Taprobanea spathulata (L.) Christ. is a tropical epiphytic orchid known for its large and fascinating flowers. During a regular survey of succulent species in the Western Ghats region, we observed T. spathulata growing on new phorophytes belonging to different plant families in the Madukkarai Hills of Tamilnadu, India. In the present study, new phorophytes like Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.f.) Alston, Euphorbia tortilis Rottler ex Ainslie, and Pavonia zeylonica (L.) Cav. was recorded for T. spathulata. The exploration of the new phorophytes of different habits would be beneficial for the management and conservation of T. spathulata.

The tunability of organic room temperature phosphorescent (RTP) system is important but rarely reported. In this work, we report a series of host/guest ultralong organic room temperature phosphorescent materials with lifetime- and color-tuning properties. By doping a non-room temperature phosphorescence guest emitter 1, 8-Naphthalimide (NI) into a series of solid host matrices with higher triplet energy levels, the lifetime (0.20 s - 0.81 s) and color (yellow - green) of multiple RTP materials are realized. As the excitation wavelength is switched from 365 nm to 254 nm, the phosphorescent color changes significantly and the phosphorescent lifetime increases by a factor of almost two. Notably, the unique dual emission (fluorescence and phosphorescence) of the doped material 4BrBa-NI resulted in a different orange emission. The host/guest doping materials are prepared through co-crystallization or grinding, allowing for an efficient energy transfer from guest to host. The results indicate that strong intermolecular interactions and the intersystem crossing (ISC) ability of the guest play a significant role. In addition, the security protection and anti-counterfeit encryption applications for RTP materials are realized through various methods, such as handwritten pens, screen printing, and dynamic recognition of QR code, which significantly improves the commercial viability of the RTP materials.

Objective: To assess the effectiveness and safety of the total glucosides of paeony (TGP) combined with Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) on the treatment of primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) by conducting a meta-analysis. Methods: Eight databases were searched for randomized controlled trials reporting the use of TGP combined with HCQ for pSS, which are before May 10,2022. Meta analyses were performed on disappeared clinical symptoms (dry mouth, dry eyes),schirmer’s test, saliva flow test, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), index of immunoglobulin G(IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin A (IgA), and adverse events (AEs). The Revman 5.4 software was used for this Meta-analysis.Results: Seven RCTs which included 632 participants were identified.The pooled results showed significant differences in clinical symptoms disappear(dry mouth, dry eyes)(P=0.0004), IgM(P < 0.00001) , IgA(P < 0.00001) , salivary flow rate(P < 0.00001) and schirmer’s test(p=0.02) in the comparison of TGP combined with HCQ and HCQ alone. For the IgG and ESR, both pooled and subgroup analyses showed that TGP+HCQ was superior to HCQ alone. For the safety analysis, no significant differences in AEs(P=0.39) was revealed. The more frequently seen adverse reactions were diarrhea, vomit and there was no severe adverse events were reported in TGP+HCQ group. Conclusion: Therefore, TGP+HCQ can be considered to be a potentially valid and safe combination for the treatment of pSS in the clinic.

Varicella Zoster is a neurotropic virus which leads to acute varicella or it may lay dormant in the spinal root ganglion. Reactivation of varicella zoster causes Herpes Zoster (HZ) and occurs commonly in immunosuppressed conditions like COPD. Severity of Herpes Zoster is also higher among those with comorbidities like COPD. Even among COPD patients, the severity of HZ is said to be higher among those using oral corticosteroids than those using inhaled steroids due to greater immunosuppressive effect. It has also been found that incidence rate of COPD exacerbations, transient ischemic attack and stroke are higher among COPD patients with HZ compared to those without HZ. Herpes zoster vaccinations prevent reactivation of latent HZ and reduce the associated complications. Live attenuated and recombinant vaccines are available for vaccination among which recombinant vaccine is found to be more effective. The cost burden due to HZ among COPD patients was also higher compared to those without HZ. Childhood varicella vaccination is cost effective, however cost effectiveness of adolescent vaccination is unclear.

