Background and Purpose: Posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a prevalent complication of brain trauma. Current anti-epileptic drugs available do not have satisfactory response to PTE. It is of desperate need to explore novel therapeutic approaches for curing PTE. Our prior work revealed that ferroptosis, a recently discovered mode of cell death, occurs in rodent model of PTE. In the present study, we aimed to further investigate the effect of ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), a specific ferroptosis inhibitor, on seizure behavior and cognitive deficit in a mouse model of PTE. Experimental approach: The preparation of PTE was performed by stereotaxical injection in the somatosensory cortex region of 50 mM FeCl3. Seizure activity was assessed via Racine scoring and electroencephalogram analysis. PTE-related cognitive function was evaluated by novel object recognition and Morris water maze tests. Ferroptosis-related indices including glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and protein expressions of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) were detected using a commercial kit and immunofluorescence, respectively. Key Results: It was found that treatment with Fer-1 significantly exerted protective effects against acute seizure and memory decline, although no evident effect on epileptic progression. Fer-1 also exhibited good tolerability and safety as we observed that it hardly influenced the body weight. Furthermore, it was noted that administration of Fer-1 suppressed ferroptosis-related indices including GPx activity and protein expressions of 4-HNE in hippocampus. Conclusion and Implications: These data altogether indicate that Fer-1 has potent therapeutic effects against seizures and cognitive impairment following PTE-induced brain insult. Fer-1 may act as a promising drug for curing PTE patients.

Background Wearing face shields and masks, which used to have very limited public use before the Covid-19 outbreak, has been highly recommended by organizations, such as CDC and WHO, during this pandemic period. The aim of this prospective study is to scrutinize the dynamic changes in vital parameters, change in end tidal CO2 levels, the relationship of these changes with taking a break, and the subjective complaints caused by respiratory protection while healthcare providers are performing their duties with the N95 mask. Methods The prospective cohort included 54 healthcare workers (doctors, nurses, paramedics) who worked in the respiratory unit of the emergency department (ED), performed their duties by wearing valved N95 masks, face shields. The vital parameters and end-tidal CO2 levels were measured at 0-4th-5th-and 9th hours of the work-shift. Results Only the decrease in diastolic BP between 0-9 hours was statistically significant (p=0.038). Besides, MAP values indicated a significant decrease between 0-9 hours and 5-9 hours (p= 0.024 and p=0.049, respectively). In terms of the vital parameters of the subjects working with and without breaks, only PETCO2 levels of those working uninterruptedly increased significantly at the 4th hour in comparison to the beginning-of-shift baseline levels (p=0.003). Conclusion Although the decrease in SBP and MAP values is assumed to be caused by increased fatigue due to workload and work pace as well as increase in muscle activity, the increase in PETCO2 levels in the ED healthcare staff working with no breaks between 0-4 hours should be noted in terms of PPE-induced hypoventilation.

Abstract Objective: YouTube is one of the most visited social media websites in the world with a huge database. It is used frequently for information on diseases and symptoms. The purpose of this study is to analyze the content and reliability of the content of videos about vertigo on YouTube. Methods: A search was made on youtube using the keyword “vertigo”. After the exclusion of 81 videos, the remaining 69 videos were analyzed by two independent reviewers. Video demographics, content of videos, quality of content and reliability of information were evaluated using total content scoring (TCS), Global Quality Scale (GQS) and modified DISCERN for each video. A 9-point scale was used to assess the content of videos and the videos were classified as high- and low-content according to this scale. Results: Fourty six (66.7%) of the videos were included in the low-content group, while 23 (33.3%) were included in the high-content group. The mean TCS, GQS and modified DISCERN scores of the videos were 3.42, 2.48 and 2.09, respectively. There were significant positive correlations between GQS and total content score (r=0.873, p<0.001), between modified DISCERN and total content score (r=0.883, p<0.001) and between modified DISCERN and GQS (r=0.900, p<0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study show that the videos about vertigo currently featured on YouTube do not contain enough informational content. Most of the videos focus on maneuvers, and diagnosed patients may be advised to watch certain videos to learn how to perform the maneuvers.

