Excessive accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in rice due to continuous anthropogenic emissions to farmlands has become a severe threat to food safety. Previous studies have identified atmospheric depositions as the major sources for Cd accumulation in soil and confirmed that Cd in the soil is absorbed by roots and then translocated to the grains in rice. However, the contribution of airborne Cd to grain accumulation in rice is unknown. Therefore, the present study conducted a pot experiment using stable Cd isotope ( 108Cd) labeling to investigate the distribution and accumulation of foliar absorbed Cd in rice and accurately quantify the contribution of foliar uptake to Cd accumulation in grains. The results showed that the total Cd content in rice increased with an increase in foliar exposure concentration, and the content of Cd accumulation in leaves and husks showed a more significant increment than grains and roots. The distribution of 108Cd was the highest in roots, followed by shoots, husks, and grains in control (CK) treatment without foliar exposure. Meanwhile, under 108Cd foliar exposure, the 108Cd content was the highest in husks, followed by shoots, roots, and grains; the differences were significant at higher exposure concentrations. The contribution of foliar uptake to the accumulation of Cd in rice husks (48.96%–88.24%) was higher than that in the shoots (23.13%–44.11%), followed by grains (22.13%–24.15%) and roots (4.57%–21%). Husks showed a significant ability to absorb and accumulate airborne Cd. Moreover, 108Cd labeling showed that the foliar absorbed Cd got transported to the roots, with 1.24%–1.93% of airborne Cd transported to the roots through the phloem; however, it accounted for 4.57%–15.21% of the total Cd accumulation in roots. These results prove that foliar uptake contributed significantly to Cd accumulation in rice. The study provides a theoretical basis for preventing Cd accumulation in rice to ensure food safety.