A substantial fraction of cervical cancers arise in women who test negative for the 14 hrHPV types by standard assays, highlighting the need to investigate additional potential high-risk HPV (phrHPV) for screening efficacy. This study is to evaluate the pathogenic potential of phrHPV types—specifically HPV26, 53, 73, and 82—in a Chinese population. A retrospective study was conducted utilizing clinical data and cervical specimens collected from the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University between 2017 and 2025. Extended genotyping assays enabled the detection of a comprehensive panel of HPV types. The associations between individual HPV genotypes and the severity of cervical lesions were systematically analyzed. The results showed that in addition to the 14 most prevalent high-risk HPV types, HPV26, 53, 73, and 82 were identified among Chinese women, exhibiting varied degrees of pathogenic potential. Notably, among single infection cases, the incidence rates of CIN2+ were 21.8% for HPV26 and 18.2% for HPV82, with odds ratios of 2.02 (95% CI: 1.33–3.06) and 3.05 (95% CI: 2.13–4.36) compared to HPV-negative cases, respectively. The severity of cervical lesions displayed significant associations with specific HPV types, and these associations were further influenced by the age at infection. Taken together, extended HPV genotyping offers crucial evidence for advancing precision cervical cancer screening strategies in China. Further large-scale, prospective investigations are warranted to confirm and refine optimal genotype targets for population-based cervical cancer screening.