Background: In previous study, we confirmed that the miR-130a-5p/Foxa2 axis regulates fetal lung development in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). We also showed that miR-130a-5p and Foxa2 in lung tissues were localized to the epithelial cells. However, the biological functions of the miR-130a-5p/Foxa2 axis in pulmonary epithelial cells have yet to be fully elucidated. In the present study, we focused on the effect of the miR-130a-5p/Foxa2 axis on the proliferation and apoptosis of pulmonary epithelial cells and explored the mechanisms underlying these processes. Methods: We investigated the roles of miR-130a-5p and Foxa2 with regards to cell viability and apoptosis, by transfecting miR-130a-5p mimics/inhibitors, and Foxa2 overexpressed lentivirus/siRNA, into BEAS-2B cells. We also conducted the CCK-8 assay, EdU staining, and flow cytometry. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-Seq) and ChIP-PCR were applied to study the molecular mechanism of miR-130a-5p/Foxa2 axis affecting the the biological properties of pulmonary epithelial cells. Results: We found that the upregulation of miR-130a-5p suppressed cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis, while the downregulation of miR-130a-5p had the opposite effects. Upregulation of the direct target gene of miR-130a-5p, Foxa2, was able to rescue the effects of miR-130a-5p in Human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells. Chip-seq and Chip-PCR assays identified potential transcription factor functions for Foxa2; Gli3 and Eya3 were identified as binding sites for Foxa2, and the potential mechanism required our further study. Conclusions: The results showed that miR-130a-5p/Foxa2 axis played an important role in the epigenetic modification of pulmonary epithelial cells, and our current findings provided a potential mechanism for lung branching morphogenesis.

Introduction There is limited data available that describe the pattern of change in severity of airway obstruction and treatment requirements of infants with Robin sequence (RS). Methods We undertook retrospective review of 3 infants with RS and severe OSA who were treated with CPAP in early infancy. All were managed at the Children’s Hospital at Westmead. Interval CPAP pressure requirements, sleep screening studies and PSG data were reviewed and obstructive apnoea-hypopnea index (OAHI), oxygen desaturation index (ODI), along with percentage of time <90% oxygen saturation were obtained. Results: For two patients, an early increase in CPAP pressure was observed with peak pressure reached at 5 weeks and 7 weeks, respectively, followed by reduction of pressure requirements and cessation of therapy at age 39 weeks for Patient 1 & 74 weeks for Patient 2. By way of contrast, the clinical course of a 3rd patient included jaw distraction at 17 weeks age, time off CPAP, a requirement to recommence CPAP at 21 weeks, and trials of other therapy, but treatment was eventually ceased at 75 weeks. Apnoea indices on PSG did not reflect the CPAP pressure requirements for any of the infants. Conclusions: Our data suggests a trend toward early increases in CPAP pressure requirements in typical infants with RS, before a decrease and cessation later in infancy. The rate at which this occurs may reflect the underlying severity of obstruction. Further research could help confirm this pattern. KEYWORDS Robin sequence, OSA, CPAP, polysomnography, OAHI, ODI, jaw distraction

