Eating disorder diagnoses (ED) are rising at an alarming rate globally, related to threats about achieving and maintaining social status, especially in adolescents and young adults. University students, often young adults with social mobility in mind, attempt to improve their socio-economic status with higher vocational or academic study. Young adults are most susceptible to potential harms caused by social media and are likely to experience greater anxiety and perceived threats that alter cognitive processes and increase the risk of developing an ED. This pilot study aimed to examine whether threat perceptions, anxiety and disordered eating in a non-clinical sample were linked to cognitive biases for food and threat words. Fifty university students, between the ages of 18-25 (19 male) completed online versions of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDEQ), Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and a Threat Perception Questionnaire (TPQ) created by the authors. All measures

There is a growing interest in the psychiatric properties of the dissociative anesthetic ketamine, as single doses have been shown to have fast-acting mood-enhancing and anxiolytic effects, which persist for up to a week after the main psychoactive symptoms have diminished. Therefore, ketamine poses potential beneficial effects in patients with refractory anxiety disorders, where other conventional anxiolytics have been ineffective. Ketamine is a non-competitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor, which underlies its induction of pain relief and anaesthesia. However, the role of NMDA receptors in anxiety reduction is still relatively unknown. To fill this paucity in the literature, this systematic review assesses the evidence that ketamine significantly reduces refractory anxiety and discusses to what extent this may be mediated by NMDA receptor antagonism. We highlight the temporary nature of the anxiolytic effects and discuss the high discrepancy among the study designs regarding many fundamental factors such as administration routes, complementary treatments, and other treatments.