The extension of emerging renewable energy sources such as wind and water turbines, solar panels, and the increasing usage of electric vehicles requires the supply and distribution of energy in a small device on local scale and it has created new methods of supplying and selling electricity. Middle buyers and end users can obtain the local energy with the peer-to-peer trading method in this large and hierarchical market. This method enables market to manage and exchange the electricity between major suppliers and medium and local levels. Blockchain technology is developing in peer-to-peer exchange of electricity and acts as a reliable, efficient and safe technology in the electricity trading market. In this method, while preserving the privacy of electricity users, by using smart contracts and by removing intermediaries in the energy supply and demand market, direct commercial interactions between energy suppliers and consumers are done. The Blockchain technology, while creating trust between the parties in the energy market, reduces the cost of electricity trading and increases its scalability with using the intermediate energy aggregators. In this research, the blockchain-based model, is presented for distribution and peer-to-peer transactions in the energy market. The suggested model provides the possibility of registration low-cost instant transactions at the power grid in any specific period of time. The above method, unlike periodic payments, provides immediate access to bills and small payments. Since the transactions outside the blockchain chain are not recorded, this system guarantees its honest and independent operation without fraud and failure. The smart contract method based on blockchain, reduces the transaction fees and speeds up electricity trading.

Background: A recent systematic review on state of art of Family Quality of Life (FQoL) in early care and disability identified a limitation in some studies, where data were primarily collected from mothers. The present study aimed to investigate whether there is a bias in participant selection in empirical studies focusing on the quality of life of families with children with disabilities aged 0 to 6 years. Methods: A systematic review of the scientific literature was conducted in the Scopus, Web of Science, and Eric databases. A total of 72 studies published between January 2000 and July 2022 were included. Results: 66 studies relying on the “traditional approach” of collecting information from only one informant per family unit. Of the remaining seven studies, only one adopted a systemic approach in which multiple family members are represented. Conclusions: In most of the studies there is a gap between the systemic theoretical framework and the definition of FQoL on the one hand, and the selection of participants on the other hand. Given the dynamic and collective nature of the construct, the application of a systemic approach is necessary. Only one study indicated an epistemological limitation regarding the validity of the conceptualization.

Research has shown that the quality of mother-infant interactions, such as the way the mother and the infant are in synchrony during interactions, is associated with infants’ vagal tone, a physiological indicator of emotion regulation. However, little is known about the association between the infant’s vagal tone and the quality of father-infant interactions. The existing literature suggests that the greater quantity of time a father spends with the infant, either alone (dyadic time) or with others (social time) may strengthen the association between the quality of father-infant interactions and infant emotion regulation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between father-infant synchrony and infants’ vagal tone during interactions and whether dyadic time and social time have a moderating role. Fathers (N = 77) and 3-month-old infants were observed interacting and the infants’ electrocardiogram was recorded to compute indices of vagal tone. Fathers reported dyadic and social time in questionnaires. Results showed that father-infant synchrony has no direct associations with infants’ vagal tone. Moderation analyses revealed that more social time increases the association between synchrony and vagal tone. This study suggests that the interactive processes during shared family time may influence dyadic father-infant interactions and the infant’s vagal regulation.

Background: T-cell immunity is essential to effectively combat the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). In this research, the absolute T-cell CD4 and CD8 counts by flow cytometry were measured and the CD4:CD8 ratio in COVID-19 infected individuals was assessed. This investigation will help researchers to better understand the immune reaction to COVID-19 infection leading to improved medical and diagnostic outcomes. Methods: Peripheral blood samples were taken from 26 critically sick and 26 non-critically sick COVID-19 individuals of comparable age and sex. Absolute WBC count, absolute lymphocyte count, and platelet count were checked and flow cytometry was performed to calculate the absolute CD4 and CD8 T cells counts. Results: The critically ill COVID-19 patients were older (p<0.001) than non-critically sick COVID-19 individuals. In patients who got critically ill, absolute lymphocyte count (p=0.004), absolute CD4 count (p=0.002) and absolute CD8 counts (p=0.014) were low. However, the CD4:CD8 ratio did not differ substantially across the groups (p=0.538). The two groups did not differ in terms of gender. Absolute monocyte count (p=0.01) and absolute eosinophil count (p=0.01) were reduced significantly in critically sick patients as compared to non-critically sick COVID-19 patients. Conclusion: When compared to COVID-19 patients who weren’t in critical condition, the absolute lymphocyte count, CD4 count, and CD8 count of critically sick COVID-19 patients were significantly lower. This revealed that the lack of adequate cellular immune responses in critically sick COVID-19 patients may be the cause of the disease severity.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic non-specific inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, and its pathogenesis has not been fully understood. Extensive dysregulation of the intestinal mucosal immune system is critical in the development and progression of IBD. T-helper (Th) 17 cells have the characteristics of plasticity. They can transdifferentiate into subpopulations with different functions in response to different factors in the surrounding environment, thus taking on different roles in regulating the intestinal immune response. In this review, we will focus on the plasticity of Th17 cells as well as the function of Th17 cells and related cytokines in IBD. We will summarize their pathogenic and protective roles in IBD under different conditions, respectively, hoping to further deepen the understanding of the pathological mechanism of IBD and provide ideas for the future treatment.

