Introduction Chronic inflammation poses a significant public health risk, linking to conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, arthritis, cancer, and adverse reproductive outcomes. In Rwanda, women of reproductive age face health challenges related to nutritional status, infectious diseases, and socioeconomic disparities, potentially contributing to systemic inflammation. However, data on the prevalence of inflammation in this group remain limited. This study evaluates the prevalence and predictors of inflammation, using serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) data from the 2019-2020 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey (RDHS). Methods We analyzed secondary data from the RDHS, focusing on women aged 15-49 years, excluding pregnant, breastfeeding, or HIV-positive individuals, resulting in a sample of 2,755 women. We performed Pearson’s chi-squared tests for categorical variables and logistic regression models to assess factors associated with elevated levels of CRP, AGP or both. Results Obese women exhibited significantly higher levels of AGP (aOR 2.4) and CRP (aOR 3.4). Overweight women also had elevated CRP (aOR 1.5). Moderate anaemia linked to increased CRP (aOR 2.8) and AGP (aOR 2.3), while severe anaemia had a higher association with AGP (aOR 5.0). Malaria infection correlated with elevated AGP (aOR 3.9) and CRP (aOR 5.0). Contraceptive pill use was associated with higher CRP levels (aOR 2.3), whereas implants showed lower odds of elevated biomarkers (aOR 0.6). Conclusion Obesity, anaemia, malaria, and contraceptive use are key predictors of elevated inflammatory biomarkers among Rwandan women. Addressing these factors through targeted interventions could mitigate chronic inflammation and related health risks. Further research on the interplay between inflammation and contraceptive choices is needed.