Aim: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) and retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) are common surgical methods in the treatment of kidney stones. Possible effects on kidneys are an important factor in determining the surgical procedure and the surgical method. In our study, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX) were used to compare acute kidney injury in patients that underwent PNL and RIRS. Material and Method:Eighty patients aged 20 to 75, who underwent PNL or RIRS in our urology clinic between November 2018 and February 2020 were included in the study. In this prospective study, the demographic characteristics, stone size, operation time, preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin and biochemistry values of the patients were recorded. 5 cc blood samples taken from the patients before the operation and at the fourth hour after the operation were centrifuged and kept at -80 °C, and the KIM-1 and MIOX levels were measured in the biochemistry department. Results: There was no difference between the groups in terms of demographic data; however,the operation time and length of hospital stay were significantly longer in the PNL group. The mean increase in MIOX was 10.583±9.73 ng/ml and 7.501±16.46 ng/ml in the PNL and RIRS groups, respectively. Although there was a statistically significant increase in both groups, this increase was greater in the PNL group. A significant increase was observed only in the PNL group in the postoperative period (p=0.003). Discussion and Conclusion:The findings of the study suggest that the PNL procedure causes more damage to the kidneys than RIRS.

Male infertility may be the result of some identifiable conditions (varicocele, cryptorchidism, hypogonadism, and genetic abnormalities), but there is no identified cause in 30-40% of infertile men. Studies show that the use of antioxidants has a beneficial effect on fertility, especially on sperm quality, and therefore recommended as a potentially effective treatment for male infertility. However, it is argued that this treatment is not based on sufficient evidence and has no effect on the rate of healthy pregnancy. Aim: In this study, two different antioxidant combinations with different doses and contents were evaluated in terms of their effect on sperm parameters. Materials and Methods: A total of 122 patients diagnosed with idiopathic infertility were enrolled in our multicenter study. The patients were divided into two different groups: The first group used Proxeed Plus sachets 2x1 and the second group used Carniact Duo tablets 2x1 for six months. The total semen volume, total sperm count and concentration, motile sperm count, and morphological findings of the patients were compared at the end of the six months. The mean age of the patients participating in the study was 30.8 ± 6.05 years. No significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of baseline sperm count. Results: There was a significant difference between the baseline and sixth-month values of the patients using both combinations. However, no significant statistical difference was found between the groups according to the sixth-month data. Conclusion: The combinations of both antioxidants had a positive effect on sperm parameters, and the use of different doses and contents had a similar effect. Keywords: Antioxidants, Infertility, Vitamins, Spermiogram,