Background: Postoperative anxiety and pain were the relatively common clinical problem. In the last few years, transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) was increasingly used to improve postoperative anxiety and pain. However, there was a lack of integrated analysis and evaluation of existing evidence. Hence, the me-ta-analysis intended to assess the efficacy of TEAS for relieving postoperative anxi-ety and pain. Methods: We checked Embase, Cochrane Library, PubMed, China Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the efficacy of TEAS on postoperative anxiety and pain published from January 2013 to January 2023. Postoperative anxiety was assessed by the State Anxi-ety Inventory (STAI) or Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was utilized for evaluating postoperative pain at 24 hours. All data were analyzed by the RevMan 5.4 version. Results: The meta-analysis ultimately included ten articles with a total of 2,705 pa-tients. Our analysis suggested that TEAS significantly improved the postoperative anxiety (RR=0.61, 95%Cl=0.40～0.93，i²=0, P＜0.05) and the VAS score at 24 hours (MD=-1.02, 95%Cl=-1.48～-0.57, i²=81%, P＜0.05). In addition, TEAS decreased the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) (RR=0.62, 95%Cl=0.51～0.75, i²=43%, P＜0.05) and dizziness (RR=0.55, 95%CI=0.31～0.97, i²=41%, P＜0.05). Conclusion: The current study demonstrated that TEAS reduced the incidence of postoperative anxiety and the VAS score at 24 hours, and improved PONV and diz-ziness. However, additional high-quality articles were needed to support this view at a later time.

This study aims to investigated whether positive affect and negative affect mediated the link between emotional intelligence and aggressive behaviors. A total of 410 primary school students from ShenZhen, China (54.6% male; Mage = 10.35, SD = 0.48, range from 10 to 11 years) completed questionnaires regarding emotional intelligence, aggressive behavior, positive affect, and negative affect. The results show that (a) emotional intelligence was negatively associated with children’s aggressive behavior; (b) negative affect partially mediated the link between emotional intelligence and aggressive behaviors in children, and (c) positive affect and negative affect sequentially mediated the above link. These discoveries may contribute to intervention and prevention programs for children’s aggressive behavior.

Autoimmune hepatitis with eosinophilic infiltration responsive to anti IL-5 Receptor treatment: a case report and literature reviewPonziani Francesca Romana *1, Caruso Cristiano*2, Baglivo Ilaria3°, Macagno Francesco4, Gasbarrini Antonio3, Santopaolo Francesco1, Giustiniani Maria Cristina5, Colantuono Stefania2 and Pompili Maurizio1Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ”A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.UOSD DH Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ”A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ”A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.Complex Operational Unit of Pulmonology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ”A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Pathological Anatomy, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ”A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.* these authors equally contributed° corresponding author

Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by abnormal immune system reactions resulting in inflammation and ulcers in the large intestine. Phillygenin (PHI) is a natural compound found in Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl, known for its various bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and antipyretic activities. However, the potential anti-inflammatory effects of PHI on UC and its underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Methods: In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of PHI on acute UC induced by DSS and TNBS. We evaluated the effects of PHI on disease activity index, body weight, mortality, intestinal mucosal barrier, cytokine secretion, and macrophage infiltration into colon tissue using various techniques such as flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, ELISA, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting. Results: Our findings revealed that PHI has therapeutic properties in UC treatment. PHI was able to maintain body weight, reduce disease activity index and mortality, restore the intestinal mucosal barrier, and inhibit cytokine secretion. Flow cytometry assay and immunofluorescence indicated that PHI reduces macrophage infiltration into colon tissue. Additionally, both in vivo and in vitro results suggested that PHI may exert anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Conclusion: In conclusion, PHI possesses anti-inflammatory properties and has the potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of UC. Our study provides insights into the underlying mechanisms of PHI’s therapeutic effects and highlights the potential for further research in developing PHI-based treatments for UC.

