In this paper, the conformable and M− truncated nonlinear complex generalized Zakharov dynamical system are considered. The exact solutions of the dynamical system for different two types of derivatives are derived by using the extended rational sine−cosine and sinh−cosh methods. We make a comparison between the solutions of the Zakharov system with the conformable derivative and the system with M− truncated derivative. The results are depicted in the 2D and 3D graphics. All computations and graphics are fulfilled with the help of Wolfram Mathematica 12. The methods can be successfully applied to get soliton solutions of PDEs (or PDE systems) with the different types of derivatives.

Vaccination created a breakthrough towards the improvement to the global health. The development of vaccine and practice made substantial control in infectious diseases. The abundance and emergence of new vaccines has facilitated targeting populations to alleviate and eliminate contagious pathogens from their innate reservoir. However, along with the infections like malaria and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), effective immunisation remains obscure and imparts a great challenge unto the realm of science. The vaccines developed after utilizing plant based system supported technology comprises the incorporation of the preferred genes to express the specific protein (antigen) for a particular disease condition into the genome of plant tissues using several techniques. Though plant-supported vaccines propose several benefits to the vaccine industry, still there remain challenges that limit the rate of effective production of vaccines of this third-generation. A novel Corona virus SARS-CoV-2 reason for causing Corona virus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) crashed the human population and rapidly spread round the world within the half of 2020 created a worldwide epidemic. The need for establishing a protected and compelling COVID-19 immunization is a global requirement to end this pandemic. Even though there exist lot of limitations, continuous efforts has put forward so as to develop highly competent and effective vaccine for many human and animal linked diseases due to its unlimited prospective. This review article focus on the historical outlook and the development of the vaccine as it is a crucial area of research where the life of the human is saved from various potential diseases.

Aim: To evaluate the incidental prostate cancer (PCa) rate and predictive factors in patients who underwent open prostatectomy (OP) with a pre-diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Methods: This cross-sectional, retrospective study included patients with a pre-diagnosis of BPH, who underwent OP due to symptomatic prostate enlargement. Our database included age, medications, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), free/total PSA ratio, PSA density, digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate volume, serum neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, platelet/lymphocyte ratio, aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio, presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), and histopathological results after OP. Results: Of the 430 patients that underwent OP with a pre-diagnosis of BPH, 406 (94.4%) with a benign pathological diagnosis were evaluated as the benign group in and 24 (5.6%) detected to have PCa constituted the incidental PCa group. In the univariate analysis, age, AST/ALT ratio, MetS, and DRE significantly differed between the groups (p=0.008, p=0.005, p=0.004 and p<0.001, respectively). The rate of incidental PCa was much higher in the elderly patients. The cut-off value of age was 71.5 years in the PCa group according to the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. According to the multivariate analysis, only DRE and presence of MetS were effective in predicting PCa. DRE was found 16 times more effective and MetS was 2.8 times more effective than the other parameters. Conclusion: Our results showed that DRE and presence of MetS can be useful predictive factors of incidental PCa in OP.

Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV- 2) infection may trigger a cytokine storm which is characterized by uncontrolled overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines. We aimed to determine associations of circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines with severity of COVID-19. Materials and methods This is a cross-sectional study including 46 severe and 32 mildly symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. The serum levels of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors were determined by using a Bio-Plex Pro™ Human Cytokine Screening Panel (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Results A total of 78 patients with confirmed COVID-19, 54 males and 24 females were included in this study. The mean age was 43.1±13.3 and 58.2±15 in mild and severe patients, respectively. Severe patients were characterized by significant laboratory abnormalities such as increased WBC (p=0.002) and neutrophil counts (p=0.001), higher levels of ALT (p=0.030), AST (p=0.002), LDH (p<0.001), ure (p=0.013), ferritin (p<0.001), D-dimer (p=0.042), CRP (p<0.001) and decreased lymphocyte (p<0.001) and platelet (p=0.045) counts. The levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, TNF-α, IFN-γ, MIP-1β and MCP-1 were increased in the severe group compared to the mild group but only significant differences were observed for IL-6 (p<0.001) and IL-8 (p<0.001) levels. Conclusions Serum IL-6 and IL-8 levels can be used as potential prognostic biomarkers of disease severity in COVID-19 patients.

