Note: Electrostatic nanocapacitors   also benefit from a very short distance between their electrodes, and  electrostatic nanocapacitors  are unique in this respect. If the electrodes are far apart, like charges on their surface strongly repel each other. When the electrodes are placed closer together, the negative and positive charges on either side balance these repulsive forces, and more total charge can be stored in a given area.The total thickness of each  electrostatic nanocapacitor  is only 25 nm, and many times they can be close together. So far, arrays of  electrostatic nanocapacitors  cannot store much total energy because they are too small. Electrostatic nanocapacitors  contain billions of nanocapacitors to store large amounts of energy.  Scaling up to a practical level is not trivial, but the pair work together to create larger arrays.

Note:  LSPR energy is sensitive to the dielectric performance of the material and the surrounding environment of  nano supercapacitors  , shape and size of nanoparticles. That is, if a ligand such as a protein  is attached to the surface of metal nanoparticles, its LSPR energy changes. Similarly, LSPR effects are sensitive to other changes in  nanosupercapacitors,  such as the spacing between nanoparticles, which  can be altered by the presence of surfactants or ions.One of the consequences of the LSPR effect in metal nanoparticles of nano  supercapacitors is the ability to absorb visible waves due to the coherent oscillations of plasmons. In  nano supercapacitors,  colloids of metal nanoparticles such as silver or gold can produce colors such as red, purple or orange. show that  cannot be seen in normal dimensions. This color change depends on the shape, size and surrounding environment of silver nanoparticles in  nano supercapacitors . In the structure of  nano supercapacitors,  one of the nano properties that distinguish metal nanoparticles from these large-scale materials is their optical properties. This is due to the  localized surface plasmon resonance. In simpler terms, when light hits metal surfaces of any size, some light waves travel along the metal surface. By creating surface plasmon, these waves actually give part of their energy to surface electrons and cause them to vibrate (scatter)   . When plasmons are generated in bulk metals, electrons can move freely through the material without recording any traces. In  nanoparticles, the surface plasmon is placed in a limited space, so that the electrons  oscillate back and forth in this small space and in the same direction. This effect is called Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR), when the frequency of these oscillations is the same as the frequency of the light causing  the plasmon, it is said that the plasmon is in resonance with the light.

Note: The dynamic process of sorting and accurate positioning of nanoparticle biomass in pre-defined microstructures is very important, however, this is a major obstacle to the realization of surface-sensitive nanobiosensors and practical nanobiochips.  A scalable, widespread and non-destructive trapping method based on dielectric forces is much needed for nanoparticle collection and nanobiosensing tools.  Here, we present a vertical nanogap architecture with an electrode-insulator-electrode stack structure.  Facilitate the generation of strong dielectric forces at low voltages, for precise capture and manipulation of nanoparticles and molecular assemblies, including lipid vesicles and amyloid-beta fibrillar proteins/oligomers.  Our vertical nanoplastic platform allows low-voltage nanoparticles recorded in optical dimensional designs, providing new opportunities for the fabrication of advanced surface-sensitive sensors. Nano biosensors appear to be a powerful alternative to conventional analytical techniques, as nanosensors perform highly sensitive, real-time, and high-frequency monitoring of pollutants without extensive sample preparation.  Nano biosensors can be integrated into small devices for rapid screening and monitoring of a wide range of pollutants. Since the nano biosensor is  an analytical device, used to detect a chemical substance, which  is a combination of a biological component with a physicochemical detector.  Sensitive biological element  , for example tissue, micro-organisms  , etc., component of material or biomimetic that interacts with nanoparticles.

Note: The properties and characteristics of electrical nanoparticles generally depend on their type and size, and they have many applications in various industries that it is not possible to check all of them. All the properties and characteristics that are created in electrical nanoparticles can be explained by the two factors of increasing the surface area compared to the volume and the discretization of energy levels. By changing the size of electrical nanoparticles, the distance between the energy levels in them changes. The smaller the size of the nanoparticles, the greater the distance between the energy levels, and the larger the size, the smaller the distance between the energy levels. This point makes it possible to adjust the distance between their energy levels by changing the size of electric nanoparticles in such a way that they absorb certain waves with Determine the frequency. For example, the dimensions of nanoparticles of a certain type can be adjusted so that they absorb infrared, ultraviolet, radio waves, etc.  A catalyst is a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction (increase or decrease) but participates in the chemical reaction itself. does not A factor that has a great influence on the quality and performance of catalysts is a variable called its specific area. The larger the area of a catalyst material, the better its catalytic properties. The specific surface area of a catalyst is obtained using equation 1:This quantity is usually reported in units of square meters per gram and its value for commercial catalysts is between 100 and 400 square meters per gram. 100 square meters per gram means that 1 gram of this material has an area of 100 square meters.

