Objectives: In this study, we aimed to investige the changes in neurovascular structures of retina in patients who received chemotherapy in childhood, via optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA), during the remission period after chemotherapy. Methods: One hundred thirty patients who received chemotherapy and 130 control cases without any known systemic or ocular diseases were enrolled in this observational, prospective, single-centre study. Retinal neurovascular structures in the macular and optic disc regions were examined in using OCT and OCTA. Data from subjects who received chemotherapy were compared with data from healthy controls. Results: A statistically significant decrease in the vessel density (VD) was observed in nasal part of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and temporal part of the deep capillary plexus (DCP) in the study group compared with the control group (p<0.05). A significant decrease in the VD was also observed in the temporal peripapillary SCP region of the optic disc area in the patients who received chemotherapy (p<0.05). Deep foveal avascular zone (FAZ) areas were significantly enlarged in the study group with respect to the control group (p<0.001). Conclusions: In the patients who received chemotherapy in childhood, the vascular density in the macula and optic disc region is decreased, when compared to the control group. It is thought that OCTA to be useful in the clinical follow-up of patients who received chemotheraphy in childhood.