1. INTRODUCTIONCaplan-Collinet syndrome, also known as rheumatoid pneumoconiosis, is a combination of silicosis and rheumatoid arthritis. It has been described since the 1950s and is now rare [1]. It occurs most frequently in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with a history of exposure to inhaled inorganic dust particles from coal and silica, and rarely from asbestos [2]. Its prevalence ranged from 0.74 to 0.89% [3].Caplan-Collinet syndrome is a very rare entity, under-diagnosed in our context despite the large number of people exposed. To our knowledge, no case of Caplan-Collinet syndrome has been reported in Burkina Faso. We report a case of Caplan-Collinet syndrome hospitalized in the Pneumo-Phtisiology Department of the Yalgado Ouédraogo University Hospital in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso).