Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a serious worldwide health concern that is made worse in Nigeria by uncontrolled antibiotic use, poor literacy rates, and a lack of proper healthcare infrastructure. This study explores the relationship between AR literacy and public health in Nigeria, emphasizing the main causes of this issue, including socioeconomic constraints, inadequate healthcare systems, and disinformation. In addition to raising the incidence of incurable illnesses, AR also raises healthcare expenses, exacerbates inequality, and endangers the security of the global health system. Improving community awareness, including AR information into school curricula, educating healthcare professionals, and implementing stronger laws on the sale and use of antibiotics are some strategies to solve this problem. Innovative approaches are also explored to fight AR, including collaborations with local leaders and mobile health initiatives. Enhancing AR literacy through a multifaceted approach is vital for reducing antibiotic abuse, improving public health outcomes, and supporting global efforts to tackle antibiotic resistance. 

AbstractOpen defecation (OD), the practice of defecating in open spaces rather than designated toilets or latrines, remains a critical public health challenge in Nigeria, particularly in rural areas. Despite global efforts through initiatives such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), open defecation persists due to socio-economic, cultural, and infrastructural factors. This review explores the determinants of open defecation in Nigeria, including poverty, education, cultural practices, and inadequate sanitation facilities, while highlighting its devastating public health implications, such as the spread of waterborne diseases, parasitic infections, and antimicrobial resistance. Additionally, the economic and social impacts of open defecation, such as increased healthcare costs, diminished productivity, and gender-based violence, are discussed. Strategies for addressing this menace such as improved access to sanitation facilities, behaviour change communication, and the establishment of robust policy and legal frameworks are proposed. Addressing open defecation is not merely a sanitation issue but a critical public health priority that requires coordinated efforts to achieve sustainable solutions and improve health outcomes in Nigeria.