Purpose: To investigate the clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of metastatic and recurrent retinoblastoma in patients with stable primary tumors. Methods: Clinical data were reviewed for nine patients (two boys and seven girls; median age, 23 months) with stable primary tumors who exhibited metastatic and recurrent retinoblastoma. All patients were treated in the Pediatrics Department of our hospital in the past 5 years. The clinical characteristics, treatment methods, and patient prognoses were recorded. Results: Of the nine patients, three had binocular disease and six had monocular disease (n=12 eyes in this study). The median interval between the end of initial treatment and onset of recurrence was 12 months (range, 3–96 months). Of the nine patients, primary tumors were proved to be stable, seven had bone metastasis, five had lymph node metastasis, two had parotid gland involvement, and three had bone marrow infiltration. At the end of the study period, one patient was lost to follow-up, one patient died, seven patients were alive and three of them were in complete remission and survived disease-free until the end of follow-up. In December 2020, the median overall survival after onset was 32.0 months (range, 18–155 months); the median overall survival after recurrence was 18.0 months (range, 5–34 months). Conclusions: Recurrent and metastatic retinoblastomas are uncommon and easily misdiagnosed at an early stage in patients with stable primary tumors. These cancers can be effectively treated using systemic intravenous chemotherapy combined with surgery, radiotherapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Extensive immune response associated inflammation is the major reason for the pathological outcome of COVID-19 infection. Infliximab is an anti tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) drug that is used to reduce inflammation through TNF-α inhibition. Inhibition of main inflammatory cytokine such as TNF-α may has a potential effect in COVID-19 treatment. Here, we report the clinical outcome associated with Infliximab treatment in a 65-year-old woman with confirmed COVID-19 infection. Infliximab therapy was started on day 9th, patient demonstrated clinical improvement and recovery from COVID-19. Our findings suggest that the association of TNF-α inhibition and clinical management together contributes to COVID-19 patient survival.

Aims. Some quality indicators of proper health care in patients with colorectal cancer have been established. Our goal was to evaluate the outcomes of performing certain procedures or treatments, included as quality indicators, in the follow-up of colorectal cancer patients. Methods. This was a prospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer who underwent surgery and were followed at 1, 2, 3 and 5 years. CT scanning, colonoscopy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy were evaluated in relation to various clinical outcomes and PROM changes over five years. Multivariable generalized linear mixed models were used to evaluate their effect on mortality, complications, recurrence, and PROM changes (HAD, EQ-5D, EORTC-Q30) at the next follow-up. Results. CT scanning or colonoscopy was related to a decrease in the risk of dying, while chemotherapy at a specified moment was related to an increased risk. In the case of recurrence, CT scanning and chemotherapy showed statistically increased the risk, while all the procedures and treatments influenced complications. Regarding PROM scales, CT scanning, colonoscopy and radiotherapy showed statistically significant results with respect to an increase in anxiety and decrease in quality of life measured by the EORTC. However, undergoing radiotherapy at a specified moment increased depression levels, and overall, receiving radiotherapy decreased the quality of life of the patients, as measured by the EuroQol-5d. Conclusions. After adjustment for sociodemographic factors, comorbidities and severity of the disease, performing certain quality indicators of proper health care in patients with colorectal cancer was related to less mortality but higher adverse outcomes.

Background: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), an immune-mediated form of diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD), is triggered by inhalation of a wide variety of allergens in susceptible individuals. Several studies suggest that the death rate associated with this disease has increased significantly in recent years. This meta-analysis investigates the significant clinico-radiological characteristics which may be appraised as potential risk factors associated with disease mortality. Methods: Extensive literature search was conducted for original articles published between 1st January 2009 and 30th April 2021 through PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library using the keywords: “hypersensitivity pneumonitis”, “hazard ratio” and “mortality”. Results: A total of 21 independent studies related to mortality of HP subjects could be identified. The combined results of univariate and multivariate analysis suggest that older age [univariate odds ratio (OR): 1.038; multivariate OR: 1.036], male subjects [univariate OR: 1.508; multivariate OR: 1.396], honeycombing [univariate OR: 1.086; multivariate OR: 1.121] and traction bronchiectasis [univariate OR: 1.141; multivariate OR: 1.107] are significantly associated with mortality risk of HP subjects. Further, forced vital capacity, diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, ground glass opacity and mosaic attenuation were associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality. Although smoking status correlated with mortality risk, the findings appeared to be insignificant. Conclusion: Individual male subjects with older age and presence of extensive fibrosis, i.e., honeycombing and traction bronchiectasis experience an increased mortality risk. Additional observational and interventional studies are required to validate the findings and to identify extent of the risk factors and their association with disease mortality.

