We detail the generation of a pulsed atomic oxygen (AO) broad beam with a high flux-density via collision-induced dissociation of O2 to support practical industrial exploitation of AOs, particularly for facilitating 2-dimenstional oxidation/etching at a fast rate of one-monolayer per second in an area ≥1000cm2. This innovation fuses the following interdisciplinary concepts: (a) a high density of O+ can be produced in an electron-cyclotron-resonance (ECR) O2 plasma; (b) O+ can be extracted and accelerated with an aperture-electrode in the plasma; (c) O+ with adequate kinetic energy can initiate a cascade of gas-phase collisions in the presence of O2; (d) collision-induced dissociation of O2 yields AOs with adequate kinetic energy which can cause additional collision-induced dissociation of O2. Computational simulations of such collisions, with both ab initio molecular dynamics and direct simulation Monte Carlo methods, are used to guide the experimental generation of the proposed AO-beam. We experimentally demonstrate the highest known AO mean flux-density of about 1.5×1016 atoms cm-2 s-1 in a broad-beam, and use it to oxidatively modify a self-assembled molecular layer of siloxane on a silicon wafer. In addition, we also demonstrate the growth of Al2O3 through an AO-assisted atomic layer deposition process at a room temperature.

Chronic urticaria, defined as having urticaria for over 6 weeks, is divided into two categories; namely, inducible urticaria and chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). Inducible urticarias have an initiating stimulus, often “physical”, and actually occur intermittently, but the total duration of symptoms can encompass many years. CSU is more typically chronic, has urticarial lesions most days of the week, has no exogenous cause, and from the patient’s point of view, does seem spontaneous. An algorithm for the diagnosis of CSU is shown in Fig. 1. Angioedema can accompany many inducible urticarias, but is more typically associated with CSU affecting face, extremities, genitalia, lips, tongue, and rarely pharynx, but not the larynx. Thus risk of asphyxiation is nil. The disorder is strongly associated with autoimmunity. The best studied (often referred to as type IIb autoimmunity) involves IgG antibody to the IgE receptor[1](#ref-0001) which cross-links unoccupied IgE receptors of mast cells and activates the cells to cause secretion of histamine, leucotrienes, cytokines, and chemokines. Complement is activated and release of C5a augments the mast cell secretion[2](#ref-0002). There is a second scenario in which patients have IgE antibody to a large variety of autoantigens[3](#ref-0003) including thyroperoxidase and interleukin 24, although which are pathogenic is not yet clear. This is often designated as type I autoimmunity or autoallergy. Clinically, other autoimmune disorders may be present. The most prominent is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, but also type I diabetes and vitiligo. Antithyroid antibodies (i.e. IgG anti microsomal antigen and IgG antithyroglobulin) are seen in 25% of patients regardless of thyroid status. Total IgE is elevated within this population although much less so than in asthma or atopic dermatitis. Low or very low IgE levels may be seen and such patients are less responsive to omalizumab[4](#ref-0004).

Most plant thermal tolerance studies focus on single critical thresholds, which limit the capacity to generalise across studies and predict heat stress under natural conditions. In animals and microbes, thermal tolerance landscapes describe the more realistic, cumulative effects of temperature. We tested this in plants by measuring the decline in leaf photosynthetic efficiency (FV/FM) following a combination of temperatures and exposure times, then modelled these physiological indices alongside recorded environmental temperatures. We demonstrate that a general relationship between stressful temperatures and exposure durations can be effectively employed to quantify and compare heat tolerance within and across plant species and over time. Importantly, we show how FV/FM curves translate to plants under natural conditions, suggesting that environmental temperatures often impair photosynthetic function. Our findings provide more robust descriptors of heat tolerance in plants and suggest that heat tolerance in disparate groups of organisms can be studied with a single predictive framework.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the loss of millions of lives, although a majority of those infected have managed to survive. Consequently, a set of outcomes, identified as long COVID, is now emerging. While the primary target of SARS-CoV-2 is the respiratory system, the impact of COVID-19 extends to various body parts, including the bone. This study aims to investigate the effects of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection on osteoclastogenesis, utilizing both ancestral and Omicron viral strains. Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), which serve as precursors to osteoclasts, were exposed to both viral variants. However, the infection proved abortive, even though ACE2 receptor expression increased post-infection, with no significant impact on cellular viability and redox balance. Both SARS-CoV-2 strains heightened osteoclast formation in a dose-dependent manner, as well as CD51/61 expression and bone resorptive ability. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 induced early pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage polarization, shifting towards an M2-like profile. Osteoclastogenesis-related genes (RANK, NFATc1, DC-STAMP, MMP9) were upregulated, and surprisingly, SARS-CoV-2 variants promoted RANKL-independent osteoclast formation. This thorough investigation illuminates the intricate interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and osteoclast precursors, suggesting potential implications for bone homeostasis and opening new avenues for therapeutic exploration in COVID-19.