Objectives Aim of this study was to investigate clinical characteristics and individualized treatment experience of different types of deep neck space infections(DNSI) . Design Retrospective study. Setting Tertiary Referral Otolaryngology Centre. Participants 51 subjects with deep neck space infections. Main outcome measures In 51 subjects with DNSI, 15 cases were not treated with abscess incision and drainage; 36 cases were treated by incision, drainage and dressing change: 23 cases were treated with traditional incision and drainage and dressing change; 13 cases were given the combined treatment of incision and drainage, pyogenic cavity aerobic therapy and negative pressure drainage. The average number of days of dressing change and average hospital stay were compared between the two groups Results The average hospitalization days in the traditional dressing group were (26.74±3.393) days, and the average days of postoperative dressing change were (25.91±3.427) days. The average hospitalization days in pyogenic cavity aerobic therapy + negative pressure drainage were (11.08±2.108) days, and the average days of postoperative dressing change were (3.692±0.208) days. All 51 patients were cured. Conclusion Individualized treatment can minimize the trauma of patients according to each patient’s own situation. The pyogenic cavity aerobic therapy has proved to be a good method for dressing change after deep neck space infections, and the satisfactory curative effect.

Chronic heart failure (CHF) has different stages and they include pre-HF (PHF), a state of high risk of developing myocardial dysfunction and subsequently, advanced CHF (ACHF). Some major behavioral risk factors of PHF are Western diet, tobacco, alcoholism, sedentary life style and chronic mental disorders (anxiety, depression). These insults might predispose to biological risk factors such as obesity, diabetes mellitus dyslipidemia hypertension, myocardial infarction and cardiomyopathy. These risk factors damage the myocytes leading to fibrosis, apoptosis, cardiac hypertrophy, along with alterations in cardiomyocyte’ size and shape. A condition of physiological subcellular remodeling resulting into a pathological or deformation state might be developed conductiong to PHF. Both PHF and HF are associated with the activation of phospholipases and protease, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and development of intracellular free Ca2+ [Ca2+]i overloading or an elevation in diastolic [Ca2+]i. Simultaneously, cardiac gene expression is activated leading to further molecular, structural and biochemical changes of the myocardium. The sub-cellular remodeling may be intimately involved in the transition of cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) speckle tracking-echocardiography (STE) have been used to quantify regional alterations of longitudinal strain and area strain, through their polar projection, which permits a further assessment of both sites and degrees of myocardial damage. The examination of strain can identify sub-clinical cardiac dysfunction or cardiomyocyte remodeling. It is concluded that during remodeling of the myocardium, cardiac strain is attenuated which can be used for the assessment of disease progression and subsequently for therapeutic interventions.

Background: Although the outcome of patients admitted to ICUs have considerably improved in recent years, HSCT continues to be significantly associated with mortality. Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine prognostic factors associated with ICU mortality after HSCT. The Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) was used as a prognostic scoring system. Methods: Within the scope of the research, the clinical and laboratory data of 52 patients who were admitted to the ICU after undergoing HSCT between 2013 and 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Mortality risk was found to be 4.22 times higher in patients who received MV within the first 24 hours (p=0.047), 18.37 times higher in patients who received TPN support (p=0.007), and 158.17 times higher in recipients of vasopressor drug support compared to those who did not (p<0.001). It was found that a one unit increase in GCS score decreased mortality risk by 0.58-fold (p=0.015). Additionally, a one unit increase in heart rate was found to increase mortality risk 1.03-fold (p=0.010). Whereas, one-unit increases in systolic blood pressure or diastolic blood pressure decreased the mortality risk by 0.91 and 0.92-fold, respectively (p=0.001 and p=0.002). Mortality was not associated with APACHE II or Graft-versus-host disease. Conclusion: Receiving MV, TPN or vasopressor treatment, and having lower GCS, higher heart rate, lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure were associated with an increase in the risk of ICU mortality in HSCT recipients admitted to the ICU.