The aim of this study is to construct a clinical distinction model to help determine the type of influenza by analyzing the clinical characteristics and hematological indicators of influenza patients during the influenza season. Demographic characteristics and clinical data of 726 influenza patients aged 7 years and older from September 2018 to July 2019 were collected, and logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the impact of different clinical manifestations and hematological examination indicators on the determination of the value of the flu type. The common clinical manifestations of influenza patients were fever (99.2%), pharyngeal congestion (97.1%), cough (80.4%), sore throat (57.2%), muscle aches (48.8%), and runny nose (45.2%). Those with onset of illness were 19-49 years of age (OR= 0.335, 95% CI: 0.196-0.573), nasal congestion (OR= 0.566, 95% CI: 0.349-0.919), and fever for more than 3 days (OR= 0.368, 95% CI: 0.214-0.632) tend to diagnosed as influenza B, while those with symptoms of cough (OR=2.119, 95% CI: 1.322-3.389), headache (OR=1.834, 95% CI: 1.157-2.908), muscle pain (OR=1.811, 95% CI: 1.139-2.880), and blood CPR>8mg/L (OR=2.315, 95%CI: 1.501-3.589) and the percentage of neutrophils >70% (OR=2.361, 95%CI: 1.171-4.759) are prone to have influenza A. Combining clinical manifestations and laboratory findings, we plotted a nomogram by lasso regression. The distinction model was discriminated using a C-index（0.765,95% CI 0.716-0.819) and an AUC value (0.772,95% CI 0.696-0.848), showing good prognostic accuracy and clinical applicability. This distinction model can distinguish well between the types of influenza,which can provide assistance in early treatment and prognosis of influenza.

Purpose To investigate the relationship between laboratory blood parameters and ocular findings in hospitalized moderate or severe COVID-19 patients. Methods Ophthalmologic examination of 215 patients who were hospitalized with the diagnosis of COVID-19 was performed in their beds and their ocular findings were noted. Blood parameters were compared in patients with and without conjunctivitis like symptoms. Results Conjunctivitis like inflammatory findings were detected in 15 (7.44%) of 215 moderate or severe COVID-19 patients. There was no difference between the patients with and without ocular findings in terms of laboratory findings such as WBCs, neutrophil counts, lymphocyte counts, NLR, LDH, procalcitonin, D-dimer, CRP, and ferritin. Conclusion There was a significant relationship between COVID-19 and an acute conjunctival inflammatory response. Blood parameters that determined progression in patients with COVID-19 were not significant in terms of ocular findings.

Aim and objectives: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) can affect the menstrual cycle and menstrual volume. We aimed to examine the changes in menstrual symptoms of women who had recovered from COVID-19 and determine the factors affecting these changes. Methods: A questionnaire, prepared using Google Forms, was completed online in May 18-31, 2021 by 180 women (26.08±6.62 years) who had recovered from COVID-19. Menstrual symptoms, menstrual pain severity, fatigue severity and anxiety levels of the participants were assessed with Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire (MSQ), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS), respectively. Results: Post-COVID-19 individuals’ MSQ total scores and subgroup scores, FSS scores and menstrual pain showed a statistically significant increase compared to pre-COVID-19 (p < 0.001 for all). Multiple linear regression analysis identified age at menarche and change in FSS and VAS scores as significant contributors to 38.4% of the variance explained in the significant regression for change in MSQ score (F (3.176) = 38.23, p < 0.001). Individuals with prolonged fatigue, muscle–joint pain and dyspnea symptoms showed increased MSQ total scores (p = 0.006, p = 0.009, p = 0.046 respectively) and negative effects/somatic complaints subgroup scores (p = 0.004, p = 0.002, p = 0.017 respectively). Also, individuals with prolonged gastrointestinal symptoms showed increased pain symptoms (p = 0.029) and coping methods subgroup scores (p = 0.002), while those with prolonged muscle and joint pain showed increased coping methods (p = 0.022) subgroup scores. Conclusion: In this study, we observed worsened menstrual symptoms, fatigue, and menstrual pain severity in women recovered from COVID-19. In addition, age at menarche and fatigue and menstrual pain scores differences after COVID-19 were determiners of the changes in menstrual symptoms. Menstrual symptoms were more severe in women who have prolonged fatigue, dyspnea, muscle–joint pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms.

