Transpressional margins are widespread, and their dynamics are relevant for plate boundary evolution globally. Though transpressional orogen evolution involves a topographic response to deformation, many studies focus only on the structural development of the system ignoring surface processes. Here, we present a new set of analog models constructed to investigate how tectonic and surface processes interact at transpressive plate boundaries and shape topography. Experiments are conducted by deforming a previously benchmarked crustal analog material in a meter-scale plexiglass box while controlling erosion through misting nozzles mounted along the transpressional wedge. We used a laser scanner to generate digital elevation models throughout the model evolution and photos for particle image velocimetry analysis. We focus on three experiments that cover a range of rainfall and convergence settings, with two end-member erosion settings and a dry reference. In all experiments, a bivergent wedge forms, and strain partitioning broadly evolves according to previously established models. Regarding drainage networks, we find that the streams in our models develop differently through feedback between fault development and drainage rearrangement processes. Differences between end-member erosional models can be explained by the varying response of streams to structure modulated by rainfall. Additionally, erosion may influence the structural evolution of transpressional topography, leading to accelerated strike-slip partitioning. From these results, we create a model for developing structures, streams, and topography where incision and valley formation along main structures localize exhumation. We apply insights from the models to natural transpressional systems, including the Transverse Ranges, CA., and the Venezuelan Andes.

The relationships between deformation and erosion in transpressive systems are still poorly understood. Here, we present a new set of analog models to investigate how the tectonic and surface processes present at transpressive plate boundaries interact to shape topography. The experimental setup comprised a 2 x 1 x 0.5 m3 plexiglass box fit with a plexiglass board cut to 20º obliquity. A motor pulled a mylar sheet beneath the board to generate a velocity discontinuity at the interface. We loaded a ~5 cm thick layer of a granular material onto the board and sheet composed of 40 wt. % silica powder, 40 wt. % glass microbeads, and 20 wt. % PVC powder (cf. CMII in Reitano et al., 2020, doi: 10.5194/esurf-8-973-2020). This setup allows deformation to nucleate at the velocity discontinuity and naturally form a transpressional wedge. The model was monitored with digital cameras and a laser scanner to conduct particle image velocimetry and digital elevation model analysis, respectively. To explore surface processes associated with mass transport and erosion, we used a sprinkler system that casts a uniform mist across the model surface. We allowed ~1 cm of relief (equivalent to ~10 cm of convergence) to form before misting began to ensure the formation of realistic drainage networks. Before misting, experiments evolved in 3 stages: 1) distributed strain, 2) strike-slip faulting along synthetic structures, and 3) uplift and formation of a wedge along bivergent thrust structures. After misting, strike-slip deformation was still fully partitioned to synthetic structures and thrust sheets propagated in the prowedge direction. As the experiment continued, sub-longitudinal drainage systems formed with their orientation controlled by synthetic structures. Strike-slip displacement along these structures interrupted transverse streams, which ultimately captured the sub longitudinal systems. On the retrowedge, a longitudinal basin formed along a coalesced extensional structure, which also was later captured by transverse channels. These and other interactions between fault structures and channel networks provide insight into erosion and mass transport in transpressional systems and the nature of the complex reorganization of stream networks in response to deformation.