Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is a kind of vasculitis with an unidentified etiology. Cathelicidin (LL-37) may be involved in the development of the KD process; therefore, further research to investigate the molecular mechanism of LL-37 involvement in KD is warranted. Methods: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, NLRP3, and LL-37 in the sera of healthy subjects, children with KD, and children with pneumonia. Subsequently, human recombinant LL-37 or/and TLR4-specific inhibitor TAK-242 stimulated HCAECs cells, CCK-8 was used to detect cell proliferation, flow cytometry to detect apoptosis, transmission electron microscopy to observe cytoskeletal changes, Transwell to measure cell migration ability, ELISA to detect inflammatory factor levels, Western blotting to analyze protein levels of TLR4 and NF-κB p-65, and qRT-PCR to determine LL-37, NLRP3 mRNA levels. Results: In this study, we found that the level of LL-37 was highly expressed in the serum of children with KD, and after LL-37 stimulation, apoptosis was significantly increased in HCAECs, and the expression levels of TLR4, NLRP3 and inflammatory factors in cells were significantly enhanced. Intervention with the TLR4-specific inhibitor TAK-242 significantly alleviated the LL-37 effects on cellular inflammation, TLR4, NLRP3 promotion effect. Conclusions: Our data suggest that LL-37 induces an inflammatory response in endothelial cells via TLR4-NF-κB, leading to coronary artery injury in KD, providing a potential target to treat KD.

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease, with genetics fundamentally responsible for its outcome. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in immune response genes have been shown to participate in the disease. Human Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) in leprosy infection recognizes cell wall components and activates immunological responses, polymorphisms in TLR1 genes may control disease progression. Studies investigating SNPs in TLR1 have not reached a consensus. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the participation of TLR1 SNPs in leprosy infection. For that purpose, we searched online databases PubMed, LILACS, Scopus, and ScienceDirect for original articles investigating TLR1 polymorphisms and leprosy. Of 382 studies found, eight were included, and only two SNPs had sufficient studies to carry out the analysis: rs4833095 and rs5743618. No association was found for either of the SNPs evaluated. Only rs4833095 had enough studies to perform a subgroup analysis which also did not reach statistical significance. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the SNPs rs4833095 and rs5743618 were not associated with leprosy in this meta-analysis. We address the need for more studies with both SNPs once TLR1 is an essential receptor in M. leprae infection.

Background: it is important to identify patients at higher risk for severity and poor outcomes of Covid-19 infection, to have better disease management and pandemic control. In this study, we aimed to assess the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups in hospitalized Covid-19 infected patients and demonstrate its association with severity and outcomes of the disease. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study at Ziaeian specialist Hospital, in Tehran, Iran. Off all confirmed Covid-19 infected patients who were admitted to this hospital, 273 patients were enrolled in this study and categorized based on their disease severity or clinical outcomes including ICU admission, need for mechanical ventilation and mortality. The distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups was assessed and compared between different groups, to investigate the association of blood group types with disease severity or outcomes. Also, the study population was categorized based on their blood group types to demonstrate the association of laboratory parameters, radiologic findings and length of hospitalization with blood groups. Sex, age and underlying disease were adjusted in final model by multivariate regression analysis. Results: This study showed that Blood group A (35.9%) was the most prevalent among hospitalized Covid-19 patients followed by O (34.8%), B (21.6%), and AB (7.7%) (A>O>B>AB). ABO and Rh blood group was not associated with disease severity, need for mechanical ventilation, or ICU admission, while blood group B was associated with an increased risk of death in comparison with type O, in hospitalized Covid-19 patients (P=0.02). The number of patients with severe levels of CRP test results was lower in O blood group patients in comparison with non-O blood groups (P=0.01). Conclusion No significant association was found between blood groups and other lab tests, radiologic findings, and length of hospitalization.