Introduction: Bone marrow (BM) has been used as the source of stem cells for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. However, peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) for allogeneic HSCT have gained more popularity after the recent use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) for mobilization. Adult studies of the BM product mobilized using G-CSF (G-BM) have shown faster white blood cell engraftment, similar to that produced by PBSC, however, with less acute and chronic graft versus host disease disease. Methods: In order to increase the CD34 cell content of the bone marrow product, three different G-CSFs were used: biosimilar filgrastim (Leucostim®) (n=29), original filgrastim (Neupogen®) (n=30), and lenograstim (Granocyte®) (n=30). These G-CSFs were compared with one another and with the control group (n=30). The data obtained with the products collected from the BM of healthy donors in the control group and those who received G-CSF were analyzed. All donors were administered G-CSF 10 µg/kg daily at least 24 hours before BM harvesting. Results: In terms of the amount of CD34/UL per microliter BM harvesting, the group receiving Lenograstim (Granocyte®) was found to have a statistically significant higher CD34/UL value compared to the other groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the median CD34/UL values across the control, filgrastim and biosimilar-filgrastim groups. Biosimilar filgrastim (Leucostim®), original filgrastim (Neupogen®) and lenograstim (Granocyte®) can be safely used for BM CD34 cell mobilization in donors of patients undergoing allo-HSCT. Conclusion: Considering the amount of CD34/UL collected in the product, Lenograstim (Granocyte®) should be more preferable.

The B.1.617.2 known as Delta-variant harbored diverse Spike-mutations. It is more transmissible than other (wild/D614G/N501Y) with developed immune-evasion mechanism. Currently, the binding-affinity of these variant spikes with human lung-ACE2 was evaluated aiming at some preventive/therapeutic strategies. Structure of spike-variants were retrieved from PDB/GISAID and used for homology-modeling (SWISS-MODEL). Different combination of spike-ACE2 binding 1:1 or competitive blind-docking was performed using Haddock2.4 web-server. After screening, two cut-segments (84 amino-acid of wild-spike, 432-516 Cut1 and Cut2, an in-silico desired-mutation T500S in Cut1) were tested (Swiss-model Expasy-server) as blocker/inhibitor of spike-variants (PyMOL-V2.2.2). Results explored the molecular-basis and energetic of Delta binding-affinity to ACE2 is far more than others. The numbers of H-bonding with their average-length, bonding-energy, Van-Der-Walls energy, Haddock-score were highly favorable for more stable-binding of Delta-RBD. The Ramachandran-plot (Zlab/UMassMed Bioinfo) data supports a post-binding stable structural-complex. The best Haddock scores of -120.8 +/- 2.6 were observed for Delta with Van-Der-Walls and electrostatic-energy of -62.9 and -208.7, respectively with highest binding-affinity (ΔG) of -10.7 kcal/mol. Its THR500 and GLN506 strongly bind with ACE2 LYS353. The Delta-ACE2 complex showed 5 H-bond (1.7Å-2.8Å) interactions. The Cut1 and its mutant T500S; Cut2 completely blocked Delta-spike binding to ACE2 with ΔG -8.4 and -10.6 kcal/mol, respectively. But during competition between 2 Cuts, Cut1 showed better results. Bioinformatics/molecular-modeling is an emerging field for screening of some drug/therapeutic targets from numerous options minimizing time and expenses. Present data unraveled the molecular-basis of higher affinity of Delta-spike to ACE2 and its therapeutic-strategies. Laboratory experimental outcome will help for further validation.

Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection often associated with osteoarticular involvement. In the current report, we described a case of brucellosis-induced avascular necrosis (AVN) of the hip. A 28-year-old rural female with a chief complaint of right lower limb claudication for two weeks was admitted into the infectious disease ward. She was diagnosed with brucellosis one month ago, for which she received standard medications. Her brucellosis was confirmed via serological tests, i.e., Wright’s test, 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME), and Coombs Wright. Because of her right lower limb claudication and reduced range of motion in the right hip joint, pelvic radiography was performed, indicating AVN. Then, this clinical suspicion was further confirmed by ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the hip. Because of the unreversible damage to the head of her right femur, a total hip replacement surgery was suggested for this patient after consultation with an orthopedic surgeon. Then, she was discharged from the hospital after her arthralgia had improved, and she could walk without aid. Brucellosis is considered a thousand face infection due to its long-lasting side effects. Therefore, in endemic regions, more attention should be paid to suspected cases of brucellosis for any diagnosing and treating any common or uncommon complications.

Background and Purpose: Phenylephrine is regarded as a canonical α1-adrenoceptor selective agonist that acts directly on the receptor. However, in preclinical experiments and clinical trials, several unexpected effects of phenylephrine has been observed that could not be easily explained by acting on α1- but instead seemed to be mediated by α2- and β-adrenoceptors. In our earlier study we have observed that phenylephrine is able to release noradrenaline. In this study we compared its effects on NA release and α1-mediated smooth muscle contractions. Experimental Approach: The isolated vas deferens is one of the most useful ex vivo preparations for studying sympathetic neurochemical transmission. Smooth muscle isometric contractions and the release of [3H]noradrenaline were measured in response to phenylephrine administration. Key Results: Phenylephrine in a concentration between 0.3 and 30 µM significantly enhanced the resting release of [3H]noradrenaline in a [Ca2+]-independent manner. While the release of NA evoked by phenylephrine was not reduced by prazosin, both the initial and secondary tonic phases of phenylephrine-evoked contractions were subjected to α1-adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition. When NA transporter was attenuated by nisoxetine, both noradrenaline release and contractions in response to phenylephrine were inhibited. Conclusions and Implications: Phenylephrine, as a substrate of noradrenaline transporter reverses its function and results in an increase of resting, nonvesicular release of noradrenaline. The fact that its α1-mediated contractile effects on smooth muscle were attenuated by the inhibition of transporter activity indicates that its action on smooth muscle is indirect due to NA being released from the cytoplasm of the sympathetic nerve terminals.

Background and Purpose Inflammatory processes induced by leukocytes are crucially involved in the pathophysiology of acute ischemic stroke. This study aimed to elucidate the inflammatory mechanism of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) H19-mediated regulation of C1QTNF6 by sponging miR-29b in leukocytes during ischemic stroke. Experimental Approach H19 and miR-29b expression in leukocytes of patients with ischemic stroke and middle cerebral artery occlusion rats was measured through real-time PCR. Moreover, we performed in vivo and in vitro experiments to determine the impact of H19 and miR-29b on C1QTNF6 expression in leukocytes after ischemic injury. Key Results There was H19 and C1QTNF6 upregulation, as well as miR-29b downregulation, in neutrophils of patients with stroke. Moreover, miR-29b could bind C1QTNF6 mRNA to repress its expression while H19 could sponge miR-29b to maintain C1QTNF6 expression. Moreover, C1QTNF6 overexpression promoted the release of IL-1β and TNF-α in leukocytes and further exacerbates blood-brain barrier disruption. Conclusion and Implications Our findings confirm the inflammation-modulatory effect of the H19/miR-29b/C1QTNF6 axis on cerebral ischemic injury.

