The human gut microbiota (GM) is a community of microorganisms that reside in the gastrointestinal tract. Recognized as a critical element of human health, the functions of the GM extend beyond gastrointestinal well-being to influence overall systemic health and susceptibility to disease. Among the other omic sciences, metaproteomics highlights additional facets that make it a highly valuable discipline in the study of GM. Indeed, it allows the protein inventory of complex microbial communities; peptides identified and quantified by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry analyses and then are mapped to the most likely proteins, taxa and functions by querying specific databases. The aim of this review was to compile comprehensive information on metaproteomic studies of the human GM, with a focus on the bacterial component, to assist newcomers in understanding the methods and types of research conducted in this field. The review outlines key steps in a metaproteomic-based study, such as protein extraction, database selection, and bioinformatic workflow. The importance of standardization is emphasized. In addition, a list of previously published studies is provided as hints for researchers interested in investigating the role of GM in health and disease states.