Abstract Objective Infants born after threatened preterm labour (TPL) are at heightened risk for executive function (EF) deficits. This study examined the association between perinatal factors and infants EF development, focusing on prematurity. Design A prospective cohort study Setting Obstetrics Hospitalization Unit at La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital in Valencia (Spain) Population A total of 179 mother-child pairs from pregnancy to 30-months-of-age, concretely 60 controls compared to 119 TPL-group: 27 full-term, 55 late-preterm, 37 very-preterm. Methods Assessments occurred at three times: during TPL or control visit, after delivery and at 30-months-of-age (infant’s EF via BRIEF-P). Data included medical records, sociodemographic and maternal scores (STAI, BDI, TQ). Main Outcome Measures A Bayesian network analysis of perinatal factors (infant sex, maternal age, multiple pregnancy, IVF, parental education, birthweight, TPL-group, and maternal scores) influencing EF (inhibition, shifting, emotional control, planning, and working memory). Results TPL groups exhibited reduced EF performance compared to controls being very-preterm infants most affected. Other predictors of EF deficits included increased maternal anxiety at TPL, lower birthweight percentile, male sex, maternal age, and parents without university education. A history of trauma exacerbated maternal anxiety, which negatively impacted birthweight percentile and birth timing. Conclusions The manifestation of EF deficits in TPL infants at higher risk for EF problems exhibits a phenotype influenced by prematurity. Maternal anxiety at TPL is a key perinatal risk factor that must be managed for prevention. Funding Authors receipted support by Carlos III Health Institute, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, and European Regional Development Fund.