Background: The most typical signs of Covid-19 (Corona), an acute respiratory illness, include fever, coughing, exhaustion, shortness of breath, sputum, and loss of smell. Due to their anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic properties, statins have the potential to be useful in treating Covid-19 patients’ endothelial dysfunction and uncontrolled inflammation. This study’s goal was to determine the association between statin use and the severity of the disease and rate of recovery in COVID-19 hospitalized patients. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 400 cases were randomly selected from patients admitted with Covid-19. The following factors were measured using the available information in these patient records. Furthermore, for data analysis, independent samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used. Results: In this study, which was performed on 400 patients with Covid-19, the mean age of patients was 62.81 ± 11.78 years. Of the patients studied, 225 (56.2%) were male and 175 (43.8%) were 175 female. 365 (91.2%) patients had an underlying disease and 372 (93%) patients were discharged from all studied patients. Out of 87 patients who had a history of statin use, 3 (4.3%) died and out of 313 patients who had no history of statin use, 25 (8%) died. Conclusion: In this study, men were more likely than women to be exposed to the coronavirus. The highest rates of statin use and coronary heart disease were likewise found in people aged 50 to 75. In patients who had previously taken statins, recovery times, hospital stays, ICU stays, and the frequency of clinical and laboratory measures were all quicker and closer to normal. Moreover, patients with a history of statin use had a lower mortality rate and a higher likelihood of recovery than other patients.

Ticks are notorious blood-sucking ectoparasites affecting both humans and animals, and serve as a unique vector of various deadly diseases. Ticks are pool feeder and extensive tissue damage is a common feature in hosts’ skin during their feeding. Here, we have elegantly shown the roles of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) during repeated tick infestations. Initially (day1), ticks attached hypostome into the skin making a notch on the epidermis associated with cellular damage and infiltrations, and there were no hemorrhagic changes. In advanced stages (day5), a large blood pool developed, which was flooded with blood (RBC). The hemorrhagic zone was surrounded by the presence of inflammatory cells. Very few inflammatory cells were detected around the zone of hemorrhage in the primary infestation. In the primary infestation, we found very few eosinophils up to day4 of feeding. At day5 of post attachment, eosinophil infiltration a little bit increased at the periphery of blood pool. Infiltrations of inflammatory cells increased in the subsequent infestations and reached to the highest level in the 3 rd infestation in wild type (wt) mice, but not in RAGE-/- mice, which was comparable to the non-infested control mouse skin. RAGE was highly expressed in the 3 rd infestation in wt mice. Interestingly, in the tertiary infestation, infiltration of innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2s), expression of S100A8 and S100B, and peripheral eosinophil counts significantly increased at the biting sites of ticks in wt, but not in RAGE -/- mice. Taken together, our study revealed that RAGE-mediated inflammation and eosinophils played crucial roles in the tick induced inflammatory reactions.

Background: In this study, we aimed to assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in hospitalized Covid-19 patients and demonstrate its association with severity and mortality of the disease. Methods: This observational study at Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Of all confirmed Covid-19 patients who were admitted to this hospital 276 patients were enrolled in this study and divided into two groups; 145 patients in group1 with a serum 25(OH)D level >20 ng/ml and 131 patients in group 2 with a serum 25 (OH)D level =<20 ng/ml. The severity, outcome, and mortality of Covid-19 disease were compared in these two groups, based on chest CT scans findings, laboratory data, and patient’ vital signs on admission day, and the duration of hospitalization, requirement to ICU admission, need for intubation, and mortality. Results: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 22.1 %, and vitamin D insufficiency by definition of serum 25(OH)D levels 12-20 ng/ml was 25.4%. Despite, an increase in serum levels of CPK, Ferritin, LDH, CRP, D-dimer, AST, and ALT, there was not any significant relationship between serum level of 25(OH)D with laboratory tests, chest CT scan scores, and patient’s vital signs on admission day by univariate and multivariate analysis. The odds of incidence of ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, and mortality were higher in group 2 which was not statistically significant by univariate and multivariate analysis, but the mortality was significantly higher in subgroup 2 by multivariate regression analysis. Conclusions: This study showed that vitamin D deficiency was associated with a higher mortality rate, while could not show any significant association between serum 25(OH)D levels with the incidence of ICU admission, need for mechanical ventilation, and length of hospital stay, also we did not find any significant relationship with laboratory tests, radiologic findings, and patient’s vital signs on admission day.

A new species of Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae), P. chakrabartiisp. nov.from the southern part of the Western Ghats, India is described here along with data on distribution, phenology and colour photographs.

