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In recent years, mRNA-vaccine technology has seen significant advances in the prophylaxis against many diseases. Today, after the emergence of COVID-19 and the use of mRNA vaccines as prophylactic vaccines to prevent the spread of the disease and control the pandemic, data collected over the last 2 years has shown that the mRNA vaccine will become a leading technology as it is potent, inexpensive, rapidly developed and safe. This review will present an overview of mRNA vaccines and give an update related to their safety and efficacy against COVID-19.

The recognized potential of using mitogenomics in phylogenetics and the more accessible use of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) offer an opportunity to investigate groups of neglected organisms. Here, we leveraged HTS to execute the most comprehensive documentation of mitogenomes for cestodes based on the number of terminals sequenced. We adopted modern approaches to obtain the complete mitogenome sequences of 86 specimens representing five orders of cestodes (three reported for the first time: Phyllobothriidea, “Tetraphyllidea” and Trypanorhyncha). The complete mitogenomes provided represent an increase of 41% of the mitogenomes available for cestodes (61 to 147) and an addition of 33% in the representativeness of the cestode orders. The complete mitochondrial genomes are conserved, circular, encoded in the same strand, and transcribed in the same direction, following the pattern observed previously for tapeworms. Their length varies from 13,369–13,795 bp, containing 36 genes in total. Except for the Trypanorhyncha specimen, the gene order of the other four cestode orders sequenced here suggests that it could be a synapomorphy for the acetabulate group (with a reversion for taenids). Our results also suggest that no single gene should be used as a molecular marker alone since none of them could tell all the evolutionary history in the mitogenome and that cestodes phylogenies should be improved with phylogenetic analysis conducted under a total evidence framework. The characterization of the new mitochondrial genomes is the first step to provide a valuable resource for future studies on the evolutionary relationships of these groups of parasites.

Background: Series on radiotherapy (RT) practice in pediatric malignancies are limited in India as only few centers practice pediatric RT, particularly under anesthesia. We aimed to study the clinical profile of pediatric cancer patients treated with RT and to assess various aspects of pediatric RT under anaesthesia. Procedure: The data was prospectively maintained in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. Pediatric cancer patients aged 0–14 years, registered in the department between February 1, 2019, and July 30, 2021were analyzed. Results: A total of 193 pediatric cancer patients (non central nervous system) received radiation during above mentioned period. Median age at presentation was 5.2 years (range, 9 months to 14 years) with a male to female ratio of 1.8:1. Maximum population was in 0-4 years of age group (52.8%) followed by 5-9 years (29.5%) and ≥ 10 years (17.6%). Most common sites for RT included bone and soft tissue tumors (BST), retinoblastoma, wilms tumor, neuroblastoma, and hematological malignancies. Overall, BST constituted the most common malignancy among all age groups, followed by renal tumors in the 0-4 years and hematological malignancies in 5-14 years. One hundred and seventy-nine (92.7%) patients received RT with curative intent, while 14 (7.3%) patients received palliative RT. Thirty patients needed anaesthesia for RT. Thirty-four patients required RT interruption due to toxicities with a median gap of 7 days. Conclusions: RT is an important aspect of multi-disciplinary care in pediatric cancers. Establishing burden of pediatric cancer patients in RT department may help in resource development and prioritisation.

The rose-grain aphid Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is one of the most important aphid pests for cereals worldwide. Some studies have examined the biological and ecological characteristics of M. dirhodum. However, the lack of genomic data limits in-depth studies of this organism. Here, we present a chromosome-level genome assembly of M. dirhodum using PacBio long HiFi reads and Hi-C technology. The final genome assembly is 447.8 Mb, with 98.50% of the assembled sequences anchored to nine chromosomes. The contig and scaffold N50 values are 7.82 Mb and 37.54 Mb, respectively. A total of 18,003 protein-coding genes were predicted, of which 92.05% were functionally annotated. Comparative transcriptomic analyses identified a number of genes that might be related to wing dimorphism, including the insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate, forkhead box protein O (Foxo), and ecdysone receptor. These results may provide an important reference for understanding the ecology, genetics, and evolution of this organism or even other aphid insects.

