Having recently relocated to the Colombian Rainforest in the foothills of the Andes, I have been struck by the rapid rate of destruction of native habitats by slash and burn techniques to make way for cattle farming. But equally astonishing is the rate of repair of these landscapes and forests once human destructive practices cease.

Title pageSuccessful management of 15 years late-onset Cytomegalovirus infection complicated with deep venous thrombosis in a kidney transplant patient: a rare case report and a review of the literature

Reference conditions are difficult to find in the Anthropocene but essential for effective conservation of biodiversity. Aquatic ecosystems in the Andes-Amazon transition zone of Colombia are now at high risk due to expanded human activities after peace agreements in 2016 ended armed conflict. Expanding human land use may reduce fish diversity across the altitudinal gradient but especially in premontane streams (i.e., <500 m a.s.l.) because lands are more amenable to human use than at greater altitudes. We evaluated natural fish diversity in twelve sites over eight years bracketing the end of armed conflict. Strong differences in community structure (measured as species richness, total abundance, and effective species number, and multivariate analyses) occurred as a function of altitude, as measured by. Our results provide a baseline to identify short-term and long-term changes due to impending human land use at a critical moment for the conservation of tropical fish diversity.

Round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) is an invasive fish present in all five Great Lakes and is becoming increasingly common in their tributaries. Johnny darter (Etheostoma nigrum) is a native species that often coexists with N. melanostomus. In this work, historic factors are addressed as a source of genomic variation in study populations of these species. To do this, patterns of variation in the mitochondrial gene NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) were characterized for both species throughout Lower Michigan. Populations of N. melanostomus and E. nigrum were sampled from 17 localities representing both eastern and western basins of Lower Michigan to test the hypothesis that populations differ between the eastern and western basins of the Great Lakes. Neogobius melanostomus populations were largely homogenous with no significant differences detected among populations or between the eastern and western basins. Additionally, N. melanostomus exhibited no evidence of overarching historical genetic structure, consistent with the recent invasion and rapid expansion of this species. Etheostoma nigrum exhibited significant differentiation among local populations; however, similarity among mtDNA haplotypes indicated that differences among populations are recent, suggesting that local forces are a more important factor in shaping patterns of variation than historical factors. Contrary to predictions, there were no significant differences detected between the eastern and western basins of the Great Lakes; however, construction of a neighbor joining tree with Fst estimates revealed clustering of populations by basin with some anomalies. These anomalies may be the result of recent stream capture events facilitating gene flow between the two basins.

Introduction The Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are exceptionally rare mesenchymal derived tumors accounting for only 1% of all malignancies. Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) include 5-10% of STS cases that displays heterogeneous subtype of malignant mesenchymal tumor originated from smooth muscle tissues 1. The LMS Commonly diagnosed in the fifth and sixth decades of life, and it can be detected every anatomic site, including the uterus, retroperitoneum, extremities, and vasculature 2. The two primary categories of LMS contains uterine LMS (uLMS) and extrauterine (euLMS) types, the first is commonest subtype of uterine sarcoma, while metastatic euLMS are not well described in terms of treatment, outcomes and prognostic factors3. The treatment of this tumor is controversial. However, regardless the site of origin, surgical resection is cornerstone treatment for localized LMS 2,4. The standard surgical procedure includes a complete excision with wide negative margins that gives the best chance of cure 2. Pelvic external beam radiation therapy with or without brachytherapy are recommended for locally resected tumors, especially for advance metastatic disease, chemotherapy considered as an option2,4. In the euLMS is not clear that the choice of specific agent or sensitivity to first-line systemic therapy affects the response rate and clinical outcomes 5.The molecular heterogeneity of leiomyosarcoma is uknown also targeted therapy not available now, detection of different molecular subtypes is urgent to weigh novel therapeutic options. Two diagnostic immunohistochemical markers newly detected in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues; are LMOD1 (Leiomodin 1) in subtype I and ARL4C (ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 4C) in subtype II leiomyosarcoma 6,7. Acording leiomyosarcoma tissue microarray and considering clinical outcome, specified that subtype I leiomyosarcoma is associated with good outcome in extrauterine leiomyosarcoma nonetheless, subtype II is related to poor prognosis in uterine and extrauterine leiomyosarcoma 7.Due to rarity and few confirmed cases reported in the literature, this case report presents a young female patient with euLMS, invading the ovary, uterus, small intestine, sigmoid colon, rectum, omentum and pancreas, which were treated with radical surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy.

