Cuproptosis is a regulated cell death mechanism that has recently been identified and is distinct from other known cell death mechanisms (e.g. apoptosis, Ferroptosis, necrotic apoptosis……). Cuproptosis causes oligomer formation through the abnormal accumulation of intracellular copper ions that target binding to the thioctylated protein component of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. At the same time, it can destabilise iron-containing sulphur proteins, thereby inducing proteotoxic stress leading to triggered cell death. It has also been shown that copper death is also associated with oxidative stress activation and inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The PDHB gene encoding the β-subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase has been found to be one of the key genes involved in Cuproptosis. As one of the structural components of pyruvate dehydrogenase, the pyruvate dehydrogenase β-subunit can form a tetramer with the α-subunit and thus performs the physiological function of irreversibly catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl coenzyme A. In this review, the characteristics of the Cuproptosis-associated gene PDHB and its role in the biological function and pathogenesis of the disease are discussed.