An intentional alteration of data stored in a computer through the use of malicious code is a cyber-attack, that exploits networks and computer systems. The data may be compromised and this may have disruptive implications. Cyberattacks can lead to two cybercrimes: information theft and identity theft. Extreme care must be taken to protect sensitive data. Cryptography and steganography are used to protect private information being delivered through a risky channel. These techniques don’t have much power on their own. Combining the two allows us to conceal information. In this paper, we proposed an image data-hiding technique that uses steganographic method along with visual cryptography to provide better security to the images. Even though extensive research work has been done previously, but most of the research works did not provide adequate security to the images even after its encryption. The method proposed in this paper is capable of hiding some secret message in the least significant bits of the original image, thereby hiding the secret message in a way to make its detection difficult. We, then apply visual cryptography algorithms to the resulting secret image. Thereby, creating shares of the secret image, which are noise-like structures. The proposed method hides these shares in the least significant bits of different images so as to create three levels of security for the message. The main motive of the proposed work is to combine the use of data-hiding techniques, steganography, and visual cryptography, for designing a more secure algorithm so that the security, reliability, and efficiency of secret messages can be improved. At last, we implement the designed framework using Matlab simulation

Psammogeton hirsuta sp. nov. (Apiaceae), a novel species collected from specifically the lowlands of Jammu and Kashmir, north-west India’s subtropical region, is described and illustrated. Psammogeton hirsuta resembles one of its close relatives, P. canescens, and P. shivalikense; however, it differs significantly in terms of the plant being hirsute, sheaths of leaf bases, ciliate peduncle degree of pubescence, bracts and bracteoles, and fruit shape. Additionally, we provide phenology, a distribution map, a comparison of species with comparable morphologies, and a key to closely related species.

The current study examined the longitudinal association between executive function (EF) and social problem solving abilities (SPS) and the temperament factors that could influence this association. Two accounts for the EF-SPS association were proposed; EF could either support the emergence of an SPS concept over time (emergence account), or it is only required for in-the-moment support during peer conflict (expression account). To test these accounts, 4-to 5-year-old participants completed a peer conflict task and EF tasks at the beginning (T1) and end (T2) of the preschool year. Parents completed a temperament questionnaire at T1. Results revealed that T1 EF predicted T2 SPS abilities, but only for participants high in temperamental surgency. The results provide support for the emergence account for a specific group of children, further challenging the notion that EF is required for all children to behave in a competent manner when faced with peer provocation.

Primary subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a type of acute stroke, accounting for approximately 10% of cases, with high disability and mortality rate. Early brain injury (EBI) is a critical factor in determining SAH mortality; however, there are no effective treatment interventions for EBI. Based on our results, the transmission of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) from neurons to microglia is a key molecular event that triggers type I interferon response, amplifies neuroinflammation, and leads to neuronal apoptosis. Abnormal [intracytoplasmic](javascript:;) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the initiating factor of the cGAS-cGAMP-STING signaling axis. Overall, the cGAS-cGAMP-STING signaling axis is closely associated with neuroinflammation after [subarachnoid hemorrhage](javascript:;). Targeting cGAS triggered by cytoplasmic mtDNA may be useful for comprehensive clinical treatment of patients after SAH. Further studies targeting cGAS-specific antagonists for treating SAH are warranted.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused widespread transmission and been threatening health and lives due to high infectivity, acute progression and lacking of effective treatment. Both innate immunity and adaptive immunity are essential to defend against viral infection, while T cells function as a bridge of both arms and induce effective immune responses. Although traditional approaches demonstrate general features of T cells in COVID-19 patients, there are still a lot of unknown details to be characterized due to the complexity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology is able to powerfully characterize gene expression at single-cell level and new subsets at district differentiation stage or with specific function. Here we have revealed the heterogeneity of the host T cells, including CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, regulatory T (Treg) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, gamma-delta T (γδT) cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in COVID-19 patients with different clinical manifestations. T cell based therapeutic approaches, including enhancing virus specific T cell responses, reverting T-cell exhaustion and alleviating inflammation, are also discussed. This review provides insights into clinical treatment and vaccine design for SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Introduction: Anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated encephalitis is a demyelinating central nervous system disease, whose most common clinical manifestations are optic neuritis, myelitis and acute disseminated encephalitis. However, data on psychotic symptoms in anti-MOG antibody-associated meningitis are still limited. Case description: A 31-year-old female presented with headache, fever, thinking rupture, and dissociative amnesia. Enhancement of the pia mater was found in her magnetic resonance imaging. With antiviral therapies and anti-psychotic treatment, her symptoms didn’t disappear until positive anti-MOG IgG antibody was found in the serum and she received steroid therapy. Conclusion: Psychotic symptoms may be the main manifestation of anti-MOG antibody-associated meningitis. Besides being caused by anti-neuronal antibodies against cell-surface antigens (such as anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies) and intracellular antigens (such as anti-Hu antibodies), autoimmune psychosis could also occur due to anti-myelin antibodies against MOG. These findings may expand the understanding of this newly described autoimmune disease.