The effects of growing seasons on the enzymatic activities (alpha-amylase and dehydrogenase) of seeds of five sesamum genotypes viz., Uma, Amrit, Nirmal, CUMS-17, and Prachi in six developmental stages (7,14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 DAA) were investigated. The experiment was conducted in the Department of Seed Science and Technology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar during 2014-16. The alpha-amylase and dehydrogenase activities in the developing seeds increased consistently till 35 DAA after which there was slight decrease in values of these traits up to maturity (42 DAA). Among the varieties, Prachi registered the highest alpha-amylase activity (140.25µg/g) followed by CUMS-17 (137.00µg/g) at physiological maturity stage (35 DAA) and Uma had the lowest value (124.25µg/g). Among the growing seasons, the kharif seeds had the highest alpha-amylase activity (140.75µg/g) followed by summer (131.50 µg/g) and rabi (122.65µg/g). Among the sesame varieties studied, the dehydrogenase activity was found to be highest in Prachi and CUMS-17 (0.36 mg/g and 0.33 mg/g) and lowest in Uma (0.28 mg/g). The khaif harvest seeds registered the highest dehydrogenase activity (0.34 mg/g) followed by summer (0.30 mg/g) and rabi (0.29 mg/g) followed by those produced in summer (0.06mg/g) and rabi (0.05mg/g).

Autoimmune diseases (AD) are severe pathophysiological ailments that are stimulated by an exaggerated immunogenic response towards self-antigens, which can cause systemic or site-specific organ damage. An array of complex genetic and epigenetic facets majorly contributes to the progression of AD, thus providing significant insight into the regulatory mechanism of microRNA (miRNA). miRNAs are short, non-coding RNAs that have been identified as essential contributors to the post-transcriptional regulation of host genome expression and as crucial regulators of a myriad of biological processes such as immune homeostasis, T helper cell differentiation, central and peripheral tolerance, and immune cell development. Pertaining to the differential expression of miRNA attributed in target tissues and cellular bodies of innate and adaptive immunity, a paradigm of scientific expeditions suggests an optimistic correlation between immunogenic dysfunction and miRNA alterations. Therefore, it is not astonishing that dysregulations in miRNA expression patterns are now recognized in a wide spectrum of disorders, establishing themselves as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Owing to its theranostic potencies, miRNA targets have been widely utilized in the development of biosensors and other therapeutic molecules originating from the same. This article tends to deliberate and conceptualize the brief pathogenesis and pertinent epigenetic regulatory mechanism as well as miRNA networks majorly affecting five different ADs namely Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Inflammatory Bowel Disorder (IBD) thereby providing novel theranostic interventions.

Heterocyclics are the crucial scaffolds present in pharmaceuticals, natural products, biologically active compounds and agrochemicals. Consequently, the development of simple and practical methods for constructing heterocyclics has always been a fascinating field in organic synthesis. Recently, 2-acylbenzoic acids as highly reactive and versatile synthons have been broadly applied in the construction of heterocycles due to their multiple reaction sites. In this review, we summarized recent progress in the application of 2-acylbenzoic acids for the synthesis of heterocycles including phthalides, isochromanones, isoindolines, phthalazinones, and quinolones. The sub-strate scopes, proposed mechanisms, and product application of different types of reactions are discussed.

