Plant monocultures growing for extended periods face severe losses of productivity. This phenomenon, known as ‘yield decline’, is often caused by the accumulation of above- and belowground plant antagonists. The effectiveness of plant defences against antagonists might help explaining differences in yield decline among species. Using a trait-based approach, we studied the role of 20 physical and chemical defence traits of leaves and fine roots on yield decline of 18-year old monocultures of 27 grassland species. We hypothesized that yield decline is lower for species with high defences, that root defences are better predictors of yield decline than leaf defences, and that in roots, physical defences better predict yield decline than chemical defences, while the reverse is true for leaves. We additionally hypothesized that species increasing the expression of defence traits after long-term monoculture growth would suffer less yield decline. We summarized leaf and fine root defence traits using principal component analysis and analysed the relationship between defence traits mean as a measure of defence strenght and defence traits temporal changes of the most informative components and monoculture yield decline. The only significant predictors of yield decline were the mean and temporal changes of the component related to specific root length and root diameter (e.g. the so called collaboration gradient of the root economics space). The principal component analysis of the remaining traits showed strong trade-offs between defences suggesting that different plant species deploy a variety of strategies to defend themselves. This diversity of strategies could preclude the detection of a generalized correlation between the strength and temporal changes of defence gradients and yield decline. Our results show that yield decline is strongly linked to belowground processes particularly to root traits. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanism driving the effect of the collaboration gradient on yield decline.

Biogeochemical cycling in permafrost-affected ecosystems remains associated with large uncertainties, which could impact the Earth’s greenhouse gas budget and future climate mitigation policies. In particular, increased nutrient availability following permafrost thaw could perturb biogeochemical cycling in permafrost systems, an effect largely unexplored in global assessments. In this study, we enhance the terrestrial ecosystem model QUINCY, which fully couples carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycles in vegetation and soil, with processes relevant in high latitudes (e.g., soil freezing and snow dynamics). We use this enhanced model to investigate impacts of increased carbon and nutrient availability from permafrost thawing in comparison to other climate-induced effects and CO2 fertilization over 1960 to 2019 over a multitude of tundra sites. Our simulation results suggest that vegetation growth in high latitudes is acutely N-limited at our case study sites. Despite this, enhanced availability of nutrients in the deep active layer following permafrost thaw, simulated to be around 0.1 m on average since the 1960s, accounts for only 11 % of the total GPP increase averaged over all sites. Our analysis suggests that the decoupling of the timing of peak vegetative growth (week 27-29 of the year, corresponding to mid-to-late July) and maximum thaw depth (week 34-37, corresponding to mid-to-late August), lead to an incomplete plant use of newly available nutrients at the permafrost front. Due to resulting increased availability of N at the permafrost table, as well as alternating water saturation levels, increases in both nitrification and denitrification enhance N2O emissions in the simulations. Our model thus suggests a weak (5 mg N m-2 yr-1) but increasing source of N2O, which reaches trends of up to +1 mg N m-2 yr-1 per decade, locally, which is potentially of large importance for the global N2O budget.