Objective: Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) causes organ system failures and the high mortality, and there is currently a lack of effective means of prevention. The purpose of the study was to explore the therapeutic effects of Resolvin D1 (RvD1) on ACLF rats and its underlying mechanism. Methods: ACLF rat model was constructed by intraperitoneally injecting CCl4 and porcine serum for 6 weeks and then induced acute liver injury by treating with both LPS and D-Galn. The ACLF rats were pretreated with different doses of RvD1 (0.3 or 1 ug/kg) before the acute liver injury. Biochemical analysis, H&E and sirius red staining, flow cytometry assay and real-time PCR were used to assess rat liver histopathological injury, determine the Treg cell frequencies in spleen and the mRNA levels of transcription factors and immunologic cytokines in liver. Results: The necro-inflammatory scores and the serum levels of transaminase significantly increased in ACLF model rats compared to those in normal control rats, with the peak at 8 h. Low-dose of RvD1 could limit necrosis and inflammation and decrease the ALT level of ACLF rats. The degree of damage in ACLF rats was related to the increased mRNA levels of IL-17 and IL-6 in the ACLF rats’ liver and Treg cells reduction in the spleen. Low-dose of RvD1 could protect against liver injury in ACLF rats, as indicated by increasing Treg cell frequency in rats’ spleen and the mRNA levels of Foxp3/RORγ and decreasing the expression of both IL-6 and IL-17. Conclusion: Low-dose of RvD1 plays a protective role in ACLF rats by increasing the proportion of Treg cells. It is the first time to reveal the function of RvD1 in the treatment of ACLF. This work may help us clarify the pathogenesis of ACLF and find effective therapeutic drugs for ACLF.

Ostreobium comprise endolithic algae commonly seen in conjunction with scleractinian corals. In the past, it was solely recognized as a coral skeleton bioeroder. Yet, their relationship with corals is critical because they give photosynthetic byproducts and help the coral when it loses its primary symbionts due to stress. The variety of these algae among coral species of the genus Porites in the tropical easter Pacific and western Atlantic was investigated here. We extracted Ostreobium samples from seven Porites species including two from the Tropical Easter Pacific-TEP ( P. panamensis, P. lobata) and five from the Caribbean (P . furcata, P. porites, P. colonensis, P. branneri, and P. astreoides). We also compared the new rbcL sequences from algae found within various coral species from other parts of the world. A biogeographic analysis and two methodologies, PTP (Poisson tree process) and GMYC (General Mixed Yule-Coalescent), were used to delineate the different species. The findings revealed a significant degree of genetic diversity within Ostreobium, with more than 15 groups of no more than three individuals and 40 individual lineages. Its origins date back to the Ordovician, 500 Ma, and it does not appear to preserve host-specificity. The sampled locations include a wide variety of Ostreobium still, biogeographically, varied patterns were confirmed, making it impossible to pinpoint the precise origins of most clades. The ancestry analyses revealed convergent events for the emergence of Ostreobium in a few genera of local corals, but the phenomenon also occurred in genera from far-off places.

Considering the efficacy of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the Spike (S) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in reducing disease severity, the aim of this study was to investigate the innate immune response before and after mAbs treatment in 72 vaccinated and 31 unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2 patients. Type I interferon (IFN-I) signature and cytokines genes were evaluated by real time RT-PCR. The vaccinated patients had increased negative rate of SARS-CoV-2 RT/real-time PCR tests as compared to unvaccinated ones after mAbs treatment. Unvaccinated patients but also those that resulted negative for serum anti-S antibodies despite vaccination had lower IFN-I and higher IFN-I related genes and cytokines mRNAs levels as compared to vaccinated individuals before mAbs. In addition, patients with low anti-S antibody titer showed immune genes expression levels between those found in negative and patients with high titer of anti-S antibodies. Changes in IFN-I pathway and cytokines levels were observed in unvaccinated patients after mAbs treatment, while the expression of most of the type I IFN genes and cytokines analysed, except for ISGs and IL-10 mRNAs, remained unchanged vaccinated patients. These data suggest that mAbs treatment is associated to a different virological and immunological response in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients according to their vaccination status and related anti-S antibodies titers.

