The transition from the Last Glacial to the Holocene was marked by significant warming. This forced a compositional turnover of terrestrial plant and mammal communities discovered by diverse palaeoecological techniques. In this study, we analysed ancient environmental DNA from eight lake sediment cores, collected in northern Eurasia and Alaska, to elucidate the relationship of past bird communities and vegetation structure across the last 21,000 years. We leveraged all DNA reads assigned to the class “Aves” to characterise the compositional changes of the bird community. The dominance of chicken birds (mainly ptarmigans) during the Last Glacial Maximum turned into a higher taxonomic bird diversity along with the late glacial loss of the steppe-tundra and the increase of shrub and tree cover. This was accompanied by an increased relative abundance of songbirds, raptors and waterfowl. Compared to the northern boreal areas, vegetation and bird communities were more stable in the northern tundra sites, where open landscapes prevailed throughout. Reconstruction of past avian community changes support the predictions of distribution changes in the course of future ecosystem change.

We traced diatom composition and diversity through time using diatom derived sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) from eastern continental slope sediments off Kamchatka (North Pacific) by applying a short, diatom-specific marker on 63 samples in a DNA metabarcoding approach. The sequences were assigned to diatoms that are common in the area and characteristic of cold water. SedaDNA allowed us to observe shifts of potential lineages from species of the genus Chaetoceros that can be related to different climatic phases, suggesting that pre-adapted ecotypes might have played a role in the long-term success of species in areas of changing environmental conditions. These sedaDNA results complement our understanding of the long-term history of diatom assemblages and their general relationship to environmental conditions of the past. Sea-ice diatoms (Pauliella taeniata (Grunow) Round & Basson, Attheya septentrionalis (Østrup) R.M.Crawford and Nitzschia frigida (Grunow)) detected during the late glacial and Younger Dryas are in agreement with previous sea-ice reconstructions. A positive correlation between pennate diatom richness and the sea-ice proxy IP25 suggests that sea ice fosters pennate diatom richness, whereas a negative correlation with June insolation and temperature points to unfavorable conditions during the Holocene. A sharp increase in proportions of freshwater diatoms at ~11.1 cal kyr BP implies the influence of terrestrial runoff and coincides with the loss of 42% of diatom sequence variants. We assume that reduced salinity at this time stabilized vertical stratification which limited the replenishment of nutrients in the euphotic zone.

Siberian larch (Larix Mill.) forests dominate vast areas of northern Russia and contribute important ecosystem services to the world. It is important to understand the past dynamics of larches, in order to predict their likely response to a changing climate in the future. Sedimentary ancient DNA extracted from lake sediment cores can serve as archives to study past vegetation. However, the traditional method of studying sedimentary ancient DNA – metabarcoding – focuses on small fragments which cannot resolve Larix to species level nor allow the detailed study of population dynamics. Here we use shotgun sequencing and hybridization capture with long-range PCR-generated baits covering the complete Larix chloroplast genome to study Larix populations from a sediment core reaching back up to 6700 years in age from the Taymyr region in northern Siberia. In comparison to shotgun sequencing, hybridization capture results in an increase of taxonomically classified reads by several orders of magnitude and the recovery of near-complete chloroplast genomes of Larix. Variation in the chloroplast reads corroborate an invasion of Larix gmelinii into the range of Larix sibirica before 6700 years ago. Since then, both species have been present at the site, although larch populations have decreased with only a few trees remaining in what was once a forested area. This study demonstrates for the first time that hybridization capture applied to ancient DNA from lake sediments can provide genome-scale information and is a viable tool for studying past changes of a specific taxon.