An AIE active imidazole-based chemoreceptor, 2-(4-(1-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzylidene)-N-(pyren-1-ylmethylene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide ( BIPC), has been successfully synthesized and characterized by NMR and HRMS analyses. The aggregation-induced emission of BIPC in a binary solvent system is fascinating. Upon aggregation, BIPC forms nanoaggregate which is characterized by dynamic light scattering methods (DLS). Furthermore, optical experiments demonstrated that the sensor BIPC is highly selective and sensitive to F - with a low level of detection. A color change with a bathochromic shift of absorbance and a ratiometric fluorescence attributed to the induction of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) processes upon the addition of F -. In the present study Job’s plot, HRMS, DFT, and 1H NMR experiments were used to validate BIPC’s detection mechanism and binding stoichiometry with F -. Additionally, F - was successfully detected in environmental water samples by BIPC. Since BIPC emits a bright light, it can be used as a counterfeit detecting tool. It was also found that BIPC was effective for detecting F - ion in live cells with a high permeability.

This study seeks better understanding of linkages between channel morphology, streamflow, and aquatic habitat for the effective rehabilitation of imperiled species in rivers subjected to intensive water resource management. We focused on the variability of shallow, low-velocity (SLV) habitats over 50 years for a 56 km reach of the Rio Grande of central New Mexico (Middle Rio Grande). Hydraulic models used topographic data obtained through long-term systematic monitoring between 1962 and 2012 to derive relationships between discharge and SLV habitat availability. We developed a temporally integrated habitat metric (TIHM) to facilitate quantitative comparisons of SLV habitat availability over seasonal hydrologic periods (base flow, spring runoff, and summer low flow) for selected years representative of contemporary discharge variations. Results showed that SLV habitat availability, as captured by TIHM values, decreased on average by 83% over the study period (1962–2012), corresponding to completion of Cochiti Dam (1973), which profoundly altered flow and sediment regimes. Resulting channel incision and floodplain disconnection, caused shifts in discharge-habitat relationships whereby considerably higher discharges are required to produce equivalent increases in SLV habitat availability relative to pre-dam conditions. Ecological implications of losses to SLV habitat availability include recovery of the federally endangered Rio Grande Silvery Minnow Hybognathus amarus.