Objective This study aimed to determine the impacted status of families with a child diagnosed with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus of this disease and the influencing factors using the Diabetes Family Impact Scale (DFIS). Material and Methods The population of our study, which is a descriptive cross-sectional type, consists of the parents of 289 school-aged children diagnosed with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and followed for at least one year in the Department of Pediatric Endocrinology of Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine (SCUFM). The study questionnaire was completed in a face-to-face interview with the parents of 121 of the 289 children who volunteered to participate in the study. The first 21 questions of the research questionnaire were related to sociodemographic data, and the following 14 questions, which included some characteristics of the disease, were related to the Diabetes Family Impact Scale (DFIS). Results The mean DFIS scale score of the participants was 14.6±10.8. In our study, the mean DFIS scale score and the mean scores of the School and Work subscales were significantly higher in families with a child who had a high mean HbA1c and had been hospitalized for diabetes in the last 1 year. It was also found that the DFIS scale score was significantly higher in low-income families than in high-income families. While there was a negative correlation between the DFIS scale score and the child’s age with type 1 DM, the mother’s age, there was a positive correlation between the DFIS scale score and the HBA1c values. Conclusion Our study is the first known study conducted in our country using the DFIS scale. Its most important finding is the increase in DFIS scale score in children with type 1 DM, who have high HbA1c average and are younger.

CH4@C60 was the first example an organic molecule has been embedded in C60, and by far the largest molecule. CH4 can rotate freely in the molecular cage, and the carbon skeleton structure of the C60 has no obvious deformation. The electronic structure of CH4@C60 and interaction between C60 and CH4 were studied using quantum mechanical calculation method. The different reaction sites on C-C bonds in C60 and the weak Van der Walls interaction between CH4 and C60 were shown clearly. These results and the orbital interaction between CH4 and C60 were helpful for understanding and further application of this unique biggest organic molecule CH4 contained in C60 structure so far.

In this work, the interfacial effect on the air resistance of the expanded polytetrafluoroethylene/polyphenylene sulfide (ePTFE/PPS) composite membrane was investigated experimentally and by numerical simulation. PPS fiber melting-caused diffusion, porosity reduction in laminating process, and turbulence effect of sudden changed airflow direction are confirmed to be the primary causes of the additional resistance, which occupy more than 40% of the total resistance. To eliminate the influence of PPS fiber melting-induced pore blocking in laminating process, the model modification parameter c and air permeability effective coefficient (σ) were introduced based on a digital image processing technology. A mathematical model was then established to predict and optimize the composite membrane. The predictions from the theoretical calculation were quantitatively in good agreement with the experimental measurements. It was found that profiled fiber with smaller intersection angle and diameter ratio can effectively decrease ~86% of IIR.

The rate of change of jerk or the second derivative of acceleration with respect to time has been called snap or jounce. Snap is an important topic that has many applications in mechanics, acoustics and is used to explain the universe's different phenomena. The main purpose of this paper is to study the snap vector in planar and space motion. For the planar motion, the snap vector is resolved into tangential-normal and radial-transverse components. The oscillation of a simple pendulum and central force proportional to distance are chosen as models for the plane motion to show the several geometric properties of the snap vector. Furthermore, we consider a particle moving in the three-dimensional Euclidean space and resolve its snap vector along the tangential direction, the radial direction in the osculating plane, and the other radial direction in the rectifying plane, respectively. The motion of an electron under a constant magnetic field and the motion of a particle along a logarithmic spiral curve are chosen as models for the three-dimensional motion to show the several geometric properties of the snap vector.

