Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a key mediator for the immune reaction in airway mucosa and plays a vital role in nasal polyposis(NP). We review the most recent evidence for the local IgE’s characteristics, the modulation of its synthesis and function in NPs. The level of local IgE is significantly elevated in polyps independently of IgE serum levels and atopic status. Furthermore, local IgE is polyclonal and functional, which is correlated with type 2 inflammation. IgE is produced by active B cell and dependent on the classing switch recombination(CSR). In NPs, this process is triggered by not only allergens but also microbial colonization, especially the superantigen- Staphylococcus aureus. The production of local IgE is modulated by lymphocytes, cytokines, transcription factors and B cell intrinsic factor. Due to the central role of IgE in NPs, it is regarded as an ideal target for therapy and has been proved to be clinically successful. Based on this knowledge, we believe that exploring the trigger and regulatory factors for the activation of local B cells and CSR to IgE will provide more valuable information for us to recognize the pathological mechanisms of local IgE and offer the possible option for new therapeutic targets of NPs.

In the airway, IgE is traditionally regarded as a key mediator in allergic diseases, such as AR and allergic asthma. However, growing evidence demonstrates the importance of local IgE in airway inflammatory diseases, irrespective of the presence of allergy. In this review, we discuss the most recent evidence for IgE in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps(CRSwNP), including the local IgE’s characteristics, the modulation of its synthesis, and function. The levels of local IgE are significantly elevated in polyps independently of IgE serum levels and atopic status. Local IgE is polyclonal and functional, which is correlated with type 2 inflammation. IgE is produced by active B cells and is dependent on the classing switch recombination(CSR). In NPs, this process is triggered by not only allergens but also microbial colonization, especially the superantigen- Staphylococcus aureus. The production of local IgE is modulated by lymphocytes(such as Tfh, ILC2s, iTreg), cytokines(such as IL-4, IL-13, IFN-γ, TGF-β, IL-2, IL-21), transcription factors, and B cell intrinsic factor. Due to the central role of IgE in NPs, it is regarded as an ideal target for therapy and has been proved to be clinically successful. Based on this knowledge, we believe that exploring the trigger and regulatory factors for the activation of local B cells and CSR to IgE will provide more valuable information for us to recognize the pathological mechanisms of local IgE and offer the possible option for new [therapeutic](#/javascript:;) targets of NPs.

Abstract Purpose: Explore the effect of resection of different parts of the maxilla on the prognosis of patients with nasal malignant tumors and promote its clinical selection of nasal endoscopic maxillectomy. Methods: The clinical data of patients with maxillary sinus tumors who underwent endoscopic maxillary resection from January 2013 to May 2020 were analyzed retrospectively and the surgical methods, tumor margin, recurrence and complications are summarized. Results: Among 30 patients (all available follow-up; mean: 17.8 months, range: 2–64 months; pT: T1–T4a), 17 (56.6%) underwent partial maxillary resection, nine (30.0%) total resection, two (6.7%) subtotal resection and two (6.7%) extended resection. There was no significant difference (Log Rank; P > 0.05) in the recurrence rate between endoscopic-assisted maxillectomy and trans-facial surgery. Conclusions: According to the range of tumor lesions and the possible base, different parts of the maxillary sinus can be removed selectively assisted by endoscopy. With the application of endoscopic-assisted maxillectomy, the function can be preserved as far as possible without increasing complications or recurrence rate, and the surgical field of view will be exposed more clearly.