Background Citation data refers to quantitative measures of scientific impact using published articles and citations to measure their impact. Glioblastoma is the most frequent primary malignant brain neoplasm. Novel 5 Aminolevulinic acid, leads to an accumulation of protoporphyrin IX and fluorescence detection equipment has been adjusted to a standard surgical microscope. The aim of this manuscript is a bibliometric analysis of the most influential authors and manuscripts of the published data on glioblastoma using 5-ALA. Methods Web of Science was accessed in June of 2021 for citations of articles on glioblastoma and 5-ALA. There was no time limit for the search and all articles found were included. Our main key word was “glioblastoma” AND “5-ALA” AND “5-Aminolevulinic acid” were found using the MeSH term. We used bibliometrix, an R package for quantitative research in bibliometrics. Results A total of 221 manuscripts were found. The average number of publications per year is 5.81 and per document is 26.01. Articles (168), book chapters (2), conference papers (10), editorials (2), erratum (2), letters (1), review (34) and short survey (2) were the document types. The top 5 journals are Journal of Neuro-Oncology, Journal of Neurosurgery and Acta Neurochirurgica, Neurosurgery and World Neurosurgery. Conclusion This study includes quantitative and qualitative analysis of the top leading journals, most referenced published articles, and most significant authors in 5-ALA glioma resection publications up to June 2021. This will aid in creating evidence-based reports of glioma surgery with 5-ALA.

A primary aim in conservation is to either bolster threatened populations or eradicate invasive ones. Classical elasticity analysis suggests the survival of long-lived adults will have the largest impact on changing population growth, but this result relies on a linear approximation. In reality, the population growth response to perturbing a single demographic rate is nonlinear. We applied exact perturbation analyses to a large database of plant matrix population models in a meta-analysis to determine when and under what conditions population growth may be ‘stabilized’. We found this relationship to be strongly nonlinear, making standard methodology misleading. The vital rate change required for population replacement (λ = 1) is more biased and more likely to fail when mitigating decline as opposed to controlling population expansion. However, these biases and conservation deficits are structured among vital rates and life history strategies. The patterns we describe provide guidance not only for when to expect decits and bias, but also for deciding which vital rates may be most responsive to conservation interventions.

We report a rare case of a 27-year-old male who died of variceal bleeding secondary due to portal cavernoma secondary to multiple liver hydatidosis. Hepatic hydatid cyst should be considered as an indirect cause of gastrointestinal bleeding in endemic countries.

Objective To form the Evidence-based Core Information Guideline for Health Communication of Tobacco Control-the Effect of Smoking on Risks of Female Disease and reach a consensus based on Delphi method. Design A Delphi survey Setting The International Practice Guidelines Registry Platform (http: //www.guidelines-registry.org/.). The registration number is IPGRP-2020CN072. Sample 32 multidisciplinary experts including clinicians, nurses, health communication staff, methodologists, epidemiologists, pharmacists, health economics experts, audience representatives and government managers. Methods From May 2020 to March 2021, the preliminary studies of the guideline including collection and grade of evidence, survey of public preference and value, etc were completed. Then the Delphi survey involving panel of experts was undertaken to grade the strength of recommendation integrated with research evidence, clinical experience, patients’ value and preference in order. Results After two rounds of Delphi survey, 47 of 51 core information has reached a consensus (Consensus rate: 92.17%, 12 strong recommendations and 35 weak recommendations). The positive coefficients of experts are 100% (32/32) and 84.38% (27/32) respectively. The coefficient of variation (CV) of each core information is less than 0.35. Conclusion Evidence-based Core Information Guideline for Health Communication of Tobacco Control-the Effect of Smoking on Risks of Female Disease has good authority, representativeness and reliability, which will be of great significance to improve the effectiveness of health communication of tobacco control and provide structured suggestions for future guidelines research. Key words Tobacco control；Smoking；Smoking cessation；Health communication；Female disease; Delphi Technique

Developing 100% atomically economic reaction of direct amination cyclohexene with NH3 is important but challenging for the synthesis of cyclohexylamine. This work describes a novel strategy of employing HZSM-5 zeolites with mesomicro-pore architecture as a solid acid catalyst for this reaction. The mesoporous HZSM-5 compared to the referenced microporous ZSM-5 delivers outstanding catalytic activity, providing cyclohexylamine selectivity of 95.6% and 4.9% conversion at 9 MPa and 300 oC. The relationship of zeolite structure and catalytic activity is established by using multiple techniques, such as XRD, SEM, TEM, N2 adsorption-desorption, Py-FTIR and NH3-TPD. The pore structure and Brønsted-acid sites of zeolites played crucial roles in cyclohexene amination reaction Based on in situ FT-IR spectroscopy and DFT simulations, the adsorption of reactants and desorption of products, and molecular diffusion on the mesoporous HZSM-5 suggested that the accessible Brønsted acid sites in the 10-MR microporous channels are the factors controlling the catalytic process.