Objective: To correlate the clinical RDC/TMD findings with Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a diagnostic aid in the internal derangement of TMJ. Methods: The present study consists of a total sample size of 14 subjects clinically diagnosed with the internal derangement of TMJ. According to the set criteria by Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD), the subjects were subjected to MRI after a thorough evaluation. The diagnostic findings were compared with MRI. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using the specificity, sensitivity, and kappa coefficient. Results: Twenty-five percent of sensitivity and fifty-seven percent of specificity were observed for RDC/TMD diagnosis regarding MRI in the total sample. Kappa value was found to be in the moderate range. Conclusion: The clinical findings based on RDC/TMD alone were not sufficient for the diagnosis of TMJ, and MRI’s internal derangement still a “golden standard” among the other modalities.

Haemosporidians are among the most common parasites in birds and often impact negatively host fitness and consequently can affect entire host populations. It is therefore important to determine what factors influence parasite prevalence, particularly if they are caused by anthropogenic activities. Here we explore the effect of temperature, forest cover, and proximity to anthropogenic disturbance on haemosporidian prevalence and host-parasite networks on a horizontal spatial scale, comparing four fragmented forest patches and five localities within a continuous forest in Papua New Guinea. We find that the majority of Haemosporidian infections are caused by the genus Haemoproteus and that avian-haemosporidian networks are more specialized in continuous forests. At the community level, only forest cover was negatively associated with Haemoproteus infections, while abiotic and anthropogenic effects on parasite prevalence differed between bird species. We further tested if prevalence and host-parasite networks differed between the canopy and the understorey (vertical stratification) and found significantly higher Haemoproteus prevalence levels in the canopy, and the opposite trend for Plasmodium prevalence. This implies that birds experience distinct parasite pressures depending on the stratum they inhabit, likely driven by differences in vector communities. These three-dimensional analyses of avian-haemosporidians at horizontal and vertical scales provides a deeper understanding of the environmental factors driving haemosporidian prevalence in tropical lowland forests of New Guinea. Collectively, our results suggest that the effect of abiotic variables on haemosporidian infections are species specific, and that factors influencing community-level infections are primarily driven by host community composition.

Abstract Background: Epidemiologic studies have reported that dietary acid load is associated with psychological disorders through different pathways. We aimed to examine the association of dietary acid-base load with Psychological Disorders, Sleep and circadian rhythm. Methods: This study was performed on 404 female subjects ≥18 years old. We evaluated potential renal acid load (PRAL), net endogenous acid production (NEAP) score by a valid food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for Iran of with 147 items. To assess psychological disorders, an Iranian validated version of depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21) was used. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and morning-evening questionnaire (MEQ) were applied to evaluate sleep quality and circadian rhythm status respectively. Results: Considering a wide range of confounding variables, compared with the low adherence, a significant positive association was observed between dietary acid-base load and severe depression (OR PRAL =1.10, 95%CI=1.01-1.19, P=0.02) and (OR NEAP =2.46, 95%CI=1.41-14.61, P=0.02). Women in the high dietary acid base load category had higher anxiety (ORPRAL=1.12,95%CI=1.02-1.23, P=0.01) and (ORNEAP=1.80,95%CI=1.12-10.72, P=0.01). There was a strong positive relationship between dietary acid-base load and sleep disturbance (P<0.05). Additionally, circadian rhythm assessment showed that those with greater commitment to PRAL had 23% higher risk of being completely E-type, while odds of being completely M-type, was decreased by 15% and 12% across higher adherence to PRAL and NEAP. Conclusion: Women with higher dietary acid-base load score had greater odds for depression, anxiety, psychological distress, sleep disturbance and circadian rhythm compared to lower ones.