Trypanosoma cruzi, a flagellated protozoan, is the causative agent of Chagas disease. The parasite has developed various mechanisms to get through its intricate life cycle and adapt to different evolutionary phases. T. cruzi proliferates in the insect vector’s digestive tract as an epimastigote form, encountering fluctuating nutrient availability and oxidative stress caused by the digestion of red blood cells from the mammalian host blood meal. To unravel how the parasite’s metabolism adapts to these changing conditions, we conducted an analysis of the chemical species present in epimastigote forms. This involved comparing cultured parasites with those subjected to nutritional deficiency or oxidative stress using untargeted metabolomics. We looked at twenty-one samples: seven biological copies of parasites that were actively growing, seven samples that were put in a medium without nutrients for three hours, and seven samples that were treated with glucose oxidase for thirty minutes to make H 2O 2 continuously. Importantly, in all conditions, parasite viability was maintained when the samples were collected. Upon nutrient removal, we observed a substantial decrease in amino acids and carbohydrate metabolites, accompanied by the accumulation of fatty acids and steroids, with the predominance of inositol and sphingolipid metabolism, along with a simultaneous decrease in the levels of H 2O 2. In the presence of H 2O 2, a significant rise in components of the pentose pathway and specific amino acids such as methionine and serine occurred, along with pathways related to an increase in antioxidant species metabolism such as ribulose 5-phosphate and glyceric acid. Conversely, fatty acid and steroid levels decrease. We found no common increase in metabolites or lipids. In contrast, eight species (succinic acid, glutamic acid, valine, 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid, alanine, indolelactic acid, proline, and lanosterol) were consumed under both stresses. These findings underscore the rapid and distinct enrichment responses in amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates required to cope with each different environmental condition. This information not only enhances our understanding of T. cruzi’s metabolic flexibility but also opens avenues for studying cellular metabolism changes in diverse environments used by the parasite.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have exhibited significant advancements over the last decade, positioning them as the most promising candidate for the next-generation photovoltaic technology. Recently, significant efforts have been focused on the scale-up of PSCs towards enabling their commercialization. In this study, we performed electrical simulations to elucidate the balance between electrical and geometric losses in PSMs and verified our model by fabricating opaque (PSMs) and semi-transparent wide-bandgap perovskite solar modules (ST-PSMs). We showed that a P2 width of 20-50 µm provides an optimized P2 contact resistance, resulting in high geometric fill factors (GFF) and fill factor (FF), simultaneously. PSMs with an aperture area of 4.2 cm 2, reaching a GFF of 98.4%, an FF of 81.5%, and a PCE of 17.78% were fabricated. To demonstrate the scalability of this approach, 16 cm 2 PSMs, reaching a GFF of 97.0%, an FF of 80.1%, and a PCE of 17.58% were fabricated. ST-PSMs (4 cm 2) with >92.5% GFF, 81.4% FF, and 15.68% PCE were fabricated. We believe that the proposed optoelectronic model, along with its validation through the fabrication, exhibiting exceptionally high GFFs and FFs, elucidates the optical-electrical trade-off in PSMs and thus offers valuable insights for the design of highly efficient PSMs.

The mammalian ejaculate is very well suited for proteomics studies. As such, investigations on the sperm proteomics are offering a huge amount of new information on the biology of the spermatozoa. Among domestic animals, horses represent a special interest species, in which reproductive technologies and an important market of genetic material has growth exponentially in the last decade. Investigations using proteomic approaches have been conducted in recent years, showing that proteomics is a potent tool to dig into the biology of the stallion spermatozoa. The aim of this review is to present an overview of the research conducted, and how these studies have improved our knowledge of the stallion sperm biology. The main outcomes of the research conducted so far have been an improved knowledge of the metabolism, and its importance of sperm functions, the impact of different technologies in the sperm proteome, and the identification of potential biomarkers. Moreover, proteomics of the seminal plasma and phosphoproteomics are identified as areas of major interest.

Objective: It is already established that thoracic radiation therapy (TRT) enhances the outcomes of patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) after chemotherapy response. This investigation aimed to elucidate TRT’s impact on ES-SCLC patients during immunotherapy. Methods: This retrospective research was authorized by our institute IRB and included histopathology-confirmed ES-SCLC cases that underwent chemoimmunotherapy with or without TRT as primary treatment at our hospital between October 2018 to March 2022. With the help of propensity score matching, the selection bias was minimized. The research endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), which were determined via Kaplan-Meier, from first-line treatment initiation time. Survivals in different cohorts were compared with the help of a Log-rank test. Furthermore, Cox proportional hazards regression was applied to examine factors linked with survival. With the help of subgroup analyses, the influencing factors on TRT were assessed. Results: This investigation analyzed 172 patients who were followed up for a median of 20.1 months. The median PFS and OS for patients receiving TRT were 11.3 and 24.4 months, respectively, while for those without TRT, the values were 15.9 and 6.6 months (p < 0.001 and p = 0.006, respectively). According to the multivariate Cox regression assessment, thoracic radiotherapy was an independent favourable factor for both OS and PFS. Per the subgroup analysis, patients in all subgroups may have OS beneficial after TRT. Conclusions: Thoracic radiation therapy may improve PFS and OS in ES-SCLC cases undergoing chemoimmunotherapy as the primary treatment. Further investigation by randomized controlled studies is needed for confirmation.