Beta 1,3-1,4 glucanase was purified 12.3-fold to homogeneity with a yield of 20.3% in two steps which comprised, ammonium sulfate precipitation and size exclusion chromatography. The molecular mass was determined to be 39 kDa. The isoelectric point and optimum pH were 4.5 and 5.0 and beta-glucanase at low pH was more stable than that at high pHs. The optimum temperature of beta-glucanase was 50°C and it was relatively stable at below 40°C for 60 min. The half-lives of the enzyme at 50°C and 70°C were 120 min and 29.5 min, respectively. The Km of the enzyme on beta-glucan was 5.1 mg/ml, and the Vm on beta-glucan was 52.1 µmol of glucose equivalents per mg of the protein per min. The purified enzyme was highly sensitive to Mn+2, but showed less sensitivity to other divalent ions. Results indicated that produced beta 1,3-1,4 glucanase with relatively good thermal stability and stability at low pH, might be used in industrial applications particularly in animal feed industry.

The human tissue-plasminogen activator (tPA) is a thrombolytic drug widely used in the treatment of stroke, pulmonary thrombosis, acute myocardial infarction, and other thrombotic diseases. The double gene co-integration into the organisms and cells can produce a synergistic effect, which can improve the expression level of the target gene. We selected the mammary gland-specific expression vectors BLC14/tPA and BLC14/GH with the β-lactoglobulin gene as a regulatory sequence in our previous research. The tPA and GH were co-transfected into goat mammary epithelial cells by electro-transfection. The results showed that the expression level of the tPA in single-gene cells was 8.0-64.0 μg/mL, while in double-gene cells was 200-7200 μg/mL, which was significantly higher than that in single-gene cells. In addition, the tPA also had a relatively strong in-vitro thrombolytic activity function determined by FAPA. The results showed that the goat mammary epithelial cell lines with the tPA/GH gene integration were successfully obtained by electro-transfection and it was proved that the expression level of the tPA in the double gene integration cell lines with the tPA/GH genes integration was significantly increased, which provided a new way for the preparation of highly expressed transgenic goat and other animals by somatic cell nuclear transfer, and also laid a foundation for the efficient production of pharmaceutical proteins in transgenic animal mammary gland reactors in the future.

The Maki-Thompson rumor model is defined by assuming that a population represented by a graph is subdivided into three classes of individuals; namely, ignorants, spreaders and stiflers. A spreader tells the rumor to any of its nearest ignorant neighbors at rate one. At the same rate, a spreader becomes a stifler after a contact with other nearest neighbor spreaders, or stiflers. In this work we study the model on random trees. As usual we define a critical parameter of the model as the critical value around which the rumor either becomes extinct almost-surely or survives with positive probability. We analyze the existence of phase-transition regarding the survival of the rumor, and we obtain estimates for the mean range of the rumor. The applicability of our results is illustrated with examples on random trees generated from some well-known discrete distributions.

Volatile isoprenoids regulate plant performance and atmospheric processes, and Amazon forests comprise the dominant source to the global atmosphere. Still, there is a poor understanding of how isoprenoid emission capacities vary in response to ecophysiological and environmental controls in Amazonian ecosystems. We measured isoprenoid emission capacities of Amazonian hyperdominant tree species—Protium hebetatum, Eschweilera grandiflora, Eschweilera coriacea — across seasons and along a topographic and edaphic environmental gradient in the central Amazon. From wet to dry season, both photosynthesis and isoprene emission capacities strongly declined, while emissions increased among the heavier isoprenoids—monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Plasticity across habitats was most evident in P. hebetatum, which emitted sesquiterpenes only in the dry season, at rates that significantly increased along the hydro-topographic gradient from white sands (shallow root water access) to upland (deep water table). We suggest that emission composition shifts are part of a plastic response to increasing abiotic stress (e.g., heat and drought) and reduced photosynthetic supply of substrates for isoprenoid synthesis. Our comprehensive measurements suggest that more emphasis should be placed on other isoprenoids besides isoprene in the context of abiotic stress responses. Shifting emission compositions have implications for atmospheric responses due to the strong variation in reactivity among isoprenoid compounds.

