A heat pipes-cooled thermoelectric cooling channel structure is proposed and the thermodynamic model is established based on the finite-time thermodynamics theory. With refrigeration flux and the coefficient of performance (COP) as the performance indexes, the influence of key operating parameters such as working current and inlet temperature and design parameters such as thermoelectric module parameters and heat pipe parameters on the cooling performance of the device is analyzed by numerical simulation. In addition, this paper also compares the refrigeration performance of the heat pipe-cooled thermoelectric cooling channel and the air-cooled thermoelectric cooling channel under the same working conditions. The results show that the maximum refrigeration flux and maximum COP of the heat pipe-cooled thermoelectric cooling channel are 0.517 “W∙” 〖“cm” 〗^“-2” and 1.245, respectively. The results are 154.60 % and 42.30 % higher than those of the air-cooled thermoelectric cooling channel.