Background: As people in China travel less and consume less imported frozen food during the COVID-19 pandemic, the composition ratio of allergens may have changed. Objective: To investigate the changes of composition ratio of 20 types of specific allergens from January 2020 to June 2021 of 618 patients in China. Methods: The 20 items of allergen-specific IgE (sIgE) detection includes dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, dermatophagoides farina, ambrosia artemisiifolia, salix babylonica, dander of dog, alternaria, cockroach, artemisia argyi, dander of cat, house dust, milk, hen’s egg, mutton, cod, peanut, beef, soybean, shrimp, crab and wheat. The results of detection were collected from patients of dermatology, pediatrics or allergy department. They are from 17 hospitals in China from January 2020 to June 2021, and participants were required to have at least one positive result of sIgE detection (≥0.35 IU/mL). The age ranges from 0 to 89 years old. Serum detection was performed by enzyme allegro-sorbent test (REAST). Results: The proportion of inhaled allergens in 618 patients was significantly lower than that of ingested allergens. Most of the inhaled allergens were indoor allergens. In the first half of 2020, the second half of 2020 and the first half of 2021, the positive proportions of wheat, shrimp and crab were changed. Compared with the same period in 2020, the positive proportion of wheat and shrimp in the spring of 2021 significantly decreased, while that of crab was significantly increased. The ratio fluctuation of dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and dermatophagoides farina was related to seasonal factors. There was no significant difference in the proportion of other allergens. Conclusion: The special historical background of the epidemic may have a certain influence on the change of the proportion of allergens, but it is not the only factor.

Infertility is a disease that can be caused by many different reasons in both men and women (1). On the other hand, Infertility treatment as a relatively common medical problem is associated with imposing high economic costs on the family and society (2). Identifying the factors that can affect the treatment of this disorder can be considered a suitable and less costly solution. In modern medicine, it has been stated that the diagnosis of infertility in couples can lead to psychiatric disorders. According to some studies, 20 to 60 percent of infertile patients suffer from mild to severe symptoms of depression and anxiety (3).

Background/aim: To investigate the frequency and clinical relevance of an extended autoantibody (ab) profile in patients with SSc. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, serum from 100 consecutive patients was subjected to indirect immunofluorescence (HEp-20-10/primate liver mosaic) and Systemic Sclerosis Profile by EUROIMMUN (Lübeck, Germany) to evaluate ANA and autoantibodies against 13 different autoantibodies in patients with SSc less than three years. Results: 93 of 100 patients were positive for ANA by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). The prevalence of Anti-Scl70 ab was 41%, anti-centromere (ACA) 27%, and anti-RNA polymerase (RNAPIII) 15%. Scl70 was more associated with diffuse subtype (p<0.001), ILD (p<0.001), and high mRSS (p=0.002); ACA with limited disease (p<0.001), less ILD (p<0.001), overlap (p=0.017) and low mRSS (p=0.024); RNAPIII with diffuse disease (p=0.027), ILD (p=0.016) and high mRSS (p=0.001). Fifty-three patients showed single positivity (26 anti-Scl70, 16 ACA, 6 anti-RNAPIII, 1 anti-Ku ab, 1 anti-PM/Scl100, 2 anti-PM/Scl75, 1 anti-Ro52), whereas 32 patients had multiple auto-antibody positivities. Among common SSc-specific autoantibodies, Scl70 and RNAPIII showed the highest co-occurrence (n=4). One patient was simultaneously positive for anti-RNAPIII ab and ACA, and one was positive for ACA and Scl70. The clinical features were not statistically different between single and multiple autoantibody-positivity for common SSc-specific autoantibodies (ACA, Scl70, and RNAP III), except for digital ulcer in multi-antibody positive ACA group (p=0.019). Conclusion: Based on our results, co-expression of auto-antibodies is not uncommon in SSc patients. Although SSc-specific auto-antibodies generally show known clinical features, the clinical presentation of the co-expression in specific and non-specific auto-antibody positivity continues to be important.