Note: Crystal nanoparticles are produced and propagated using  various methods, such as CVD, laser irradiation, and discharge  . CVD method  is the best option for the industrial production of crystal nanoparticles. The reason for this is the low  cost-to-income ratio as well as the possibility of vertical growth of crystal particles on the desired substrate  . In this process, the crystal nanoparticles in the  negative electrode are sublimated, which  is due to the high temperature in the discharge process. Since  this method was used for the synthesis of  crystal nanoparticles  for the first time, it is known as the most common method of producing  crystal nanoparticles  . In this method,  there are both types of  crystal nanoparticles  , single-walled and  multi-walled, with lengths up to 50 microns containing  structural defects. In the process of laser radiation, a laser is used to vaporize  graphite and an inert gas  is used to direct these vapors into the tank.  Crystal nanoparticles grow  on the cold surface of the reactor  . It  is suitable for the production of  multi-walled crystal nanoparticles  . And by  using graphite composite  and metal catalyst particles of  cobalt and nickel combination (for the synthesis of  crystal nanoparticles)  . The efficiency of this process is 70  % and its main product  is crystal nanoparticles  , the diameter of these  crystal nanoparticles is completely controllable and  the diameter of  the crystal nanoparticles can be  controlled as desired by changing the temperature. He  used  the CVD method with the help  of a catalyst to produce  crystal nanoparticles . During the CVD process, a layer of  nickel, cobalt and  metal catalyst particles, generally  iron,  is used to produce  crystal nanoparticles . CVD is a common method for the commercial production  of crystal nanoparticles  . In this method, the diameter of  crystal nanoparticles  is related to the dimensions of metal particles. By  patterning the substrate, using heat treatment and  H plasma etching of the catalyst,   the diameter of the   crystal nanoparticles  can be  controlled. 

Note: The effect of reaction temperature on the size of nanoparticles is different in determining the size of the reaction temperature, and the size of the particles plays a role as an indicator. A suitable reaction temperature produces nanocrystals with a narrow size.At such a temperature, the stages of nucleation and growth happen separately and can even delay the start of the growth stage, so that it takes place after the formation of nuclei. In general, increasing the reaction temperature increases the rate of the reduction reaction. But regarding the effects of temperature, the loading and particle size of nanomaterials and the optimal temperature for the production of electrochemical nanoparticles with chemical reduction method were experimentally obtained for disturbed production conditions. Regarding the synthesis of nanoparticles using the chemical reduction method, with increasing reaction temperature, the size of electrochemical nanoparticles increased and non-uniform particles were obtained. This behavior at a lower temperature, the growth rate of the nuclei is lower and the size of the produced particles is smaller, and the uniformity of the required particles is higher. Investigating the effects of temperature on the chemical regeneration of nano-materials and the effect on electrochemical particles that temperature has significant effects on the shape, size and shape of nanoparticles. At low temperatures (zero degrees), the reaction rate is very low and the process of completing the reduction reaction takes hours. At a temperature between 10 and 55 degrees Celsius, with the increase in temperature, the rate of reaction increases and the size of the produced particles also increases.

Note: Nanowires are just like normal electrical wires except for the fact that they are very small.  Like conventional wires, nanowires can be made from a variety of conductive and semi-conductive materials such as copper, silver, gold, iron, silicon, zinc oxide, and germanium.  Nanowires can also be made from carbon nanotubes.Nanowires are less than 100 nm in diameter and can be as small as 3 nm.  Typically, nanowires are more than 1000 times larger than their diameter.  This huge difference in length-to-diameter ratio compared to nanowires is often referred to as 1D materials.  This leads to unique properties not seen in bulk materials,  the minute size of nanowires means that quantum mechanical effects become important.

