Inducible responses to antagonistic predation risks are not in a
dilemma: Evidences from multi-traits and transcriptome of Ceriodaphnia
- Lei Gu,
- Shanshan Qin,
- Yunfei Sun,
- Jing Huang,
- Siddiq Akbar,
- Lu Zhang,
- Zhou Yang
Lei Gu
Nanjing Normal University - Xianlin Campus
Corresponding Author:lei.gu@njnu.edu.cn
Author ProfileAbstract
Inducible defenses of prey are evolved under diverse and variable
predation risks. In the co-evolution of prey and multiple predators with
antagonistic selection pressures, whether inducible defense responses of
prey will fall into a dilemma and its underlying mechanism are still
unclear. Based on the antagonistic predation pressure from invertebrate
predator Chaoborus larvae and vertebrate predator fish, we studied
multi-traits and transcriptome of the freshwater crustacean Ceriodaphnia
cornuta under multiple predation risks. Our results showed that
Chaoborus larvae predation risks altered the expression of genes
encoding cuticle protein and changed the biosynthesis of steroid
hormone, cutin, suberine, and wax, promoting Ceriodaphnia to express
horns and grow larger at a late development stage, whereas fish
predation risks mainly triggered responses in genes encoding ribosome
and pathways of unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis, cysteine and
methionine metabolism, resulting in a smaller individual size and
earlier reproduction. The inducible responses on transcription and
individual traits both revealed that predator unique responses are
dominant and the antagonistic responses are the least. Besides, Pearson
correlations between different predator unique responses are extremely
weak. Furthermore, the unique individual traits triggered by different
predators can be expressed simultaneously. These results indicated that
Ceriodaphnia can avoid the dilemma by performing predator unique
responses and diverse inducible responses are favored in the
co-evolution of zooplankton and multiple predators.