Soil degradation is increasing in Kazakhstan, leading to severe losses in land productivity. The Almaty region, the country’s leading agricultural and industrial province, is among the most affected areas. The objective of this study is to evaluate, for the first time, the applicability of the revised model of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) for estimating the rate of soil erosion and identifying areas susceptible to soil erosion in the Almaty region. The revised USLE (RUSLE) factors, including rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, slope length, and steepness, were represented using data on soil, topography, and land use/vegetation cover from the region. Using the RUSLE model’s algorithms, we generated an erosion risk map, emphasizing areas with a high potential for erosion. The results show higher soil erosion rates in agricultural areas with steep slopes and inadequate environmental practices—annual soil losses in the region as high as 26,279 t/ha/year in high-risk areas. On average, approximately 88% of the region’s territory loses up to 103 t/ha/year, while 9% loses about three times as much. Such potential soil erosion risks warrant the implementation of efficient soil conservation strategies in the region to protect soils, ensure desired agricultural productivity, and support journey in achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 15.

We propose a novel analogy between infantile amnesia and the concept of network stability in neural networks. We argue that this analogy can provide significant insights into the mechanisms underlying memory formation and retention. We propose spectral analysis of connectivity matrices to demonstrate how transitions in network structure may contribute to memory consolidation, offering a potential explanation for infantile amnesia.

The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 (M3-mAChR) is involved in various physiological and pathological processes. Owing to specific cardioprotective effects, M3-mAChR is an ideal diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Growing evidence has linked M3-mAChR to the development of multiple CVDs. This review summarizes the expression patterns, functions, and underlying mechanisms of action of M3-mAChR in CVDs, especially ischemia/reperfusion injury, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure.

Recently we demonstrated that in 452 COVID-19 inpatients higher colchicine doses reduced the mortality about 5 times. Here we report another 333 cases of COVID-19 inpatients, treated with different doses of colchicine. There was a clear trend of reduction in the mortality of inpatients with increasing doses of colchicine between 2- and 7-fold. Colchicine loading doses of 4 mg are more effective than those with 2 mg. Despite higher than the so-called “standard doses” of colchicine, our doses are completely safe. The World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended strategy to inhibit viral replication had partial success because there is no direct link between viral load and the hyperactivation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. The neutralization of the IL-6 effects with anti-receptor antibodies and the inhibition of the tyrosine kinase JAK can be compromised if NLRP3 continues to be hyperactive and generates a cytokine storm. Our treatment strategy to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 entry into the cell with inhaled bromhexine and the hyperactivated NLRP3 inflammasome with higher doses of colchicine, as the source of the cytokine storm practically solves the problem of treating COVID-19. The timing of initiation of treatment is critical.

Asymmetry in horses has been suggested as an indicator of genetic quality, affecting disease resistance and performance potential. This review argues that equine bilateral trait asymmetries do not correlate with the directionality of competitive disciplines or selective breeding practices. The presence of similar limb asymmetries in both competitive and non-competitive horses strongly suggests a species-wide trait, with horses with superior athletic ability exhibiting fewer asymmetries. While limb asymmetries may not severely impact biomechanical function, they may indicate underlying physiological or anatomical problems. The review will suggest to readers several research questions that will help to understand the development of limb and hoof asymmetries, their effect on horse welfare and performance, and the factors contributing to these imbalances.