Note: nanowires have a structure that   has an amazing length-to-width ratio .  Nanowires are very thin - it is possible to create nanowires with a diameter of only one nanometer,  nanowires are used to create the smallest transistor(s). Nano wire can  have insulation, semiconductor or metal properties.  Insulators do not carry electric charges, while metals have very good electric charges.  Semiconductors lie between the two and are charged under the right conditions.   By placing semiconductor wires in the right configuration, transistors can be made that either  act as switches  or  amplifiers  . Some of the interesting and anti-flexible properties of nanowires are due to their small scale. 

Note: Cobalt nanowires technology in the approximate dimensions of 1 to 100 nm, where only one phenomenon of its kind offers descriptive applications, is in the capacity of matter. Cobalt nanowires exhibit electromagnetic absorbing behavior at medium temperature and when the magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the nanowires, these nanoelectronic devices have a larger coercive field compared to when the electromagnetic field is parallel to the nanowires. Cobalt wires are formed. Nanotechnology encompasses science, engineering and non-scale technology, imaging, measurement, design and manipulation of materials at this length scale. Due to nanotechnology, the speed of computers has increased compared to the past and the value of calculations has decreased. In the immersion method, the nanowires  have enough time to transfer from the particles of the nanowires to the holes; The step of forming uniform nanoparticles is done slowly and finally uniform nanowires are formed. Structural investigation with FESEM  in the immersion method of uniform nanowires in all pores and in a wide area in nanowire particles. The simple answer to this question is any particle less than 100 nanometers.  But as  the scale of 1-100 nm determines the size range of a nanoparticle.  In order to prevent particle contact, a cluster of atoms may be removed below 1 nm, but the electron movement in nanoparticles has to particles <1 nm.  Because particles are three-dimensional.

Note:  The advantages of SiNWs in the use and development of sensor operating systems are due to the well-known properties of silicon and its favorable manufacturing processes. Among the physical properties of these nanowires, we can mention their electrical, photoelectric and mechanical properties.Silicon nanowires are one of the best examples of semiconductor nanostructures that can be made as a single crystal with a diameter of 9 to 0 nm.  Nanowires ( SiNWs) have high mobility and surface-to-volume ratio, which makes them easy to control using a weak electric field.  These one-dimensional nanostructures  are created from nanowires with a diameter in the range of nanometers and a length of more than a micrometer. In the manufacture of nanowires through  regular one-dimensional arrays, it has been done with the help of different physical and chemical methods.

Note: Strings and micro cylinders of structured  nanowires  (silicon/germanium)  are used for possible applications in energy, electronics, optics and other fields.Nanowires  (Si Silicon / Germanium Gi)  , narrow structures whose diameter is only a few billionths of a meter but thousands or millions of times longer.  They exist in various forms—made of metals, semiconductors, insulators, and organic compounds—and are used for applications in the fields of electronics, energy conversion, optics, and chemical sensing. Because of their extreme thinness, nanowires  with a (Si Silicon / Germanium Gi) structure  are essentially one-dimensional. Nanowires  are quasi-one-dimensional materials, "their two dimensions are on the nanometer scale."  This one-dimensionality confers distinct electrical and optical properties. For one thing, this means that the electrons and photons in these nanowires experience "confined quantum effects." However  , unlike other materials that produce such quantum effects, such as quantum dots, the length of nanowires allows them to communicate with other macroscopic devices and the outside world.

Note: The interaction of gold nanoparticles with light is strongly determined by their environment, size and physical dimensions.  The oscillating electric fields of a light beam emitted in the vicinity of a colloidal nanoparticle interfere with the free electrons and cause a coordinated oscillation of the electron charge that corresponds to the frequency of visible light.  These resonant oscillations are known as surface plasmons.  For small (30 nm) monodisperse gold nanoparticles, the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance causes absorption of light in the blue-spectral part (~450 nm) while red light (~700 nm) is reflected.Gold is a soft and malleable metal with a bright and shiny yellow color that does not rust or darken in the vicinity of air and water. This metal can be found pure in nature in the form of grains or pieces among stones, minerals. Crystallized and alluvial deposits were found. The chemical symbol of this element, Au, is derived from its Latin name, aurum, which means "dawn glow". The value of gold is due to its rarity, easy application, easy purification, resistance to rust. Corrosion, distinctive color, non-reactivity with other elements, characteristics that are seen in few other metals. One gram of this element can be hammered to the size of a sheet with an area of one square meter.