Abstract Background: Epidemiologic studies have reported that dietary acid load is associated with psychological disorders through different pathways. We aimed to examine the association of dietary acid-base load with Psychological Disorders, Sleep and circadian rhythm. Methods: This study was performed on 404 female subjects ≥18 years old. We evaluated potential renal acid load (PRAL), net endogenous acid production (NEAP) score by a valid food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for Iran of with 147 items. To assess psychological disorders, an Iranian validated version of depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21) was used. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and morning-evening questionnaire (MEQ) were applied to evaluate sleep quality and circadian rhythm status respectively. Results: Considering a wide range of confounding variables, compared with the low adherence, a significant positive association was observed between dietary acid-base load and severe depression (OR PRAL =1.10, 95%CI=1.01-1.19, P=0.02) and (OR NEAP =2.46, 95%CI=1.41-14.61, P=0.02). Women in the high dietary acid base load category had higher anxiety (ORPRAL=1.12,95%CI=1.02-1.23, P=0.01) and (ORNEAP=1.80,95%CI=1.12-10.72, P=0.01). There was a strong positive relationship between dietary acid-base load and sleep disturbance (P<0.05). Additionally, circadian rhythm assessment showed that those with greater commitment to PRAL had 23% higher risk of being completely E-type, while odds of being completely M-type, was decreased by 15% and 12% across higher adherence to PRAL and NEAP. Conclusion: Women with higher dietary acid-base load score had greater odds for depression, anxiety, psychological distress, sleep disturbance and circadian rhythm compared to lower ones.

Background: We investigated the interaction between PPAR-γ Pro12Ala polymorphism and Healthy Eating Index (HEI), Dietary Quality Index-International (DQI-I) and Dietary Phytochemical Index (DPI) on Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 393 diabetic patients. PPAR-γ Pro12Ala was genotyped by PCR-RFLP method. Biochemical markers including total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG), superoxide dismutase (SOD), C-reactive protein (CRP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), pentraxin-3 (PTX3), isoprostaneF2α (PGF2α) were measured by standard protocol. FFQ was used for dietary indices (DQI, DPI, HEI) calculation. Results: There was no significant relationship between PPAR-γ Pro12Ala polymorphism and CVD risk factors. The rs1801282-DQI interactions were significant on WC (P= 0.01). Thus, C-allele carriers in the higher tertile of DQI had higher WC compared to GG homozygous. Further, an interaction was observed between PPAR rs1801282 polymorphism and DQI on serum IL-18 level (P = 0.03). Besides, a significant rs1801282-DPI interaction was shown on HDL concentration (P Interaction= 0.04), G allele carriers who were in the highest tertile of DPI, had lower HDL. Moreover, there were significant rs1801282-HEI interactions on ghrelin (P= 0.04) in the crude model and serum leptin (P = 0.02) in the adjusted model. Individuals with (CC, CG) genotypes in the higher tertile of HEI, had lower leptin and ghrelin concentration. Conclusions: Higher dietary indices (DQI, DPI, HEI) may affect the relationship between PPAR-γ Pro12Ala polymorphism and waist circumference and ghrelin, leptin, HDL-c, IL-18 concentration in patients with T2DM. To date, studies on this polymorphism have been shown that this gene can interact with diabetes and different nutritional factors. For the first time, this study provides information on the interaction of dietary indices (DQI, DPI, HEI) and PPAR-γ gene which is functionally effective in nutrient metabolism.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is related with all-cause mortality. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) has been widely studied in dyslipidemia, and several studies have indicated that Cav-1 genetic variations may correlate with dietary intake of fatty acids. The aim of the current study was therefore to evaluate the interaction of Cav-1 rs3807992 with types of dietary fatty acid in MetS risk factor status Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 404 overweight and obese females. Dietary intake was obtained from a 147-item FFQ. The CAV-1 genotype was measured using the PCR-RFLP method. Anthropometric values and serum levels (TC, LDL, HDL, TG, FBS) were measured by standard methods. Results: It was observed that the (AA+AG) group had significantly higher BMI, WC and DBP (P=0.02, P=0.02 and P=0.01, respectively) and lower serum LDL, HDL and TC (P < 0.05) than the GG group. It was found that A allele carriers were at higher odds of MetS (P= 0.01), abdominal obesity (P=0.06), increased TG concentration (P=0.01), elevated blood pressure (BP) (P=0.01), increased glucose concentration (P=0.45), and decreased HDL-cholesterol concentration (P=0.03). Moreover, the interaction of Cav-1 and SFA intake was significant in terms of MetS (P=0.01), LDL (P=0.03), DBP (P=0.01) and LDL/HDL (P=0.05). Additionally, the (AA+AG) group was significantly related to PUFA intake in terms of MetS (P=0.04), TG (P=0.02), glucose (P=0.02) and HOMA-IR (P= 0.01). Conclusions: Higher PUFA consumption might attenuate the Cav-1 rs3807992 associations with MetS, and individuals with greater genetic predisposition appeared to have a higher risk of MetS, associated with higher SFA consumption To date, studies on this polymorphism have been animal studies and have not been performed on healthy and obese human society For the first time , this study provides information on the interaction of different fatty acids with the Caveolin gene, which is functionally effective in lipid metabolism

Background: Caveolin is a cholesterol-dependent essential component located in caveolae. Several studies have been shown CAV-1 SNP related to cardio-metabolic parameters in animal models, however there is few studies in humans. Importantly, there is no study has investigated the interaction between CAV-1 rs3807992 gene and dietary pattern on CVDs risk factors in Iranian population. Methods: The current cross-sectional study was conducted on 404 overweight and obese females with mean age of 36 years. Dietary intake obtained from FFQ with 147 items. The CAV-1 genotype was measured by the PCR-RFLP method. The anthropometric measurements, serum lipid profile and inflammatory markers were measured. Results: There was a significant interaction between CAV-1 rs3807992 and healthy dietary pattern on HDL (P interaction=0.03), TC/HDL (P interaction=0.03) and hs-CRP (P interaction=0.04); in A-allele carriers, higher adherence to the healthy dietary pattern was related to higher level of HDL and lower TC/HDL and hs-CRP. As well as, the significant interactions were observed between CAV-1 rs3807992 and unhealthy dietary pattern in relation to TG (P interaction = 0.001), AST (P interaction = 0.01) and MCP-1(P interaction = 0.01); A-allele carriers were more adherence to the unhealthy dietary pattern to lower levels of TG, AST and MCP-1. Conclusions: Our study showed that CAV-1 rs3807992 SNP interacts with adherence to unhealthy or healthy dietary patterns to influence several cardio-metabolic risk factors in obese and overweight females. Further large prospective studies are warranted to confirm our findings