Optimal cognitive development in toddlers is crucial for lifelong learning, yet few studies have examined its link with healthy lifestyle behaviors. This study aimed to investigate the associations between energy balance-related behaviors (EBRBs) and cognitive development among toddlers aged 12 to 36 months. A total of 344 children participated in the study. Standardized procedures were used to collect anthropometric measurements, including length and weight, to calculate Body Mass Index, BMI (kg/m²), and categorize each child based on BMI z-scores. Cognitive and motor development were assessed using Bayley-III assessment. Sedentary screen time and sleep duration were reported by parents using the Tayside Children’s Sleep Questionnaire, while fruit and vegetable intake were recorded through a two-day dietary record. Parents provided information on children’s sex, date of birth, and family socioeconomic status. EBRBs included motor development as a surrogate for physical activity, sedentary screen time, sleep duration, and fruit and vegetable consumption. Generalized linear models were employed to examine the associations between EBRBs and cognitive development. Findings showed that toddlers following at least two EBRBs had significantly higher cognitive development (B=14.146; 95% CI: 7.079, 24.212). We recommend future strategies prioritize promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors from early childhood to boost cognitive development.