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Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the general population of Bamako, Mali, and factors associated with infection: a population-based cross-sectional study
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  • Bourama Traoré,
  • Merepen Guindo,
  • Drissa Konaté,
  • Fousseyni Kané,
  • Nathan Incandela,
  • Abdouramane Traore,
  • Salimata Kanté,
  • Mariam Sidibé,
  • Bourama Keita,
  • Fatoumata Kassé,
  • Karamoko Tangara,
  • Dramane Diallo,
  • Issoufi Maiga,
  • Salif Thiam,
  • Abdourhamane Cisse,
  • Khatry Mohamedou,
  • Abdoul Dicko,
  • Mariam Goita,
  • Diakaridia Kone,
  • Mamadou Diallo,
  • Modibo Traore,
  • Yaya Coulibaly,
  • Mahamadou Diakité,
  • Seydou Doumbia,
  • Housseini Dolo,
  • Saidou BALAM
Bourama Traoré
International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER), Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPHA), University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) at the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali
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Merepen Guindo
International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER), Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPHA), University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) at the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali
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Drissa Konaté
International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER), Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPHA), University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) at the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali
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Fousseyni Kané
International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER), Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPHA), University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) at the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali
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Nathan Incandela
Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, United States, US ,
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Abdouramane Traore
International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER), Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPHA), University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) at the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali
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Salimata Kanté
International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER), Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPHA), University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) at the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali
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Mariam Sidibé
International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER), Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPHA), University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) at the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali
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Bourama Keita
International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER), Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPHA), University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) at the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali
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Fatoumata Kassé
International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER), Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPHA), University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) at the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali
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Karamoko Tangara
International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER), Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPHA), University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) at the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali
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Dramane Diallo
International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER), Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPHA), University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) at the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali
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Issoufi Maiga
International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER), Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPHA), University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) at the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali
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Salif Thiam
International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER), Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPHA), University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) at the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali
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Abdourhamane Cisse
International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER), Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPHA), University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) at the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali
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Khatry Mohamedou
International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER), Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPHA), University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) at the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali
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Abdoul Dicko
District Health Center of Commune 4, Bamako, Mali
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Mariam Goita
District Health Center of Commune 4, Bamako, Mali
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Diakaridia Kone
Hospitol District Health of Commune 1, Bamako, Mali
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Mamadou Diallo
District Health Center of Commune 6, Bamako, Mali
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Modibo Traore
District Health Center of Commune 5, Bamako, Mali
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Yaya Coulibaly
International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER), Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPHA), University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) at the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali
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Mahamadou Diakité
International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER), Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPHA), University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) at the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali
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Seydou Doumbia
International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER), Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPHA), University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) at the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali
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Housseini Dolo
International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER), Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPHA), University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) at the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali
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Saidou BALAM
International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER), Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPHA), University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) at the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali

Corresponding Author:balamsira@yahoo.fr

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Abstract

Background: The seroepidemiological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Mali are not yet well understood. This study assessed SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence and factors associated with infection in the general population of Bamako, the capital city and epicenter of COVID-19, to determine the magnitude of the pandemic and contribute to control strategies improvement in Mali. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in September 2022 to collect data on sociodemographic information, clinical characteristics, comorbid factors, and blood samples. ELISA was performed to determine anti-Spike (S) and anti-RBD antibody levels, and RT-PCR to confirm SARS-CoV-2 infection in oropharyngeal swabs. A total of 3601 participants were enrolled in RedCap. Result: the mean age of participants was 33.5±15.9 years old; the sex ratio female: male was 3.6:1. The most representative were the 20–29 (28.9%, n=1043) and the 30–39 (26.9%, n=967) years-old. The COVID-19 vaccine coverage among the participants was 35.8%, with vaccines from Covidshield AstraZeneca (AZ, 13.4%), Johnson and Johnson (J&J, 16.7%), Sinovac (3.9%), and BioNTech Pfizer (1.8%). Overall, S protein and RBD antibodies seroprevalence was remarkably high in the general population (98% and 97%, respectively). Factors such as youth (1–9 years old) and male sex were associated with lower antibody responses against S and RBD, whereas previous exposure to patients with COVID-19 and receiving the COVID-19 vaccine were associated with increased odds of antibody responses. Conclusion: This serosurvey demonstrated the high seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and highlighted the factors that may influence antibody responses, clearly underlining an underestimation of the pandemic in Mali.
08 May 2023Submitted to Influenza and other respiratory viruses
10 May 2023Submission Checks Completed
10 May 2023Assigned to Editor
10 May 2023Reviewer(s) Assigned
01 Jun 2023Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
10 Jun 2023Editorial Decision: Revise Major
08 Aug 20231st Revision Received
10 Aug 2023Submission Checks Completed
10 Aug 2023Assigned to Editor
11 Aug 2023Reviewer(s) Assigned
18 Aug 2023Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
22 Aug 2023Editorial Decision: Revise Major
20 Oct 20232nd Revision Received
21 Oct 2023Submission Checks Completed
21 Oct 2023Assigned to Editor
02 Nov 2023Reviewer(s) Assigned
14 Nov 2023Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
02 Feb 20243rd Revision Received
05 Feb 2024Submission Checks Completed
05 Feb 2024Assigned to Editor
19 Feb 2024Reviewer(s) Assigned
21 Feb 2024Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
21 Feb 2024Editorial Decision: Revise Minor
20 Mar 20244th Revision Received
21 Mar 2024Submission Checks Completed
21 Mar 2024Assigned to Editor
21 Mar 2024Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
16 Apr 2024Editorial Decision: Revise Minor
16 May 2024Submission Checks Completed
16 May 2024Assigned to Editor
16 May 2024Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
31 May 2024Editorial Decision: Accept