The use of medicines is unavoidable. The use of in vivo and in vitro techniques in drug development is not sufficient for medicine approval. In the development of drugs there are clinical stages that are carried out to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines. Medicines in preproduction elicit different effects and reactions from those elicited in the post production, as those are influenced by longer treatment exposure, polypharmacy, bioavailability and metabolism. The post marketing surveillance stage ensures the detection of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) which were not detected during clinical stages. The establishment of pharmacovigilance (PV) systems was prompted by the thalidomide disaster, the death of Hannah Greener due to use of chloroform, the Biologics Control Act, the Food and Drug Act, Durham-Humphrey Amendment and the Kefauver-Harris amendments. For a good and efficient PV system it is imperative that ADRs are reported, quantified and documented. Since the inception of PV in South Africa in 1992, the system has progressed from passive regulatory reporting to active surveillance activities. Studies have shown many barriers to passive reporting of ADRs in the health care sector such as poor knowledge by health care providers to completing the reporting form, reporting is time consuming, and when reporting is done, there is no acknowledgement of the submitted forms by the PV authorities. ADRs bring about a financial burden in health budgets, therefore the management of ADRs and more over of preventable ADRs is essential.

From the erroneous conjecture proposed by Ramanujan in the equation “2n-A = x2”; “The Ramanujan-Alhena Singular Numbers Theorem” is proposed so that the substraction of every number 2n with A and whose result is a perfect square, there will always be one or two integer answers, only for the case of A = 7; the possibility of infinite singular numbers is presented.

Malignant extrarenal rhabdoid tumors (MERT) are aggressive malignancies of infancy with dismal prognosis; cardiac localization is extremely rare. A 5-month-old male was diagnosed with a cardiac MERT after finding a large heterogenous mass attached to the left ventricular wall. He responded well to initial intensive chemotherapy but developed tumor progression 4 months after diagnosis. Palliative treatment with ipilimumab and nivolumab was administered; however, he died within one week. New treatment options are essential to improve survival in patients where complete tumor resection is unattainable.

Congenital cervical germ cell tumors are a rare location for extragonadal germ cell tumors that may lead to acute airway obstruction. We present the unique case and successful resection of an immature cervical teratoma. Urgent Ex Utero Intrapartum Treatment (EXIT) procedure was performed via Cesarean section with subsequent endotracheal intubation to maintain the airway. Successful surgical resection of the mass at day six of life was performed showing histologically immature teratoma along with gliomatosis in surrounding lymph node tissue. The patient recovered well with no abnormalities on follow up at 14 months.

Fusobacterium nucleatum is an anaerobe that is commensal to the human oral cavity. It is usually a component of periodontal plaque that is emerging as a pathogen and quickly attracting attention of the medical and research communities. It has been even discovered in bronchoalveolar lavage of some patients with lung cancer. 24, 25 Lemierre’s syndrome (LS) is characterized as septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein, which usually begins with oropharyngeal infection that worsens and lead to inflammation of the wall of the jugular vein9 . This is the hallmark of the disease. However, in this case, there was no thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein. There is one other case presentation where it was diagnosed without the internal jugular vein involvement.22. Most sequelae involve infected thrombus of the vein, soft tissue inflammation, persistent bacteremia, and septic emboli, often leading to frequent metastatic infections14,3. Interestingly enough, in the age of SARS-CoV-2, LS has also been mistaken for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)23. We present a previously healthy 20-year-old female college student, who tested positive to COVID-19 capsid antibody, transferred from her local hospital to Bristol Meyer’s Squib Children’s hospital (BMSCH) for suspected LS with loculated infected pleural effusions and necrotizing pneumonia with lung abscess secondary to Fusobacterium nucleatum, systemic and emphysematous osteomyelitis possibly secondary to septic emboli, thrombocytopenia, and palatine tonsil and thyroid abscess.

Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) can be used for the biosynthesis of ε-Caprolactone by oxidizing cyclohexanone. However, the external supply of co-substrate O2 and redox cofactor NADPH is uneconomical. Thereby, photosynthesis, which can synthesis O2 and NADPH, can be exploited and integrated with oxygenase-based whole-cell biocatalysis.

