Background Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT) is an established treatment for malignant and non-malignant conditions and pulmonary disease is a leading cause of late term morbidity and mortality. Accurate and early detection of pulmonary complications is a critical step in improving long term outcomes. Existing guidelines for surveillance of pulmonary complications post-HSCT contain conflicting recommendations. Objective To determine the breadth of current practice in monitoring for pulmonary complications of pediatric HSCT. Study Design An institutional review board approved, online, anonymous multiple-choice survey was distributed to HSCT and pulmonary physicians from the United States of America and Australasia using the REDcap platform. The survey was developed by members of the American Thoracic Society Working Group on Complications of Childhood Cancer, and was designed to assess patient management and service design. Results A total of 40 (34.8%) responses were received. The majority (62.5%) were pulmonologists, and 82.5% were from the United States of America. In all, 67.5% reported having a protocol for monitoring pulmonary complications and 50.0% reported adhering “well” or “very well” to protocols. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) most commonly involved spirometry and diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide. The frequency of PFTs varied depending on time post-HSCT and presence of complications. In all, 55.0% reported a set threshold for a clinically significant change in PFT. Conclusions These results illustrate current variation in surveillance for pulmonary complications of pediatric HSCT. The results of this survey will inform development of future guidelines for monitoring of pulmonary complications after pediatric HSCT.

Identification of Pediatric Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome Post Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Surveillance Is the KeyShivanthan Shanthikumar1,2,3, Liam Welsh1, 2, Nicole Westrupp1,2, Theresa Cole3,4, Katherine B Frayman1,2,3, Colin F Robertson1,2,3, Sarath C Ranganathan1,2,3Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, AustraliaRespiratory Diseases, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, AustraliaDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, AustraliaAllergy and Immunology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, AustraliaCorresponding Author; Dr Shivanthan Shanthikumar; Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children’s Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; shivanthan.shanthikumar@rch.org.auAcknowledgements; The authors have no conflicts of interest to declareDear Editor,We read with great interest the article by Walther et al1 regarding long term outcomes of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) in children following haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The authors are to be commended on their study as it is an important contribution to a field where there is a relative paucity of evidence. Given the increasing numbers of HSCT being performed and improved outcomes, timely identification and management of pulmonary complications such as BOS is vital.In particular, the study used multibreath washout to calculate lung clearance index, a more sensitive test for BOS than traditional spirometry.2 In addition, the identification of three trajectories for children diagnosed with BOS; rapid persistent decline, persistent obstructive disease with secondary restriction, and resolution, is an important and novel description. This more nuanced understanding of the natural history of BOS in this setting will be an important consideration when designing therapeutic intervention trials. Given there are now ample data showing that around 4.8-6.5% children post HSCT will develop BOS, with significant associated morbidity and mortality, well designed intervention trials should be strongly considered.There are however limitations of Walther et al’s study that warrant more detailed discussion, as they limit the applicability of this single centre retrospective chart review to wider clinical practice. The manuscript does not adequately describe the institution’s clinical practice regarding evaluation for BOS post-HSCT, although the authors acknowledge a “lack of a standardised follow up protocol for lung function. ” This is not in keeping with current international practice. International guidelines3-5 consistently recommend scheduled lung function surveillance. In addition, in a recent survey of HSCT physicians and pediatric pulmonologists from North America and Australasia, 71.4% reported that a protocol for monitoring lung function post HSCT existed at their hospital and 53.6% reported adhering “well” or “very well” to surveillance protocols.6 A retrospective review of a centre with a screening program in place showed 75.2% of patients had a lung function test 12 months post HSCT.7 These data indicate that the majority of HSCT centres have a screening protocol in place, and within the limitations of self-reported and single centre data, protocols are adhered too. A potential explanation for the lack of a protocol in the study is that the review period started in 2000, which predates the guidelines. However, if the results are to influence contemporary practice, clinicians must be able to relate the reported findings to current standards of care. In the absence of a standardised follow up protocol, it would be useful if the authors reported the proportion of the 526 eligible patients who underwent lung function assessment, and what triggered a referral for testing (i.e. clinical symptoms, graft vs. host disease (GVHD) in another organ). If a high proportion of patients underwent testing then their findings will be more comparable to current international practice, however if only a small proportion underwent testing this is a significant limitation.The prevalence of BOS in the current study is lower than that reported in the wider literature. We suspect their prevalence is underestimated. The overall GVHD rate (45%) is higher than might be expected for a cohort that includes nearly 50% matched sibling donors.8, although GVHD grading is not reported. Given the high GVHD rate in this cohort it would be expected that the prevalence of BOS should also be higher or at least in keeping with the literature. The lack of a standardised protocol for screening lung function would likely lead to an underestimation of the prevalence of BOS. It is well established that the early phases of BOS are often asymptomatic and diagnosed based on lung function abnormality.9 All 14 BOS cases in this study were symptomatic, suggesting that asymptomatic early cases of BOS cases may have been missed due to lung function not being performed. In particular, this would underestimate BOS cases which follow the resolution trajectory as well as potentially the persistent obstruction trajectory. It also would affect two of the key conclusions of the paper; that BOS incidence is low and that BOS is associated with high mortality.In summary, the article by Walther et al is a useful contribution to what is an area of growing clinical importance. Strengths of the study include the use of the most sensitive test of small airway function (multibreath washout with calculation of the lung clearance index) and description of three trajectories post BOS diagnosis. However, the lack of a formal surveillance program and likely resultant underestimation of BOS cases is a significant limitation that should be acknowledged before efforts are made to prevent or attenuate lung function decline in BOS