Aim. Four out of five adolescents worldwide are physically inactive based on recommended standards. We determined whether physical activity is associated with lower behavioral challenges in adolescents to promote buy-in from stakeholders. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 187 adolescent learners (12–18 years) from three government schools in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, from January-March 2020. We fitted linear regression models between the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire scores (total, internalizing, externalizing and prosocial) and hours of physical activity exposure, adjusting for demographic covariates and depression history. Results. The median age was 14.4 years (Interquartile range=1.36) and 75.9% were females. Overall average and weekday physical activity were each associated with lower total and externalizing but higher pro-social scores. Depression was associated with higher inactivity scores (total, internalizing and externalizing). Conclusions. Physical activity is critical for healthy adolescent hood and needs to be actively included in childhood development.

In the present study, we examined the structure of stomata in 7 native species of hyrcanian forests (Acer hyrcanum, A.velutinum Boiss., A.campestre, A.platanoides L., A.cappadocicum, A.monspessulanum, A.amazandaranicum) plus non-native species that fully adapted (A.negundo, A.negundo variegatum, and A.palmatum). Light and electron microscopy were used to determine the form and position of the stomata in relation to the leaf epidermal cells. The length, width, shape, area, perimeter, and stomatal density were all measured. It was found that the stomata type of A.negundo varengiayum, A.campestre, A.hyrcanum, A.mazandaranicum, A.monsspesulanum is anomocytic, in A.platanoides and A.cappadocicum anomocytic with wavy subsidiary cells, anisocytic in A.palmatum, parasitic in A.velutinum, and actinocytic A.negundo. In terms of the location of stomata relative to adjacent epidermal cells, we identified three types. In the first type, the stomata were flush with adjacent epidermal cells (A.cappadocicum, A.negundo, A.platanoides), in the second type, higher (A.negundo variegatum) and the third type, lower (A.velutinum, A.monspesulanom, A.campestre, A. mazandaranicum, A.hyrcanum). The principal component analysis was used to determine the essential stomatal traits in differentiating between species. We investigated tree-stemmed distribution in the coordinate axis space based on two main components and performed cluster analysis based on the stoma characteristics. A.platanoides, A.negundo, A.negundo variegatum were in one cluster, and the other species were in separate clusters. The calculation of dissimilarity among the studied species indicates the slightest similarity between A.negundo and A.hyrcanum and the highest similarity between A.campestre and A.mazandaranicum. The discriminant analysis results identified stomatal density as the essential factor in the differentiation between the studied species

This article looks at Healthcare and the issues that exist with current cybersecurity measures. As attacks, including those related to ransomware become more commonplace it is important to provide safeguards to protect the data of patients and healthcare organizations. Examples of cybersecurity breaches are looked at with insights shared on how they happened and what could have been done to prevent them. Rather than the original perimeter security approach which many organizations took a newer approach known as Zero-Trust looks at how to neutralize attacks even if a hacker has penetrated the perimeter security. Key areas involved in Zero-Trust are reviewed and explained as to how the applicability to healthcare can make a difference in protecting individuals and healthcare organizations.

Acute pulmonary and systemic inflammation induced by smoke inhalation is crucial to the outcome and complications of burn patient, and immune dysfunction is implicated in the development of organ injury. To reveal the immune cytokines change and immune cell interactions is helpful to know the immune response following smoke inhalation injury. We were analyzing hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining of the lung tissues of Smoke inhalation mouse model, and detect the immune cytokine expression after 2,6,24,48,72 hours by The Real-Time qPCR. Flow cytometry was used to identify the expression of DC cells, T cells in the spleen, bone marrow derived-dendritic cells (BMDCs) and respective subtypes at 48h post inhalation. CCK-8 detected at the level of BMDCs on T cell proliferation in a mixed lymphocyte response. Smoke inhalation induced inflammation as evidenced by the significantly altered inflammatory constituent, including inflammatory cytokines and factors such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, RAGE, TLR4 and HMGB1, as well as inflammatory cells such as dendritic cells, regulatory T cells and BMDCs. Further research on BMDCs revealed that after smoke exposure, there was an increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD80 and MHC-II, which aided T cell proliferation. We found that cytokines and immune cells get activation after smoke inhalation in the mouse model, and the activated BMDCs prompt the proliferation of normal T cells.

A new species of Psammogeton (Apiaceae) found in Samba district of Jammu and Kashmir, India, is described and illustrated. It is similar to Psammogeton canescens of this genus but differing from it in having noticeably radical leaves, deeply ternate leave with acuminate apex, an elongated stylopodium, and fruits hairs that are over three times longer than they are wide. Together with the images, a distribution map, comparison of closely related Psammogeton canescens with comparable morphologies and phenologies, and a key are included.