not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown The digitalization of healthcare is being transformed through the integration of IoT, cloud environments, and blockchain technology, significantly enhancing security and infrastructure robustness. This study conducts a systematic review of over 200 articles on blockchain-enabled healthcare systems, analysing current applications, security threats, cyber-attacks, and system challenges, along with proposed solutions. Despite blockchain’s potential to revolutionize medical data handling, sharing, and processing, our findings reveal persistent issues: 17 security threats compromising privacy and data integrity, 21 cyber-attacks impacting security and quality of service, and 16 system problems such as node compromise, scalability, efficiency, regulatory challenges, computation speed, and power consumption. We propose a layered architecture for future healthcare infrastructure, categorizing issues within this framework and evaluating existing solutions. Our comparative analysis demonstrates the superiority of this architecture in terms of security, trustworthiness, and efficiency over traditional systems. Real-world case studies and a comparative evaluation of blockchain protocols and consensus mechanisms offer deeper insights into their applicability in IoMT and healthcare. This review provides a comprehensive perspective on enhancing e-healthcare services through improved security and privacy, addressing regulatory and ethical challenges. By mapping out limitations, future scopes, and emerging trends, we aim to foster the development of robust, trustworthy, and privacy-preserving healthcare systems.

Blockchain technology has the potential to transform the education system in various ways, including the verification of certificates and digital identity management. The use of blockchain-based systems can eliminate the need for manual verification of certificates, which is time-consuming and labour-intensive. Instead, blockchain-based systems can enable instant and secure verification of certificates, making the process more efficient and reliable.This proposed work focuses on implementing the Plonk system in the education sector to enhance the security, privacy, and efficiency of blockchain-based verifiable certificate (VC) digital identity verification and management systems (DIVMS). The methodology involves designing and developing the Plonk system, integrating it with existing DIVMS, testing and evaluating its functionality and performance, deploying and implementing it in the education sector, and monitoring and maintaining its effectiveness. The Plonk system is based on zero-knowledge proof technology, identity provider verification, and digital signature verification. Simulation data is used to compare the transaction throughput of the Plonk system with Ethereum, a well-known blockchain platform. The results demonstrate that the Plonk system outperforms Ethereum in terms of transaction processing speed, security, privacy, scalability, verification speed, and cost-effectiveness. Additionally, a response time dataset is created for both the Plonk system and Ethereum under different user load scenarios, and statistical measures such as average response times and standard deviations are calculated. The analysis shows that the Plonk system exhibits lower response times and variability compared to Ethereum, indicating faster and more consistent transaction processing. Overall, the Plonk system shows the promising potential for enhancing the security, privacy, and performance of blockchain-based DIVMS in the education sector.

Highlighting the diverse applications, from real-time patient monitoring to pharmaceutical advancements, blockchain technology brings a transformative impact to the healthcare sector. This research explores the integration of the "Digital Medical Wallet" System with Malleable Blockchain to revolutionize healthcare data management, particularly focusing on multimedia image data. Employing the Chameleon Hash Algorithm for privacy and integrity, the study compares its performance with Traditional Hashing and evaluates modifiable versus classical blockchains. Simulations reveal trade-offs between execution time and privacy preservation for hashing methods, and scalability versus energy consumption for blockchain types. Results suggest Chameleon Hashing enhances privacy but incurs higher computational costs, while malleable blockchains offer scalability at the expense of complexity and energy usage. These findings provide actionable insights for designing secure and efficient healthcare data systems, balancing privacy, efficiency, and scalability for improved patient care and healthcare efficiency, especially in handling multimedia image data.