The use of in-line analytics for monitoring and understanding biological processes has been promoted since 2004 through the Process Analytical Technology (PAT) initiative. Two such technologies are Raman and dielectric spectroscopies that are well established but deployed independently. For the very first time, simultaneous usage of in-line Raman and dielectric spectroscopic analytics for tracking progress of a lycopene overproducer E. coli 322 engineered strain was studied herein, alongside scale-up experimentation from shake flask to 0.5L and 10L bioreactor cultures. An intracellular lycopene extraction protocol was optimised for off-line quantification by Raman or UV-Vis spectroscopies, which aids the estimation of lycopene over-production in a high cell density E. coli fed-batch culture via in-line Raman. Correlating dielectric capacitance recordings and flow cytometry viable cell count measurements allows for real-time cell culture viability monitoring, which is more informative for bioprocess dynamic control in contrast to conventional in-/off-line biomass optical density (OD600) or dry cell weight (gDCW). This enabled fed-batch culture revitalisation prior to inducing intracellular lycopene production. The final biomass OD600 was ca. 81.8 corresponding to in-line dielectric capacitance estimated culture viability 43.38 gVCC/L. Intracellular lycopene yield was estimated at 495.1 mg/gVCC via in-line Raman, which was 12.3 times increase compared to initial trial reported for E. coli 322. The successful implementation of dual in-line dielectric capacitance and Raman monitoring exemplifies the quality by design (QbD) approach espoused by PAT framework for expediting bioprocess understanding, development and scale-up of engineered microbial strains.

1. IntroductionLiver transplantation is a life-saving procedure for patients with end-stage liver disease or acute liver failure. Despite advancements in surgical techniques and postoperative care, transplant recipients still face significant challenges, notably antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). AMR in liver transplantation poses a unique set of complexities and implications for patient management and graft survival. Estimates of its incidence vary, with reports indicating it to be between 0.3% to 2% [1]. This lower incidence is thought to be due to the liver’s unique anatomy and its characteristic as an ”immune-privileged” organ, which makes it less susceptible to AMR compared to organs like the heart (10–20% incidence) and kidney (20–50% incidence) [2].AMR occurs when the recipient’s immune system produces antibodies against the donor liver, specifically targeting human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) present on the donor organ. These antibodies, known as donor-specific antibodies (DSAs), are key players in the process of AMR, leading to graft injury and potentially graft loss if not promptly and effectively managed [3]. A previous study reported 13% of liver transplant recipients had DSAs at a median of 51 months post-transplant, and 9% developed de novo DSAs at a median of 36.5 months after the first screening [4]. Likewise, another study reported that preformed DSAs were found in 4.7% of patients, while 19.9% developed de novo DSAs (12.2% at 1 year, 13.4% at 5 years, and 19.5% at 10 years) post-transplant [5]. The liver’s unique immunological environment often results in a more tolerogenic response compared to other organs, yet cases of severe AMR, particularly in the presence of high levels or specific subclasses of DSAs, have been documented [6].DSAs can either be preformed, existing in the recipient’s blood before transplantation, or de novo, developing after the transplant. Preformed DSAs are typically detected in patients who have been previously sensitized, such as through blood transfusions, previous transplants, or pregnancies. De novo DSAs, however, arise post-transplantation and are associated with various risk factors, including inadequate immunosuppression and immune system activation by infections or graft damage [7]. The development of de novo DSAs is particularly concerning as they have been linked to chronic rejection and long-term graft dysfunction. Diagnosing AMR in liver transplant recipients involves detecting DSAs in conjunction with histopathological examination of liver biopsy samples. Typical findings include C4d deposition, a complement degradation product, in the liver tissue, indicating antibody involvement in the graft injury. However, the diagnosis of AMR remains challenging due to the variable presentation and sometimes indistinct histological features, especially in chronic cases [2].The aim of this review is to synthesize current knowledge and recent advancements in the understanding of AMR in liver transplantation, with a particular focus on the role and impact of DSAs. We will examine the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, and management strategies for AMR, as well as discuss the challenges and future directions in research and clinical practice. Understanding the intricacies of DSAs and their role in AMR is crucial for the development of targeted therapies and the improvement of graft survival and patient outcomes in liver transplantation.