The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of introducing non-native fish species (Limnothrissa miodon, Oreochromis niloticus and Cherax quadricarinatus) have on ecosystem services of the Lake Kariba fishery. Three hundred and seventy-seven (377) respondents were picked randomly from the 3 strata (I, II and IV) of the lake and were interviewed using a questionnaire. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and interviews with headmen/women, experts, government leaders and processors/exporters were also done to strengthen and validate the results. Analysis of data was done by cross-tabulation using chi-square analysis using SPSS version 16. Microsoft Excel was used to produce outputs, which was done based on defined themes. Responses from FGD and key informants were analyzed using classical content analysis. The study revealed that although there has been an ecological impact on the Lake Kariba fishery, introduced non-native species have had a positive effect on ecosystem services through improved peoples’ livelihoods brought about by improved household food security, improved nutrition, employment creation and overall contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. Around 59.42% of the respondents showed an affirmative response that introduced non-native fish species have a positive response on their lives. It’s therefore concluded that despite the ecological effects, introduced species have a positive effect on livelihoods through improved food security, employment creation, income generation and overall contribution to Zambia’s GDP. Keywords: Non-native species, Ecosystem services, Oreochromis niloticus, Limnothrissa miodon, Cherax quadricarinatus, Ecosystem, Lake Kariba.

Demographic events such as series of bottlenecks impact the genetic variation and adaptive potential of populations. European megafauna, such as wild boars (Sus scrofa), have experienced severe climatic and size fluctuations that have shaped their genetic variation. Habitat fragmentation as well as human-mediated translocations have further contributed to the complex demographic history of European wild boar. Danish wild boars represent an extreme case of a small and isolated population founded by four wild boars from Germany. Here, we explore the genetic composition of the Danish wild boar population in Klelund. We genotyped all 21 Danish wild boars that were recently transferred from the source population in Lille Vildmose into the Klelund Plantation to establish a novel wild boar population. We compared the Danish wild boars to high‐density single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes from a comprehensive reference set of 1263 wild and domesticated pigs, including 11 individuals from Ulm, one of two presumed founder locations in Germany. Our findings support the European wild background of the Danish population and no traces of gene flow with wild or domesticated pigs were found. The narrow genetic origin of the Danish wild boars is illustrated by extremely long and frequent runs of homozygous stretches in their genomes, indicative of recent inbreeding. This study provides the first insights into one of the most inbred wild boar populations globally established a century ago from a narrow base of only four founders.

Introduction-Ganglioneuroma is the most common tumour of sympathetic nervous system in the adults.It is benign in its course with most common site of occurrence is in the posterior mediastinum and retroperitoneal region. It originates from the neural crest sympathogonia. Pelvic Ganglioneuromas usually mimic as ovarian masses.Here We report a patient operated with the diagnosis of ovarian tumor which had a pelvic ganglioneuroma.

Poor water stability is the main problem of commercialized Mn4+-doped fluorides for white light emitting diode (LED) application. This work proposes a surface engineering strategy to rebuild a Mn-free fluoride shell on the fluoride to effectively resist the destruction of water molecules. By simple processing using glyoxylic acid (GA) solution, the moisture resistance of the red-emitting fluorides can be significantly improved. The photoluminescence (PL) quantum efficiency (QE) the surface-engineered K2SiF6:Mn4+ (KSFM-GA) still maintain 98.43% after water immersion for 360 h, in sharp contrary to the untreated one (PLQE decreased to 59.79%). Additionally, PL intensity of hydrolysed KSFM can recover to 99.1% by treatment of the reducing GA solution. By using the high-stability KSFM-GA red phosphor, the as-fabricated high-performance warm-white-LED device can still maintain 84.6% in luminous efficacy, higher than that (79.6%) with untreated KSFM, after 500 hours of aging in a high temperature (85 oC) and high humidity (85%) environment.