Thirteen novel polyoxygenated (9β-H)-pimarane derivatives, icacinolides A–G (1–7), oliviformislactones C–H (8–13), and two known analogs (14 and 15), were isolated from the leaves of Icacina oliviformis. Their structures were constructed by spectroscopic analysis, chemical method, 13C NMR-DP4+ analysis, ECD calculation, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction technology. Among them, compounds 1, 5, and 7 were the first three examples bearing a novel rearranged 3-epi-17-nor-(9β-H)-pimarane carbon skeleton with a unique (11S)-carboxyl-9-oxatricyclo[5.3.1.02,7]dodecane motif with contiguous stereogenic centers, whereas their C-3 epimers, compounds 2–4 and 6 were the first four rearranged 17-nor-(9β-H)-pimaranes possessing a unique 19,20-epoxy bridge. Additionally, compound 8 represented the first example of 16-nor-(9β-H)-pimarane in the Icacina genus, and its absolute configuration was constructed by the X-ray diffraction method of its 4-nitro-benzenesulfonamide derivative. In cytotoxicity bioassay, compound 14 showed broad-spectrum anti-tumor activity against HepG2, HT-29, and MIA PaCa-2 cell lines with IC50 values of 11.62, 9.77, and 4.91 μM, respectively. In particular, 2 showed significant cytotoxicity against HT-29 with IC50 values of 7.88 μM, which was stronger than the positive control drug 5-fluorouracil. Meanwhile, a preliminary structure-activity relationship suggested that 3,20-epoxy, 6,19-lactone, 2-OH, 7-OH, and 8-OH, in 9β-H)-pimarane derivatives might be active groups, whereas ring C aromatization may decrease the anti-tumor activity.

This study examined the predictive role of child cognitive, social, emotional, and behavioral dimensions assessed at the age of 4 ½, as well as of academic school readiness before the entry to primary school, on mathematics achievement at the end of Year 1. A sample of 58 children and their parents participated in this longitudinal study. Initial correlations indicated significant associations between child intelligence quotient (IQ), inhibitory control, set-shifting, dysregulation profile, academic school readiness, and their subsequent performance in mathematics. A hierarchical regression analysis showed that inhibitory control at 4 ½ years significantly predicted mathematics achievement at the end of Year 1 over and above the effect of academic school readiness before entering primary school. These results add to the existing literature by highlighting the impact of child executive functioning assessed during the preschool years on subsequent mathematics performance in early school years.

Crotalaria nicobarica F. Saleem, L.J. Singh, S. Subramaniam & A. K. Pandey is described and illustrated from tropical evergreen forest of Great Nicobar Island, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. This new species closely resembles Crotalaria lunulata Heyne ex Wight &Arn., Crotalaria paniculata Willd. and Crotalaria ramosissima Roxb. which occurs in the Western and Eastern peninsular India and occupies forest edges and cut-slopes of hillocks. The new species is distinguishable from the latter two based on morphological characters. An analysis shows that the new species differs from closely related species with respect to vegetative and reproductive characters. Based on the hairy surface of plants, persistent bracts and bracteoles, silky pubescence of vexillum and style, oblong stalked pods the species is hypothesized to be a new member of the Crotalaria section Crotalaria.

A new species of Cylindrolobus (Orchidaceae), C. gaoligongensis J. D. Ya & H. Jiang from Gongshan county, northwestern Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to C. arunachalensis (A. N. Rao) A. N. Rao, but can be distinguished from it by having 5 veined lateral sepals, orange to pink and triangular-ovate lip mid-lobe and apex mucronate, yellow to white long hairs on the lip, 2 central calli and connected to a keel toward mid-lobe in the disk, 3 rows of white long hairs in the base of the disk. Additionally, a detailed description and illustration of its close species, C. arunachalensis, is also provided.

The pathogenesis of papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs) is complex and not fully known yet. Cervical lymph node metastasis (CLNM) is associated with increased risk of recurrence and poor prognosis. The present study aimed to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) associated with PTC-CLNM for monitoring invasive PTC progression. We employed 4D mass spectrometry (MS) to identify DEPs of cancer and serum samples in PTC patients combined with or without CLNM. The functional annotation of DEPs was performed using bioinformatics methods including annotation methods, functional enrichment, enrichment-based clustering and protein-protein interaction network. In total, we identified 21 and 17 proteins that were significantly differentially expressed between PTC-CLNM and PTC-NCLNM (PTC-non cervical lymph node metastasis) in tissue and serum samples, respectively. Comparative analyses revealed that DEPs including NGFR, PBXIP1, HSP90B1, CD44, NFIA, PFKP and SRGN were associated with tumor metastasis. A number of proteins were identified that may be relevant to tumor growth and metastasis, and this provides an opportunity for future functional proteomics studies and to investigate potential biomarkers predicting PTC-CLNM.