Metastatic breast cancer poses a formidable clinical challenge, demanding a comprehensive understanding of the intricate signaling networks orchestrating disease progression. Herein, our findings revealed a pronounced increase in the nuclear translocation of both YAP and β-catenin in MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to a stiff substrate (32 kPa). Intriguingly, YAP knockdown resulted in elevated β-catenin nuclear translocation on soft substrates (2 kPa), while no significant change was observed on stiff substrates. Concurrently, the expression of Wnt/β-catenin downstream genes ( CCND1 and AXIN2) and cell migration were downregulated in MDA-MB-231 cells on stiff substrates following YAP knockdown. Conversely, on soft substrates, β-catenin nuclear localization, downstream gene expression, and cell migration remained unaltered unless both YAP and β-catenin were concurrently silenced, highlighting the compensatory role of β-catenin in response to YAP depletion in the cellular context of mechanotransduction within metastatic breast cancer cells. Moreover, our investigation revealed the significant impact of myosin-II and cell confluency on the interplay between YAP and β-catenin. Thus, we elucidated a paradigm in which β-catenin assumes a compensatory role in response to YAP knockdown, particularly under distinct mechanical conditions. The interplay is finely tuned to the mechanical microenvironment, highlighting the mechanosensitivity of this compensatory mechanism.

Air pollution is a major problem in many countries and especially in India. In November 2019, New Delhi recorded an air quality index level of 900, which is considered higher than the ‘severe’ level. The air pollution forecasting method predicts the pollution based on the available dataset and the data features and certain method performance in forecasting at high accuracy depends on the method and the measures used. Forecasting air quality levels in countries like India is very important because it has a direct impact on public health, and thus, is used for decision making. The main goal for this paper is to investigate air quality index prediction based on different algorithms, so experts can identify the methods that require development and it is useful as a starting point for novice researchers. The problem of the Air Quality Index (AQI) prediction in this paper is approached with different Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS), Neural Networks, Swarm intelligence techniques and so on. The results of the experiments shows that the LSTM model performs better than all the deep learning based models and Fuzzy based models discussed in this paper

A document by ShyamKumar Sriram. Click on the document to view its contents.

Title:

Dynamic fluorescent materials used in data encryption suffer from photodegradation, poor latency, and susceptibility to unauthorized access. Herein, we propose a photochemically modulated dynamic fluorescent encryption system based on 1O2 sensitization of fluorescent composites, comprising a 1O2-sensitive fluorophore (F2) and non-emissive polymers. After UV irradiation, in-situ generation of 1O2 from the polymer effectively binds with F2 to form endoperoxides (F2EPO), resulting in a significant redshift in emission, up to 150 nm. The 1O2 concentration is closely related to the irradiation time, enabling time-gated encryption with diverse fluorescent colors. Moreover, polymer properties can be manipulated to further regulate F2EPO emission. Relying on these merits, we develop a dynamic data encryption method with various non-emissive polymers as the data storage media, UV light irradiation as the data encoder, and F2 as the data decoder. UV light irradiation of diverse polymer solutions generates 1O2 at different concentrations, effectively encoding the data, which remains invisible under both UV and natural lights. The addition of F2 to these irradiated polymer produces different redshifted fluorescence, enabling secure data decryption. Attributing to the non-emissive polymers, time-gated readout fashion, excellent latency of 1O2, and subtle interactions between 1O2 and F2, this data encryption is nearly undecipherable.

Ischemic stroke in a 4 year child resulting from scorpion envenomation: A case report from Nepal.Authors : Bhatta Sunil1, Awasthi Pusp Raj21-Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Nisarga Hospital and Research Center Pvt. Ltd.2-Department of Pediatric Critical Care, Nisarga Hospital and Research Center Pvt. Ltd.Data availability statement : Data described to support the findings is openly accessible in the article.

Bilateral indirect ovarian inguinal hernia in a young female with type 1 Mayer Rokitansky Küster Hauser syndrome: An extremely rare clinical contextAuthors : Bhatta Sunil 1, Ojha Hemant1, Ansari Meraj Alam2, Shrestha Anuj31-Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Nisarga Hospital and Research Center Pvt. Ltd.2-Department of General surgery, Nisarga Hospital and Research Center Pvt. Ltd.3- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Nisarga Hospital and Research Center Pvt. Ltd.Data availability statement : Data described to support the findings is openly accessible in the article.

A Population Investigation of Allergy Prevalence and Cross- sensitization in ChinaTo the Editor,Food allergy is a global public health problem, and its prevalence continues to increase yearly[1]. According to epidemiological data, up to 10% of the world’s population suffers from food allergies[2]. Until now, there has identified more than 200 kinds of food allergens, with varying prevalence rates by specific food and population affected[3]. However, geographical variability in the incidence, major food allergens, and clinical presentation of food allergy as well as variations in symptoms and clinical phenotypes due to race,dietary habit, age, and coexisting allergic diseases exist[4]. The Codex Alimentarius Commission has identified eight major food allergens, but their prevalence trend in China is not clear. At present, some countries have already established allergen lists according to their national conditions [5]. However, national epidemiological surveys of food allergy are limited in China, and the food allergen list hasn’t been established yet. Therefore, we focused on the population of 32 different regions in China.The study collected 12,505 self-reported data and 5360 clinical diagnosis data. Sample size stratified in 5 intervals (0-81 years old) was estimated. A questionnaire plus skin prick tests (SPT) with food allergens were carried out. Descriptive analysis and X2 test were made.The result of our study showed that the proportion in the third age interval (18-44 years old) accounted for the largest, peaking to 51%. And the SPT positivity to egg and milk in the first and second age interval (0-17 years old) decreased over age while crustaceans became the first major allergen in the adult group (≥18years old). No significant variation over gender was observed in the skin test response to all kinds of foods. At the same time, the prevalence of food allergens showed certain regional differences. For example, the prevalence of insect allergy such as cicadas pupae in Yunnan province was higher than that in other places. Most allergic symptoms were mild. More than half of the allergic symptoms belonged to Grade 1. Especially, Grade 3 symptoms were the highest in the egg, accounting for 18% while Grade 4 symptoms were the most in the mango, accounting for 1%. In addition, Grade 5 reaction (anaphylactic shock) occurred in patients with crustaceans, milk, egg, peanut, and soybean allergies while the soybean accounted for the highest proportion (0.62%). The results of severe allergic reactions were consistent with that of the WHO. Severe allergic reactions occurred in the milk, peanut, crustacean, egg, and soybean allergies with the proportion increasing successively. Of total population, the 56% was positive to only one allergen, while 21% to two allergens, 11% to three allergens and 12% to more than three allergens. Further analysis demonstrated that partial cross-reactivity among the food involved. For example, beef - lamb, beef - milk, beef - crustaceans, milk - lamb, milk - crustaceans, wheat - buckwheat, peanut - soy, egg - milk, egg - wheat, egg - crustacean allergies were all significantly associated. Expecially, we found that cross-sensitization between egg and crustaceans.In summary, with reference to the standards of WHO and FAO, we have established a list of food allergens that is more suitable for the actual situation in China. The top eight food allergens in China are crustaceans, milk, egg, beef, peanut, soybean, mango, and mutton. Then, we confired partial cross-sensitization among the food involved.

A document by Hasan Sabah Hasan AL-Nuaimi. Click on the document to view its contents.

A document by PRAGYA RAI. Click on the document to view its contents.

1. The use of environmental DNA (eDNA) as a new method of ecological monitoring is widely applied. Although eDNA can provide important information on the distribution and biomass of particular taxa, an organism’s DNA sequences remain unaltered throughout its existence, which complicates identifying crucial events, including reproduction, with high accuracy. We thus examined DNA methylation as a novel source of information from eDNA, considering that methylation patterns of eggs and sperm released during reproduction differ from those of somatic tissues. 2. Despite its potential applications, little is known about eDNA methylation, including its stability and methods for detection and quantification. Therefore, we conducted tank experiments and performed methylation analysis targeting 18S rDNA through bisulfite amplicon sequencing. 3. Methylation of eDNA was not affected by degradation and was equivalent to the rate of genomic DNA from somatic tissues. Unmethylated DNA, which is abundant in the ovary, was detected in eDNA during reproductive activity of fish. 4. These results indicate that eDNA methylation is a stable signal reflecting genomic methylation and demonstrate that germ cell-specific methylation patterns can be used as markers for detecting reproductive activity.

