Background: Ovarian-related diseases significantly affect women’s overall health. Inflammatory proteins are crucial in the development and progression of various ovarian disorders. However, their specific roles in the pathogenesis of individual diseases remain unclear. This study aims to explore the relationship between circulating inflammatory proteins and ovarian-related diseases. Methods: We employed a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) approach, utilizing publicly available genetic databases, to investigate the relationship between 91 circulating inflammatory proteins and six ovarian-related diseases (ovarian cyst, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), ovarian dysfunction, primary ovarian failure, benign neoplasm of ovary, and malignant neoplasm of ovary). The inverse variance weighting (IVW) method was used as the primary analytical technique for both exposures and outcomes. Additionally, methods such as MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode were applied to further validate the results. Finally, heterogeneity tests, horizontal pleiotropy tests, and MR Steiger tests were conducted to assess the reliability of the findings and the strength of the causal inference. Results: We identified five inflammatory proteins (CCL4, IL-17C; PD-L1, IL-6, CD6) associated with ovarian cysts; three inflammatory proteins (IL-6; IL-20RA, CCL7) associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS); five inflammatory proteins (IL-6, SIRT2; FGF-5, IL-20RA, NT-3) associated with ovarian dysfunction; one inflammatory protein (IL-33) associated with primary ovarian failure; five inflammatory proteins (CCL28, IL-13; ADA, CCL23, CCL2) associated with benign ovarian neoplasm; and eight inflammatory proteins (CCL20, CCL25, Flt3L; DNER, IL-18, IL-8, CCL2, NT-3) associated with malignant ovarian neoplasm. In contrast, ovarian cysts exhibited a positive causal relationship with NT-3. PCOS demonstrated a positive causal relationship with IL-17C, CD244, and TNFB. Benign ovarian neoplasm showed a positive causal relationship with FGF-19, but negative causal relationships with FGF-5 and NT-3. Discussion: This study investigated the potential causal relationships between circulating inflammatory proteins and six ovarian-related diseases, offering valuable insights for future research and clinical practice.