Psychological resilience serves as a protective factor against depression, yet the associated white matter microstructural features remain unclear. This study investigated white matter differences in 56 depression patients stratified by resilience levels (low, medium, high) using diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI). Metrics including generalized fractional anisotropy (gFA), isotropic volume fraction (FISO), intracellular volume fraction (FICVF), and orientation dispersion index (ODI) were analyzed. Results showed that the low-resilience group exhibited significantly reduced gFA in the right anterior corona radiata (R-ACR) and genu of the corpus callosum (GCC) compared to the high-resilience group. Additionally, ODI in the R-ACR was lower in the low-resilience group, while ODI in the left anterior corona radiata (L-ACR) and right posterior corona radiata (R-PCR) was elevated. Correlation analyses revealed positive associations between resilience scores and both gFA and ODI in the R-ACR, whereas ODI in the R-PCR correlated negatively with resilience. Mediation analysis indicated that ODI in the R-ACR partially mediated the relationship between resilience and depression severity. These findings suggest that variations in psychological resilience among depression patients are closely linked to microstructural integrity alterations in the R-ACR and GCC. The study provides novel insights into the neuroanatomical underpinnings of resilience, highlighting potential biomarkers for early clinical diagnosis and therapeutic strategies targeting resilience-related neural pathways.