While multiple reasons make long-term demographic studies disproportionally valuable, much of their importance comes from the ability to detect and quantify rare events. We argue here that rare events can be critical for understanding important ecological and evolutionary processes. We highlight the additive or interactive nature of anthropogenic rare events with environmental rare events that may cause outsized changes in vital rates and therefore in population dynamics. Rare events may also generate complex responses in populations due to interactions between demographic processes and evolutionary responses. Complex, non-linear dynamics of populations may include threshold, extreme responses such as long transients, tipping points, regime shifts and collapse. When occurring locally, rare events may also exacerbate spatial heterogeneity with consequences for demographic processes. In sum, these effects represent substantial challenges for prediction, especially when considering the increase in the frequency of rare extreme events, and emphasise the need for long-term studies. Our perspective attempts to integrate the occurrence of rare events in variable environments and the consequences for the overall fitness, growth rates, and the spatial-temporal dynamics of populations.

Background: Several cases of renal complications including acute kidney injury (AKI) after influenza vaccination have been reported, but the association remains unproven. We evaluated the association between influenza vaccination and AKI occurrence among the Korean elderly in the 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 seasons. Methods: We used a large database that combined vaccination registration data from the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency and the claims data from the National Health Insurance Service. The study subjects were patients hospitalized with AKI for the first time following vaccination among those who received one influenza vaccine in the 2018–2019 or 2019–2020 season. Only those who were 65 or older at the date of vaccination were included in our study. We performed a self-controlled case series study in which the risk period was designated as 1 to 28 days after vaccination, and the observation period as each influenza season. We conducted sensitivity analyses with varied risk periods and observation periods. Results: A total of 16,713 and 16,272 AKI events were identified during each influenza season. The adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) for AKI was 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI]= 0.79–0.87) in the 2018–2019 season. The IRR of the 2019–2020 influenza vaccination was similar to the 2018–2019 season (aIRR=0.86; 95% CI=0.82–0.90). Sensitivity analyses showed similar results. Conclusions: We suggest that influenza vaccination is associated with a lower risk of AKI in the elderly over 65.

Introduction: Online self-assessment tools are becoming more and more common and they serve as a screening tool for specific conditions or assess mental health more broadly. Methods: This study presents preliminary data from an online self-assessment tool for young people within the intended age range of 12 to 30 years. It covers key symptoms of mood and psychotic disorders, as well as risk factors, such as eating issues, substance use, suicidality, and deliberate self-harming behaviours. Participants self-assessed their level of functioning, access to ongoing interventions, and satisfaction with the help received. Based on the severity of mental health problems and the level of risk, different recommendation options of how to seek help were provided with the option to download their assessment as a PDF. Results: Out of a total of 303, 114 participants within the intended age range (65.8% female) gave permission to analyse their data. A high-risk profile was defined by anxiety symptoms, panic attacks, suicidal ideation, and urges to self-harm. Individuals with this profile were more likely to report psychosis or depression symptoms and recreational substance use associated with lower self-assessed day-to-day functioning. Ongoing treatment and the satisfaction with it were not determined by the severity of symptoms. Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that the online self-assessment tool effectively reaches the intended young audience, particularly those who experience some degree of mental health problems. The tool may act as a motivational step to seeking professional help.