Global associations of macronutrient supply and asthma disease burden Duan Ni1,2,3, Alistair M. Senior3,4,5, David Raubenheimer3,4, Stephen J. Simpson3,4, Laurence Macia3,6,7, Ralph Nanan1,2,3,*1 Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia2 Nepean Hospital, Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia3 Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia4 School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia5 Sydney Precision Data Science Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia6 School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia7 Sydney Cytometry Core Research Facility, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia* Correspondence:Ralph Nananralph.nanan@sydney.edu.auSydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney.Nepean Hospital, Level 5, South Block, Penrith NSW, 2751, AustraliaTelephone: +61 2 4734 1614Fax: +61 2 4734 1144To the Editor,We read with interest the work by Shin et al. 1, investigating the global disease burden of allergic disorders. They showed that the age-standardized prevalence of asthma has decreased over time on a global level.Following a similar theme, we curated asthma disease burden, macronutrient (protein, carbohydrate and fat) supply and gross domestic product (GDP) data around the globe (Supplementary Methods). Our analysis found that in parallel to changes in asthma disease burden, GDP per capita 2 has increased, and the global nutritional landscape has also changed (Figure 1A-B). Both socioeconomic status and nutritional factors, are emerging critical confounders for asthma1. However, so far, most studies have neglected to consider their correlations and interactions, including among nutrients within diets (Figure 1C-E). They instead focused on individual parameters alone, like specific diets or foods 3. Here, we adopted a recently published approach 2 to systematically interrogate the relationship between nutrient supply, a good proxy of food environment, socioeconomic status and asthma disease burden at a global scale over time. We focused on macronutrient supplies and their interactions, considering their important associations with many facets of health.Various multi-response generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) were used to analyze the effects on asthma disease burden from macronutrient supplies and GDP over time (Supplementary Methods). In all analyses, a model considering the interactions of macronutrient supply and GDP, and an additive effect of time was favoured (Supplementary Table 1, 3). This suggested combinatory effects of macronutrients on asthma and the impacts of socioeconomic changes.The most recent year with all data available, 2018, is shown as a representative (Figure 1F-G, Supplementary Table 1-2). In brief, predicted association between asthma prevalence and macronutrient supplies were visualized using response surfaces on macronutrient supply plots. We focused on the fat (x -axis) and carbohydrate (y -axis) supplies while holding protein at 25%, 50% and 75% quantiles of global supply. Across the response surfaces, red indicated higher asthma disease burden, while blue indicated lower.In our modelling, carbohydrate supply was most strongly associated with increases of asthma prevalence rates, while fat supply had the opposite effects (Figure 1F). This is reflected by the purple isocaloric line, along which the total energy from macronutrients remained constant but increasing fat:carbohydrate ratio decreased the allergy prevalence. Protein supply conferred less influences. Similar patterns were found for asthma incidences (Figure 1G, Supplementary Table 3-4) independent of gender (Supplementary Figure 1-2) and were not confounded by the total macronutrient energy supply, as changing total energy while holding fat:carbohydrate ratio constant (red radial in figures) minimally impacted asthma disease burden.This represents the first study to link asthma to global food environment. Our results imply a driving role of carbohydrate supply for the asthma disease burden, after adjusting for the plausible interactions between macronutrients, total energy supply and socioeconomic status.Interestingly, previous studies found that ketogenic diets, low in carbohydrates, might ameliorate established asthma 4, supporting our findings that ketogenic-like food environments are associated with lower asthma disease burden. Although further in-depth investigations are needed, diet quality might be an intriguing explanation for the positive association between carbohydrate supply and asthma. For example, high- and ultra-processed foods low in fibre have been found to be related to asthma development 3,5, while we have previously shown that dietary fibre exhibited a strong immune regulatory influence, protecting against asthma6.Hence, future studies in more depth are warranted to investigate the associations between macronutrient supply and asthma, including also other related socioeconomic and environmental factors. Such studies will be critical for guidance to future clinical research and practice and public health interventions.Figure 1. Association of global macronutrient supply and asthma disease burden. A. Age-standardized asthma prevalence (blue) and incidence rate (red) of both sexes as functions of year. B.Global GDP per capita (in US dollars, black) and supplies of carbohydrate (green), protein (red) and fat (brown) as functions of year. C-E. Correlations among variables for global data from 1990-2018 (C ) and for different countries in 1990 (D ) and 2018 (E ). Correlation coefficients are shown. F-G.Predicted effects of macronutrient supply on age-standardized asthma prevalence rate (F ) and incidence rate (G ) of both sexes (See Supplementary Information for statistics and interpretation).