BACKGROUND: Although there are a few studies on the seasonality of facial paralysis, no studies have utilized internet data for this purpose. The use of internet data to investigate diseases and user-contributed health-related content is increasingly prevalent, and has earned the name “infodemiology”. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to use Google Trends data to investigate whether there is a seasonal variation in facial paralysis. METHODS: In this observational study, the search volume for the terms “facial paralysis” and “Bell’s palsy” for a total of 19 countries was queried from Google Trends, selecting the time interval between 2004 and Oct. 2020. RESULTS: In the Cosinor analysis of data from a total of 19 countries, from both northern and southern hemisphere, a statistically significant seasonality was found in the search volume of facial paralysis. It was observed that facial paralysis peaked in spring in the northern hemisphere and in winter in the southern hemisphere. CONCLUSION: Internet search query data showed that facial paralysis has a seasonal variation, with peaks in spring for the northern hemisphere and winter for the southern hemisphere. Further studies are needed to understand the deviation between hemispheres and the cause of the peak in winter‒spring season.

Purpose: Several cases of symptomatic reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 after full recovery from a prior episode have been reported. While an uncommon phenomenon, an improved understanding of the risk factors for reinfection and the character and duration of the serological responses to infection and vaccination is critical for managing the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We described four cases of SARS CoV-2 reinfection in individuals representing a spectrum of healthy and immunocompromised states, including 1) a healthy 41-year-old pediatrician, 2) an immunocompromised 31-year-old with granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 3) a healthy 26-year-old pregnant woman, and 4) a 50-year-old with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. We performed confirmatory quantitative RT-PCR and qualitative IgM and quantitative IgG testing on all available patient samples to confirm the presence of infection and serological response to infection. Results: Our analysis showed that patients 1 and 2, a healthy and an immunocompromised patient, both failed to mount a robust serologic response to initial infection. In contrast, patient 3 and 4, with minimal comorbid disease, both mounted a strong serological response to their initial infection but were still susceptible to reinfection. Conclusion: Repeat episodes of COVID-19 seem capable of occurring to patients regardless of the presence of known risk factors for infection or level of serological response to infection, although this did not trigger critical illness in any instance.

Behavioural response of a parasitoid shows the effect on host parasitism patterns at a given host distribution resulting in an increase or decrease of parasitism intensity according to local host densities. This relationship could be proportional, positive, or negative, as a consequence of foraging of parasitoids searching for hosts. Mallophora ruficauda is a fly parasitoid of Cyclocephala signaticollis scarab beetle larvae and a predator of honeybees. Females search and place egg-clusters overground in open grasslands near beehives. Larvae actively searching for host underground following chemical cues arising from the host itself. The parasitism pattern is a result of this complex host-searching strategy which is shared between both stages of the fly. In this work we carried out a study at four spatial scales in apiaries located in the Pampas region of Argentina. We found that parasitism is inverse density-dependent at high female activity and direct density-dependent at low female activity at the larger spatial scale. We found a direct density dependent pattern associated to substrate height at intermediate spatial scale that is lost when the habitat has abundant oviposition substrates. Conversely, parasitism is inversely density-dependent at both smaller spatial scales, associated to oviposition substrate distance and saturation of healthy host by larvae attacking. We also found that M. ruficauda do not selects the oviposition substrates according to the abundance of Cyclocephala signaticollis inhabiting underground. We discuss the implications of host searching behaviour on the observed parasitism patterns.

Myocarditis is associated with increased morbidity and mortaity in patients with Covid-19 infection. Little is known about the true nature and exact pathogenesis of myocardial involvement in these patients. 44 year old patient admitted with exertional dyspnea. He had previous coronary artery bypass surgey and received hemodialysis for lupus nephritis. He was diagnosed with Covid-19 infection 1 month ago. Echocardiography revealed decreased left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS). Coronary computerized tomographic angiography revealed patent bypass grafts. His medical treatment was adjusted. Follow up echocardiography after 3 months showed markedly improved LVEF and left ventricular GLS.

