Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), the most aggressive form of breast cancer lacking effective targeted treatments, is a crucial area of research due to its pathogenesis. There is mounting evidence that non-coding RNA (ncRNA), such as microRNA (miRNA) and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), plays a vital role in the development of tumors. This article compiles the current knowledge on the involvement of miRNA and lncRNA in the progression, diagnosis, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy of TNBC. It categorizes the dysregulated miRNAs and lncRNAs based on their respective functions. Furthermore, it elucidates the diverse mechanisms through which lncRNA regulates gene expression in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Most importantly, the article expounds on how lncRNA regulates TNBC progression by interacting with miRNA at the post-transcriptional level. By focusing on miRNA and lncRNA associated with TNBC, this research opens up avenues for early diagnosis and treatment as potential targets for novel anticancer therapies.