ABSTRACTVector control strategies have long relied on chemical insecticides, including organochlorines, organophosphates, malathion, and pyrethroids. However, the increasing incidence of insecticide resistance in mosquito populations threatens the effectiveness of these interventions. Recent studies have highlighted the role of the mosquito microbiome in mediating resistance mechanisms. While microbial associations with insecticide resistance have received growing attention, the extent to which resistance-related microbiota influence life-history traits remains unclear, particularly under sustained insecticide selection across multiple generations. Life-history traits are fundamental components of mosquito fitness and vectorial capacity, and any microbiome-mediated changes could have far-reaching implications for malaria transmission dynamics. Despite its importance, this area of inquiry remains underexplored. This review aims to address this critical knowledge gap by synthesizing findings from peer-reviewed research articles, systematic reviews, and experimental studies published between 2000 and 2024. Sources were drawn from established scientific databases including NCBI, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The review explores how insecticide-driven selection pressures interact with mosquito-associated microbiota and influence vector biology over time. By examining the intersection of microbiome composition, insecticide resistance, and mosquito life-history evolution, this work contributes to a deeper understanding of the ecological and epidemiological consequences of resistance, with potential implications for improving long-term vector control strategies.

Environmental factors play a critical role in shaping species distribution and resource utilization patterns. However, a gap of knowledge exists in understanding the niche dynamics between the two species; the ‘Least Concern’-Vanellus duvaucelii (red-wattled lapwing) and the ‘Near Threatened’-Vanellus indicus (river lapwing), a difference that could prove critical for long-term conservation efforts. Thus, the present study aims to examine V.duvaucelii and V. indicus -wattled) in northeast North-East India. We investigated whether environmental variables influence their spatial patterns and examined the potential impact of niche overlap. The research questions of the present study were: Does environmental factors [1] shape the spatial patterns? and [2] resource utilization patterns? of V. duvaucelii and V.indicus on species persistence. Using primary and secondary species occurrence data, combined with environmental datasets, we modelled suitable habitats for each species with the Dismo and Wallace packages in R. The habitat models performed well, yielding high AUC values of 0.987 for V. indicus and 0.973 for V. duvaucelii. Predicted habitat areas for V. indicus were 3,254 km² (high potential), 6,217 km² (good potential), and 17,057 km² (moderate potential), totaling 255,088 km². For V. duvaucelii, these values were 1,955 km², 7,664 km², and 8,645 km², respectively, also totaling 255,088 km². Niche overlap, measured with Schoener’s D, was 0.55, indicating moderate similarity, with 0.07 and 0.04 representing unique niches for V. duvaucelii and V. indicus, respectively, and 0.96 of the being niches shared. These results underscore the ecological implications of niche sharing between overlap species and highlight potential risks for V. duvaucelii, as overlapping habitats and limited niche exclusivity could increase vulnerability under rapidly changing environmental conditions. These findings further highlight the ecological consequences of niche sharing between the species and point out possible risks for V. duvaucelii, and thus poor niche separation may increase vulnerability under rapid environmental change.