In this work, we present a transient LES approach using the Euler-Lagrange methodology and the Lattice-Boltzmann method, to successfully model and simulate interlinked bioreactor physics describing free surface hydrodynamics, multiphase mixing and mass transport in non-reacting and reacting systems. It is shown that the presence of reactions can result in a non-uniform spatially varying species concentration field, the magnitude and extent of which is directly related to the reaction rates and the underlying variations in the local volumetric mass transfer coefficient. Furthermore, we present a Gluconic acid optimization case study, which provides insights into the growth rates and process optimization over several hours of production. The computational approach presented in this work runs orders-of-magnitude faster than the conventional modeling tools and provides a unified framework for better understanding of free surface hydrodynamics, mixing, oxygen mass transfer and reaction kinetics to help with scale-up/scale-down decisions across a range of lengthscales.

The addition of intumescent flame retardant to PLA can greatly improve the flame retardancy of the material and inhibit the dripping, but the major drawback is the adverse impact of the mechanical properties of the material. In this study, a small amount (less than 1.5wt%) of DCP and TAIC with a specific proportion were added to form a cross-linking structure in the flame retardant PLA, so as to improve the flame retardant and mechanical properties of the material simultaneously. The increase of torque and the decrease of melt flow rate indicated that the crosslinking structure can be formed in the system by adding 0.9wt% DCP and 0.3wt% TAIC. The gel content of the material is 30.8% after the addition of DCP and TAIC. Then, the effects of the cross-linking structure on the mechanical properties, flame retardancy and thermal properties of flame retardant PLA were studied.

In this paper, a mathematical model is proposed and analysed to assess the impacts of health care providers’ population on the transmission dynamics of COVID-19. The stability theory of differential equations is used to examine a mathematical model. The results of both local and global stability of disease-free equilibrium points were determined by using Routh-Hurwitz criteria and Metzler’s matrix method respectively, which verified that it was asymptotically stable. Also, the endemic equilibrium point was determined by the Lyapunov function which showed that E ∗ was globally asymptotically stable under strict conditions. The findings revealed that non-diagnosed and undetected health care providers seem to contribute to the high spread of COVID-19 in a population. Also, it illustrates that an increase in the number of non-diagnostic testing rates of health care providers may result in high infection rates in the community. Therefore, the particular study recommend that there is a necessity of applying early diagnostic testing to curtail the COVID-19 transmission in the health care providers’ population.

Crataegus L. is a genus in the family Rosaceae with medicinal properties and health benefits. The taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships of C. bretschneideri have been of interest due to lack of effective markers. We assembled the chloroplast genomes of C. bretschneideri and related four species. The length of chloroplast genomes were ranging from 159,644 bp (C. bretschneideri) to 159,947 bp (C. pinnatifida var. major). Five chloroplast genomes had similar feature and possessed from 86 to 88 protein coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes arranged in the same order. Eight hotspot regions including ndhJ, atpA, trnQ-UUG-psbK and ycf1 were identified that could be used as potential molecular markers. We also proposed divergence times for C. bretschneideri based on chloroplast genome. Phylogenetic analyses, supported by chloroplast genome and nuclear sequencing, indicated that C. bretschneideri might arose through hybridization between C. pinnatifida and C. maximowiczii. It provides a new insight into the hybrid origin of C. bretschneideri resources.

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has infected millions of people with high lethality in the world, but little is known whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has impacts on triggering pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We present a case of a child with atypical clinical manifestation who developed B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia following a mild symptomatic COVID-19 infection. This case underlines the risks of potential oncogenic effects with the history of this viral infection and a state of immunosuppression.

From a sustainability standpoint, utilizing lignocellulose-based material for lactic acid production is highly advantageous. By-products generated by pre-treatment of biomass, however, tend to exhibit an inhibitory effect on microbial hosts. Supplementation of neutralizing agents also produces harmful waste for the environment. Here, we report a rapid and non-neutralized fermentation by an original strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae BTCC3. This robust host was metabolically engineered by the double disruption of PDC1/5 and the introduction of L-LDH. Within only 15 h, 51% of glucose from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) hydrolysate was converted to lactic acid (productivity at 1.69 g·L-1·h-1) without neutralizing agent supplementation at any stage of fermentation. Cultivation using YPD medium under similar conditions achieved productivity of 3.68 g·L-1·h-1 and the strain could still generate lactic acid after several glucose-feeding treatment without neutralization. This study is the first report of lactic acid production from SCB using a genetically modified host in a process that requires neither detoxification nor neutralization. Overall, this method offers an alternative to tolerance engineering that involves extensive genetic manipulations.