With changing climatic and environmental conditions, it has become vital to understand the impact of these changes on tuna resources. This work aimed to investigate whether the stock dynamics of yellowfin tuna ( Thunnus albacares), albacore tuna ( Thunnus alalunga) and Bigeye tuna ( Thunnus obesus) in the South Pacific Region can be explained significantly only by the environmental factors of sea surface temperature (SST) and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation AMO. Monthly variables of SST and AMO were used as candidates independent variables in Generalised Linear Model and Generalized Additive Model to reproduce the natural logarithm of standardized CPUE of tuna from 1972 to 2019. Although models with single variable resulted in significant fitness, models with two variables had a better fit in comparison to models with single variable for all tuna stocks. Possibilities of two significantly different patterns in the trajectory of three tuna and environmental conditions used in models were observed. Environmental conditions play a highly significant role in structuring tuna stock trajectory in the South pacific and need to be included in tuna management/harvest plans.

Background Immunocompromised patients are at risk for more severe COVID-19 infection and may have lower vaccination efficiency. In this report, we evaluate immunogenicity one year after standard regimen of mRNA vaccine administration in cohorts of primary or secondary immunocompromised patients. Methods In line with National recommendations, a third and fourth dose of the BNT162b2 (BioNTech) was administered to five clinical groups of immunocompromised patients, including primary immunodeficiency (PID) (n=57), people living with HIV (PLWH) (n=27), secondary immunocompromised patients with a broad variety of underlying rheumatologic (n=23) and homogeneous (multiple sclerosis) neurologic (n=53) conditions and chronic kidney disease (CKD) (n=39)] patients as well as a healthy control group (n=54). Humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated at pre-defined time-points up to one year after standard vaccination. Results All PLWH and CKD patients and almost all (98.2%) of the PID patients had measurable antibodies 3 and 6 months after administration of the third and fourth vaccine dose. In contrast, 53.3% and 83.3% of the neurologic and rheumatologic patients, respectively, developed a humoral immune response after a third and fourth vaccine dose. In contrast to the other patient groups, all PLWH developed a cellular immune response after administration of 4 vaccine doses. In addition, cellular immune response was positive in 89.6%, 97.8%, 73.3% and 96.9% of the PID, neurologic, rheumatologic and CKD patients, respectively. Unlike the other groups, only the neurologic patient had a significantly higher cellular immune response compared to the healthy control group. Depending on the time point and epitopes used for cell stimulation, significant correlations between the humoral and cellular immune responses were observed in all patient groups, except for the neurology patient group. Conclusion Administration of a third and fourth vaccine dose results in retained or increased humoral and cellular immune response in patients with acquired or inherited immune disorders. The underlying condition, immunosuppressive treatment and/or individual risk factors may explain delayed humoral, cellular or both immune responses.

Introduction; MS is an inflammatory progressive disease with destruction of myelin sheath of neurons and axons. Among environmental risk factors HHV-6 might plays a role in MS. HHV-6 is a lymphotropic virus causing neurological symptoms. HHV-6 may exist in the PBMCs and CNS in a latent state. Materials and Methods; This case-control study was conducted on 116 new cases of MS whom naive to MS drugs. The control group consist 116 non-MS individuals whose gender, age and their place of residency were matched with the cases. Ten ml of peripheral blood was collected from each participant, their Sera and PBMCs were separated and the DNA was extracted from them separately. After Nested-PCR, the PCR products were sequenced. Statistical analysis of data was performed by V.22 of SPSS software and chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests and Odd‘s ratio were used. The P≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results; considering of existence of HHV-6, there was a significant difference in PBMCs and Sera of case and control group, but among male participants the difference between cases and controls was not significant while this figure for female participants was significant in PBMCs and Sera. Regarding age group, only 21-25 and 31-35 groups were statistically significant. All positive samples were variant 6B of HHV-6. Discussion; HHV-6 can be considered as a MS risk factor mainly in female cases, especially in the age group of 20-35. HHV-6 is in its active state (Sera) in these patients.