1. Methodology 2.1 Study population and sample The target population selected for the feedback consisted of people living in Karachi, the biggest city of Pakistan, an industrial hub, and a port city comprising over 15 million population. The demographics included age, gender, profession, students, working, non-working, retired, etc. The city was under complete lockdown since the 1st week of April. The study conducted in the third week from April 16-23, 2020 for assessment of the mental health of the population in the context of lockdown and confinement due to COVID-19 in Pakistan. Because of the large population, the stigma attached to mental health, and ethical considerations the questionnaire was kept anonymous and the non-probability convenience sampling technique was used. 2.2 Rating instruments The Research instruments PHQ-9 was used for the assessment of the mental health of the population (Hartung et al., 2017; Hinz et al., 2006) under three week’s lockdown during COVID-19. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is a nine-item depression severity measuring instrument with a total score of 20. Depression Severity Scores represent: 0-5 = Mild, 6-10 = Moderate 11-15 = Moderately Severe 16-20 = Severe Depression (Kroenke et al., 2010). 2.3 Data analysis PHQ-9 and GAD-7 forms designed on Google form and survey was conducted online sharing the link via Emails, Whatsapp, Facebook, and LinkedIn using 120 research volunteers. The respondent cooperation and readiness were high as it was anonymous, easy to complete within 3 minutes, and submission over a single click through their cell phone. The survey started on 16th April and was completed within seven days by April 21. The 6876 respondents completed the questionnaire included in the final analysis. The statistical analytical tool SPSS was implied for descriptive analyses. Initially, descriptive analysis was conducted to describe the demographic characteristics of people of Karachi under lockdown for the last three weeks (April 16 to April 23). Secondly, the prevalence of severity of depression symptoms was measured on a rating scale of minimal, mild, moderate, and severe stratified by gender, age, and occupation. 2.4 Ethical considerations The ethical committee of qualified psychiatrists and psychologists of BasicNeeds Pakistan endorsed the study. The respondents were not required to provide any personal information and identity to keep the survey anonymous; consequently, they participated in the study. 2.5 Demographic information The demographic elements consisted of age (18-65 in five categories), gender (Male & Female), professionals, students, and entrepreneurs (self-employed and owners of the SMEs). The study was confined to the urban population who faced strict lockdown restrictions and complete closure.

Research Paradigm: The approach for this study is based on positivism theory with an intention to obtain evidence through focused observations and identify its likeliness with the actual data collected so that it can be generalized with the findings of other scholars who have worked on the topic (Remenyi et al., 1998). As elaborated by (Gill & Johnson, 2002), the crux of positivism philosophy revolves around the relationship of cause and its effect generated by different constructs, and the best possible exploration of these variables. Research Design: Primary data would be collected through a structured close-ended questionnaire which use to gather the responses from the stakeholders including teachers, coordinators, and school management and human resource personnel in the private schools. Therefore, the research questionnaire adapted from Dogan (2009) and Asiyai (2016) as a research instrument. Sample Size and Sampling technique: The target population for this research study consists of different stakeholders for instance: teachers, coordinators, and school management and HR personnel working in private schools of Karachi -Pakistan. Non-probability purposive sampling is being used for this study. The sample size of 400 different stakeholders from private schools would be adequate to figure out the results (Loehlin, 2004). Since the actual size of the population is not exactly known and neither accessible to conduct random sampling, therefore non probability purposive sampling is chosen. Since the sample consists of different stakeholders for instance: teachers, coordinators, and school management and HR personnel working in private schools of Karachi -Pakistan. Therefore, it is a purposive sampling. Data Collection Tool: In this study we used the quantitative research to measure the perceived effectiveness of in-service training in improving teacher’s performance with one independent variables: in-service training (Training need assessment and training methodology), one dependent variables teachers performance (Task performance and contextual performance), 03 mediators (professional skills, knowledge enhancement and work engagement) and one moderator (reward). Questionnaire has distributed in the several schools by hand or through email. Statistical Technique: Since the model consists of multiple variables with mediation and moderation model, therefore the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is used. The interface terms integrated with the model is measured for statistical significance via bootstrapping method. The structural equation modeling has executed by the partial least square approach.