRR 2.7 (95%CI: 1.8-4.2) and IRR 2.3 (1.8-2.9) times higher, respectively. Conclusions: Our evaluation indicated that the ‘PenCS Flu Topbar’ app is uuseful for identifying the patients eligible for NIP-funded influenza vaccination and is likely to increase NIP-funded influenza vaccine coverage in the eligible populations. Future impact evaluation including a greater number of practices and a wider geographical area is essential.

Objective: To identify risk factors among pregnant with COVID- 19 for adverse outcomes related to disease severity, maternal morbidities, neonatal mortality and morbidity, and adverse birth outcomes. Materials and methods: In this retrospective study, 45 pregnant patients with COVID-19 pneumonia confirmed by RT-PCR were evaluated at HMIMV. The inclusion criteria were pregnant patients diagnosed with COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR and hospitalized in the gynecology-obstetrics and intensive care unit at Mohammed V Military Training Hospital (HMIMV). Exclusion criteria were non-pregnant patients and pneumonia cases with unconfirmed COVID-19 cause. Data was collected from patient records and telephone calls. The study used SPSS software to analyze the data.  Results: Our study recorded 45 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women over 2.5 years in the gynecology-obstetrics department at HMIMV. The age group most affected was 20-35 years, with 75% of cases. 57% of patients had no known comorbidities. 88.8% of patients were symptomatic at diagnosis, with fever, asthenia, headache, myalgia, anosmia, and ageusia being the most common symptoms. Almost 30% of patients required admission to the ICU, with 60% requiring oxygen supplementation. The study recorded 36 live births (80%), of which 26 cases (72.2%) required no further care and had a favorable outcome.  Conclusion: Severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, which can be fatal, is a significant risk associated with COVID-19. Pregnant women with underlying medical conditions are more vulnerable to this complication and may benefit from preventive measures, such as lockdowns, to reduce their risk of infection. The severity of maternal disease appears to have an impact on obstetrical and neonatal outcomes, with potential complications including cesarean sections, neonatal prematurity, and admission to the intensive care unit .

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters the host cell by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). While evolutionarily conserved, ACE2 glycoproteins differ across various species and differential interactions with Spike (S) glycoproteins of SARS-CoV-2 viruses impact species specificity. Reverse zoonoses led to SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks on multiple American mink ( Mustela vison) farms during the pandemic and gave rise to mink-associated S substitutions known for transmissibility between mink and zoonotic transmission to humans. In this study, we used bio-layer interferometry (BLI) to discern the differences in binding affinity between multiple human and mink-derived S glycoproteins of SARS-CoV-2 and their respective ACE2 glycoproteins. Further, we conducted a structural analysis of a mink variant S glycoprotein and American mink ACE2 (mvACE2) using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), revealing four distinct conformations. We discovered a novel intermediary conformation where the mvACE2 glycoprotein is bound to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S glycoprotein in a “down” position, approximately 34° lower than previously reported “up” RBD. Finally, we compared residue interactions in the S-ACE2 complex interface of S glycoprotein conformations with varying RBD orientations. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry.

A document by Nabil Dhayhi. Click on the document to view its contents.