In the field of wind turbines, there is growing attention towards. monitoring key components that are susceptible to high failure rates, such as gearbox, shafts, bearings, rotor blades, generators, etc. The usage of vibration sensors on turbine components aid in diagnosing and preventing breakdowns, ensuring reliable and efficient operation. A thorough understanding of degradation minimizes opportunity costs, optimizes maintenance expenses, and enables accurate prediction, planning, and effective mitigation of failures. In this study, two wind turbines from the same wind farm were considered for a detailed investigation of their vibration signature during normal operation. The vibrations were measured using identical sensors placed in the same locations (in both turbines) over an extended period, capturing a wide range of operating conditions. A multitude of methods including time domain analysis, frequency domain analysis, order analysis, envelope analysis were utilized to investigate and obtain a comprehensive understanding of the vibration dataset. These analyses helped identify the presence and extent of faults and abnormalities in the turbines. Moreover, the fault frequencies’ peaks derived from envelope analysis were cross-validated with analytically obtained fault frequencies. This research involves creating a distinctive degradation index, allowing the examination of degradation based on vibration behaviour over time. This effort facilitated the exploration of real-time changes in the degradation index, aiding in the ongoing assessment of wind turbine conditions. The analysis reveals multiple fault frequencies and greater degradation in the second turbine when compared to the first. Another key emphasis in this study involved the utilization of diverse autoregressive models, incorporating additional features to forecast the degradation index for the upcoming 15-day window. The resulting forecasts provide a clear tracking of degradation, offering advance notice for operators to implement timely predictive maintenance measures.

Introduction. Precise electrocardiographic localization of accessory pathways (AP) can be challenging. Seminal AP localization studies were limited by complexity of algorithms and sample size.We aimed to create a non-algorithmic method for AP localization based on color-coded maps of AP distribution generated by a web-based application. Methods. APs were categorized into 19 regions/types based on invasive electrophysiologic mapping. Preexcited QRS complexes were categorized into 6 types based on polarity and notch/slur. For each QRS type in each lead the distribution of APs was visualized on a gradient map. The principle of common set was used to combine the single lead maps to create the distribution map for AP with any combination of QRS types in several leads. For the validation phase, a separate cohort of APs was obtained. Results. A total of 804 patients with overt APs were studied. The application used the exploratory dataset of 552 consecutive APs and the corresponding QRS complexes to generate AP localization maps for any possible combination of QRS types in 12 leads. Optimized approach (on average 3 steps) for evaluation of preexcited ECG was developed. The area of maximum probability of AP localization was pinpointed by providing the QRS type for the subsequent leads. The exploratory dataset was validated with the separate cohort of APs (n = 260); p = 0.23 for difference in AP distribution. Conclusions. In the largest dataset of APs to-date, a novel probabilistic and semi-automatic approach to electrocardiographic localization of APs was highly predictive for anatomic localization.

Parietal endometriosis: a real surgical endometriosis: case report Corresponding author: Dorsaf Boudhraa: dorsafboudhraa23@gmail.com : mannouba Tunisia 021623675456Authors: Ahlem zeydi zaydi93ahlem@gmail.com, Ghada ben salah ghada.ben.salah96@gmail.com, Oumayma sdiri sediri_oumaima@hotmail.fr, Ghada khadhraoui khadraoui.gh@gmail.com , Azza laouini azza.laaouini@gmail.com ,Mahmoud chlagou Mahmoud.chlagou.19@gmail.com ,Hajer belfalah hajerbelfalah5@gmail.com , hadhami rouis Hadhami.RS@gmail.comDepartment: Gynecology department of Ben arous district hospital

Recent studies suggest that, compared to healthy individuals, people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (pwCOPD) present a reduced capacity to perform cognitive-motor dual-task (CMDT). However, these studies were focused on short-duration CMDT offering limited insight to prolonged CMDT inducing fatigue, which can be encountered in daily life. The present study aimed to explore the effect of adding a cognitive task during repeated muscle contractions on muscle endurance, neuromuscular fatigability and cognitive control in pwCOPD compared to healthy participants. Thirteen pwCOPD and thirteen age- and sex-matched healthy participants performed submaximal isometric contractions of the knee extensors until exhaustion in two experimental sessions: (1) without cognitive task and (2) with a concurrent working memory task (i.e., 1-back task). Neuromuscular fatigability (as well as central and peripheral components measured by peripheral magnetic stimulation), cognitive performance and perceived muscle fatigue were assessed throughout the fatiguing tasks. Independently to the experimental condition, pwCOPD exhibited lower muscle endurance compared to healthy participants (p=0.039), mainly explained by earlier peripheral fatigue and faster attainment of higher perceived muscle fatigue (p<0.05). However, neither effect of cognitive task (p=0.223) nor interaction effect (group × condition ; p=0.136) was revealed for muscle endurance. Interestingly, cognitive control was significantly reduced only in pwCOPD at the end of CMDT (p<0.015), suggesting greater difficulty for patients with dual-tasking under fatigue. These findings provide novel insights into how and why fatigue develops in COPD in dual-task context, offering a rationale for including such tasks in rehabilitation programs.