We presenting the case image of an adult male with previous acute coronary syndrome treated with PCI and occasional tumor finding on the tricuspid valve underwent to excisional surgery

Two field tests done in 2013 and 2014 on two kenaf varieties: Fuhong-952 and 4383 at Universiti Putra Malaysia which was to investigate the fertilizers effect of the protein content in the cell wall of the fibers. Potassium as muriate of potash at the rate of 0, 100 and 150 kg/ha, was added to the plants which was in two different stages of plant age, in each stage added halve dose at planting day and after planting by three weeks. Boron and zinc were also added to the plants, while the second time of potassium application (0, 1.0, 1.5 and 0, 5.0 kg/ha, of borax and zinc chloride), respectively. Besides that, during the second field test FH-952 was selected with applying the highest level of potassium 150 kg/ha, additionally other levels of zinc were added to display its impact of quality properties. The best result of protein content was achieved for FH-952 when potassium was added at the high level, nevertheless 4383 was when potassium, boron and zinc were applied at the rate of 150, 1.0 and 5.0 kg/ha, respectively. During the second experiment zinc performances caused to achieve tough fibers which was possible for using as biocomposite materials.

Objectives: To analyze the dose-response relationship between maternal Blood pressure (BP) in different trimesters and preterm birth(PTB). Design: A monitoring data (cohort) study. Setting and population: All single-fetus pregnant women who delivered during 2014-2018 in 13 counties of 6 provinces in China. Methods: Through the Maternal and Newborn Health Monitoring System in China, the monitoring data were obtained, including essential maternal information, all previous antenatal examination and pregnancy outcomes of all pregnant women lived in the monitoring area. Main outcome measures: PTB(delivered between 28 and 37 weeks); Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy(HDP)(SBP ≥140mmHg and/or DBP ≥90mmHg once); Hypotension (SBP<90mmHg and/or DBP<60mmHg once). Results: A total of 212,941 single-fetus pregnant women were included. The overall incidences of HDP and PTB were 7.07% and 4.04% respectively. Taking the group of normal BP as reference, the odds ratios(OR) of PTB for the groups of HDP in 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters was 3.23, 2.70 and 2.05 respectively(P<0.001). Hypotension in 3rd trimester was associated with a 1.5-fold higher risk of PTB(P<0.001). ORs of PTB had a nonlinearly U-shaped association with SBP and DBP in 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters. Conclusions: The risks of PTB varied among pregnant women with the same BP in different trimesters. An increase of BP within the normal range during pregnancy could prevent PTB. Hypotension in 3rd trimester was associated with a high risk of PTB. Funding: Funded by the government of China (No.1311300011301). Key words: Maternal blood pressure, preterm birth, dose-response relationship, restricted cubic spline, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, hypotension

Fenretinide, a synthetic retinoid with pleiotropic benefits for human health, is currently utilized in clinical trials for cancer, cystic fibrosis, and COVID-19. However, fenretinide reduces plasma vitamin A levels by interacting with retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), which often results in reversible night blindness in patients. Cell culture and in vitro studies show that fenretinide binds and inhibits the activity of β-carotene oxygenase 1 (BCO1), the enzyme responsible for endogenous vitamin A formation. Whether fenretinide inhibits vitamin A synthesis in mammals, however, remains unknown. The goal of this study was to determine if the inhibition of BCO1 by fenretinide affects vitamin A formation in mice fed β-carotene. Our results show that wild-type mice treated with fenretinide for ten days had a reduction in tissue vitamin A stores accompanied by a two-fold increase in β-carotene in plasma (P < 0.01) and several tissues. These effects persisted in RBP4-deficient mice and were independent of changes in intestinal β-carotene absorption, suggesting that fenretinide inhibits vitamin A synthesis in mice. Using Bco1−/− and Bco2−/− mice we also show that fenretinide regulates intestinal carotenoid and vitamin E uptake by activating vitamin A signaling during short-term vitamin A deficiency. This study provides a deeper understanding of the impact of fenretinide on vitamin A, carotenoid, and vitamin E homeostasis, which is crucial for the pharmacological utilization of this retinoid.