1. Mixture effect on stand productivity is usually apprehended through a substitutive approach, whereby productivity in mixed stands is compared to productivity in monocultures, at equivalent stand density. This approach has proved that in many cases mixed stands perform better than monospecific forests, however, we do not yet have a solid theory about species behaviour in the mixture or even guidelines for combining species. The addition of a second tree species to an existing mono-specific stand has received much less consideration. Yet, this approach has the potential to separate the facilitation effect from the complementarity effect. 2. We compared the effect of tree species substitution vs. addition on the productivity of maritime pine and silver birch in a young tree diversity experiment implemented in 2008 in SW France. 3. Substituting pines with birches to create two-species mixtures resulted in an increase of tree productivity at stand level beyond what was expected from monocultures (i.e., overyielding). In contrast, creating mixture through the addition of birches to pine stands had no effect on the maritime pine stand productivity (transgressive mixture effect not significant). This absence of effect is produced by two distinct density-dependence responses at an individual level. 4. Our results allow clarifying the cases in which a mixed stand can be considered as an alternative to a monoculture of a productive species. In particular, the addition of a pioneer and soil low-demanding species during young developmental stages is a possibility to diversify the stand and potentially to increase ecosystem services without altering the productivity of the target species.

Ecology is broad and relies on several complementary approaches to study the mechanisms driving the distribution and abundance of organisms and their interactions. One of them is citizen science, the co-production of scientific data and knowledge by non-professional scientists, in collaboration with or under the direction of professional scientists. Citizen science has bloomed in the scientific literature over the last decade and is being incrasingly popular. We used a bibliometric analysis to study whether associating the public to ecological research changes the making of ecology and the nature of questions it asks. We analysed keywords and abstracts of 41,105 articles published the last ten years, disentangling CitSci articles (those explicitly referring to citizen science) and non-CitSci articles. Keyword co-occurrence and thematic map analyses revealed that CitSci articles primarily focused on biodiversity and climate change in a more descriptive way than non-CitSci articles which were more likely to address theoretical questions in ecology. Roughly, citizen science in ecology addressed patterns, whereas non participatory research dug further into mechanisms. Biodiversity also appeared as a more central theme in the CitSci corpus, where it was more systematically associated with other keywords. Our study indicates that should the surge of citizen science approaches in ecological scientific literature have change the type of ecological inquiry, this thematic change is marginal. Still, we provide evidence that specific research questions individualized from ecological CitSci thus supporting the view that citizen science is becoming an independent field of investigation, and not only a peculiar methodological approach to ecological research.

Urbanization is recognized as an important driver of the diversity and abundance of tree associated insect herbivores, but its consequences for insect herbivory are controversial. A likely source of variability among studies is the insufficient consideration of intra-urban variability in forest cover. With the help of citizen scientists, we investigated the independent and interactive effect of urbanization and local canopy cover on insect herbivory in the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) throughout most of its geographic range in Europe. The damage caused by chewing insect herbivores as well as the incidence of leaf-mining and gall-inducing herbivores consistently decreased with increasing urbanization around focal oaks. Herbivory by chewing herbivores increased with increasing forest cover, regardless of urbanization. In contrast, an increase in local canopy cover buffered the negative effect of urbanization on leaf-miners and strengthened its effect on gall-inducers. These results show the complexity of plant-herbivore interactions in urbanized areas, highlighting that the presence of local canopy cover within cities has the potential to attenuate or modify the effect of urbanization on biotic interactions.