Isolated paramedian midbrain infarct revealed by an eye palsy:

Climate extreme indices —-encompassing absolute values, percentile-based, and spell indices—- are analyzed over Spain during 1951-2020 using daily precipitation (PR), maximum and minimum temperatures (TX and TN) from the AEMET high-resolution dataset. The indices focus on the frequency, intensity, and duration of extremes. A general warming trend is detected in absolute values and in a longer persistence of warm spells. While the changes are clearer in TN- than in TX-based frequency indices, their sign and magnitude depend on the season and percentile. The upward (downward) trends in warm (cold) nights are usually larger than in warm (cold) days. A drying signal is detected on total precipitation and spell-indices in central and southern Spain during summertime. Isolated extremes increase during autumn, indicating a possible modification of precipitation regimes. This work contributes to disentangling the spatio-temporal variability and recent trends of extremes in Spain, with tailored climate information for adaptation measures.

A document by Estiven Crespo Vizcaíno. Click on the document to view its contents.

This paper focuses on the problem of stability for a class of linear networked control systems (NCSs) subjected to network communication delays and random deception attacks. A new memory event-triggered mechanism (METM) is proposed to reduce the unnecessary transmitted data through the communication channel and then enhance the network resources. In this context, a new memory stochastic state feedback controller is proposed to stabilize the closed-loop networked control system. A new randomly occurring deception attacks model is employed to deal with the security problem of NCSs. Sufficient stability conditions are derived based on a suitable Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional (LKF). The designed methodology is proposed in terms of linear matrix inequality to synthesize both event-triggered parameters and controller gains, and to reduce the conservatism of the system some integral lemma are exploited to bind the time derivative of the LKF. Finally, two numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method which provides a maximal upper bound value of the network induced of delay and less transmitted packet regarding the maximal value delay obtained in other works, so less conservatism results are obtained, compared to previous ones in the literature.

A document by Matthew Hruska. Click on the document to view its contents.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in patient of Immune thrombocytopenic purpura managed with mechanical thrombectomy: an anecdotal endovascular experience from Lower middle income country Corresponding author:Sagun Ghimire, MBBS,Department of Neurosurgery , B and B hospital, Gwarko, Lalitpur, Nepal, +977 9846709636, sagunghimire01@gmail.comAuthor list :1Sagun ghimire,MBBS,Department of Neurosurgery, B and B hospital,Gwarko, Lalitpur, Nepal1Shikher Shrestha,MBBS,FCPS, Department of Neurosurgery, B and B hospital, Gwarko,Lalitpur,Nepal1Dinuj Shrestha,MBBS,FCPS, Department of Neurosurgery, B and B hospital, Gwarko,Lalitpur,Nepal1Kajan Ranabhat,MBBS,MD, Department of Radiology, B and B hospital, Gwarko, Lalitpur,Nepal1Suman Bhattarai,MBBS,MD,Department of neuroscience, B and B hospital, Gwarko, Lalitpur,Nepal1Ananta maharjan, MBBS,MS,Department of Neurosurgey,B and B hospital, Gwarko,Lalitpur,Nepal2Bibek Jaiswal,MBBS,Department of Neurosurgery ,B and B hospital, Gwarko,Lalitpur, Nepal2Prabin chaudhary,MBBS,Department of Neurosurgery,B and B hospital, Gwarko, Lalitpur, NepalAbstract:Key Clinical MessageThe concurrent association of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and immune thrombocytopenic purpura is one of the rarest occurrences. There exist very scarce evidence based medical literature regarding pathophysiology resulting cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in patients of immune thrombocytopenic purpura hence there lacks standard guidelines guiding prompt management in such cases.Keywords: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, Immune thrombocytopenic purpura, Mechanical thrombectomy

A document by Ahmed Qasim Mohammed Alhatemi. Click on the document to view its contents.