Background Neutropenic enterocolitis (NEC) is a dreaded complication of chemotherapy. There is scant literature regarding incidence, clinical features, and determinants. The understanding of gut dysbiosis in NEC and pediatric cancer is evolving. Methods Pediatric cancer patients with neutropenia and gastrointestinal symptoms were evaluated for NEC with CECT abdomen. Clinical, imaging, and laboratory features were analysed. Fecal samples were analysed for fecal calprotectin by sandwich ELISA and gut microbiota by conventional culture and compared with healthy controls and children without NEC. Results NEC was diagnosed in 44 children based on clinical and imaging features with incidence of 7.4% (Four had recurrent episodes). Common manifestations included fever(98%), pain abdomen(88%), and diarrhoea(83%). Hypoalbuminemia was observed in 78% patients. Large bowel involvement(94%) with diffuse bowel involvement(63%) and pancolitis(64%) were common. Fecal calprotectin was significantly elevated in NEC group than non-NEC group and healthy controls (median 87, 53, and 42 µg/g respectively). Higher degree of gut dysbiosis was observed in children with NEC with higher isolation of Bacteroides and infrequent isolation of Lactobacilli.. Mortality rate of 23% was observed. Only presence of free fluid predicted higher mortality. Though levels of fecal calprotectin and gut dysbiosis were higher in NEC, they didn’t increase mortality. Isolation of Bacteroides and absence of Lactobacilli predicted longer duration of intravenous alimentation. Conclusion NEC caused significant morbidity and mortality in pediatric cancer patients. Gut dysbiosis was significantly higher in NEC group suggesting role in pathogenesis and influencing outcome. This highlights role of targeted interventions towards gut dysbiosis like prebiotics and probiotics.

Human pluripotent stem cell -derived kidney organoids may contribute to disease modeling and generation of kidney replacement tissues. However, realization of such applications requires the induction of hPSCs into functional mature organoids. One of the key questions for this process is whether a specific vascular system exists for nephrogenesis. Our previous study showed that implantation of hPSC-derived organoids below the kidney capsules of unilaterally nephrectomized mice for 2 weeks resulted in the enlargement of organoids and production of vascular cells, although signs of maturation were lacking. In this study, organoids are induced in vitro during 15 days and then sub-capsularly grafted into kidneys, we used the same mice model to examine whether a 4 weeks implantation could improve organoid maturation and vascularization, as evaluated by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. We demonstrate that after 2--4 weeks implantation, implanted renal organoids can form host-derived vascularization and mature in the absence of any exogenous vascular endothelial growth factor. Glomerular filtration barrier maturation was evidenced by glomerular basement membrane deposition, perforated glomerular endothelial cell development, as well as apical to basal podocyte polarization. A polarized monolayer epithelium and extensive brush border were also observed for tubular epithelial cells. Our results indicate that the in vivo microenvironment is important for the maturation of human kidney organoids. However, stromal expansion and a reduction of nephron structures were observed following 12 weeks implantation, suggesting effects on off-target cells during the induction process. Accordingly, induction efficiency and transplantation models should be improved in the future

Background: Health professionals who have direct contact with patients, provide primary care, and have the longest contact time are nurses. The pandemic caused by Covid-19, a virus with high mortality, high spreading rate, and no precise treatment, causes anxiety and fear in nurses. This study aimed to evaluate the anxiety and experience of the nurses who care for patients diagnosed with Covid-19. Material and Methods: This study was carried out based on cross-sectional research principles. The study was conducted between April 1 and May 30, 2020, with 327 nurses providing care to the hospitalized patients diagnosed with Covid-19. Results: The nurses stated that 70.6% of them had increased anxiety, and 51.1% of the nurses indicated that they were concerned about transmitting this disease to themselves while giving care to the patient diagnosed with Covid-19. Approximately half of the nurses (49.5%) stated that they needed psychological support. Conclusion: Nursing is a profession with long working hours, very stressful working environment, work in high-risk environments due to potential risk factors (bacteria, virus and radiation) and the shift system in hospitals. Having long working hours is a risky situation for mental health. Mental health problems are more common in nurse and thus, they need psychological support. Similarly, our study revealed that the nurses who work long hours, have night shift and experience changes in sleep patterns need psychological support. Nurses experience problems such as impaired sleep patterns, increased anxiety levels, and increased fear and anxiety about transmitting the virus to themselves, their families, loved ones, friends, and colleagues. To ensure that nurses cope with these problems and work efficiently during the Covid-19 pandemic process.