Despite the fundamental role of altitudinal gradients in shaping river ecosystems through complex topographical and climatic heterogeneity, our understanding of bacterial community responses along altitude remains limited. Here, we analyzed bacterial community structure in Chinese river systems by compiling a comprehensive dataset of 2,664 high-throughput sequencing samples from 172 publications (2008-2023) and aimed to uncover the altitudinal distribution patterns and driving mechanisms of bacterial communities in river water and sediments. Analysis revealed distinct bacterial compositions between water (dominated by Proteobacteria 46.3%, Actinobacteriota 17.0%, and Bacteroidota 14.0%) and sediment habitats (characterized by Proteobacteria 43.6%, Bacteroidota 9.9%, and Chloroflexi 8.4%). Both habitats exhibited significant altitudinal patterns in diversity and dominant phyla composition. Water bacterial communities exhibited a classic hump-shaped diversity pattern with increasing altitude, explained by the mid-domain effect and scale-dependent diversity mechanisms. In contrast, sediment bacterial communities showed a more complex double-humped pattern, attributed to habitat-specific characteristics and environmental heterogeneity. Altitude shaped bacterial communities through different mechanisms: directly and through climate variables in water, while primarily through human activities (indicated by NTL) and local environmental factors in sediment. Along the altitudinal gradient, the primary factors governing bacterial communities transition from anthropogenic pressures (indicated by NTL) and nutrient pollution in low-altitude gradient terrain to climate and phosphorus limitation in high-altitude gradient terrain. These results highlight the vulnerability of river bacterial communities to environmental changes and underscore the importance of integrated river management strategies that consider both climate change and human impacts.

A document by Yimam Kebede. Click on the document to view its contents.

Background: Adequate knowledge, attitude, and safe practice of infection prevention among healthcare providers are vital to prevent nosocomial infections. This study examined the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of healthcare providers on infection prevention and its associated factors among health professionals working in Public Hospitals of Rwanda. Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among 715 healthcare providers who were selected by convenient technique. Data were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with practice of infection prevention and variables with a p-value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: More than half 70.8, 69, and 56.9 of healthcare providers had satisfactory knowledge positive attitude and satisfactory practice of infection prevention, respectively. Referral hospitals (AOR= 2.1, CI at 95% [= 1.5 – 2.9], p-value = 0.01] , Region (AOR = 1.4, CI at 95% [1.2 – 2.0], p – value = 0.04);(AOR = 1.54, CI at 95 % [1.01 -2.70], p – value < 0.01) , Education (AOR = 0.44, CI at 95%, [0.38 – 1.08], p-value 0.04) ; (AOR = 0.63, CI at 95% [0.37 – 0.87], p – value < 0.01) , attending a course (AOR = 1.54, CI at 95 % [1.02 – 1.68], p – value < 0.01), receiving HBV (AOR = 1.03, CI at 95% [0.49 – 1.12], p-value = 0.02) , working experience ≥ 10 years , and Positive overall attitude (AOR = 2.07, CI at 95% [1.01 – 3.42], p-value = 0.01) were positively associated with satisfactory practice of infection prevention. Conclusion: A considerable proportion of healthcare providers had satisfactory knowledge, attitude, and satisfactory practice of infection prevention. There is a need to improve training in health facilities.

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Abstract：In hilly and seasonally arid regions of the south, water bodies encircled by mountains on three sides and dammed on one are termed ”mountain ponds,” while those on flat terrains are known as ”flat ponds.” Collectively, these are referred to as farm ponds, which represent small-scale agricultural water storage systems constructed by communities or individuals. Historically, these ponds have played a pivotal role in mitigating seasonal aridity in hilly areas by generating economic benefits, enhancing water resources, controlling disasters, and fostering biodiversity. However, these ponds are increasingly threatened by shifts in irrigation practices, escalating pollution, and extreme weather events, leading to the dysfunction of numerous mountain and flat ponds. To address these challenges, this article offers governance strategies to enhance the wetland ecosystems of farm ponds through four approaches: individual advocacy, policy development, pollution mitigation, and organizational support.

Although there have been numerous recent advancements in medicine, the prognosis for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is still poor. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) places restrictions on GBM treatment. To enhance therapeutic effects, medicines must aggregate at the tumor site. In this review, peptide-modified nanoplatforms were discussed as not only do they cross the BBB but some like RVG29 could also accumulate specifically in cerebral glioma tissue. The use of magnetic nanoparticles in magnetic hyperthermia which heats the tumor tissues under alternating magnetic fields was discussed. Its use alone and in combination with other adjuvant therapies was analyzed. Using modified Iron oxide nanoparticles, magnetic hyperthermia can also be used with T 1/T 2 MRI. Additionally, the use of sonodynamic therapy as a novel and efficient non-invasive way of treating cancer cells was examined. Moreover, research on photo penetration via the brain’s tissues was discussed. In humans’ head (scalp plus skull), the red/NIR (630-810 nm) light penetration ranged from 0.2-10%. In addition, the superadditive treatment efficacy of using Fe 3O 4 when combined with photodynamic and photothermal therapy was discussed, it demonstrated superior efficacy in eliminating glioma as compared to employing each treatment modality alone or in combination. Finally, according to the superadditive (i.e. ”1+1>2”) effect, and the studies reviewed. It is believed combining rather safe therapies, such as MHCT, PTT, and PDT with appropriate nanoplatforms that are coated with BBB and GBM cells targeting ligands, Could result in enhanced GBM therapy and MRI monitoring.

The effects of climate and plant phenological changes on herbivorous species are widely recognized, yet less research has focused on omnivorous and carnivorous species, even though they also have vegetative components to their diet. The historical focus on predators regarding simple interactions between obligate carnivores and their prey over-simplifies many species’ roles within ecological communities by casting them purely as predators and minimizes other, equally important roles within the community. We used a long-term, individual-based data set on a polyphagous mammal, the brown bear (Ursus arctos), to estimate diet over 25 years identify long-term patterns and factors contributing to annual variation in diet. We used carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values measured in hair and Bayesian mixing models to determine annual diet among three demographic bear classes, and then used linear regression models to relate diet to indices of food availability. We found that while diet varied among years and demographic classes, variation in both carbon and nitrogen values were explained by bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) productivity. Additionally, proportions of animal-derived foods decreased through time, while proportions of bilberry increased, even as the moose population in Sweden increased over this same period. While meat and animal-derived foods are considered higher quality foods for bears, bear diet did not respond to changing moose availability. Our results highlight that even though vegetative diet components in predators are typically considered less important to predator ecology, brown bears in Sweden responded to changes in primary production, regardless of prey availability. It will be crucial to put more emphasis on the vegetative parts of diets as we predict how species and ecological communities respond to climate change because predators serve many more functions within their community besides predation alone.

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Title of the article: Recurrent Pneumonia in a child: Road to diagnosis of a foreign body aspiration

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to diagnose and treat joint problems. The clinical workflow of arthroscopy typically involves inserting an arthroscope into the joint through a small incision, during which surgeons navigate and operate largely by relying on their visual assessment through the arthroscope. However, the arthroscope’s restricted field of view and lack of depth perception pose challenges in navigating complex articular structures and achieving surgical precision during procedures. Aiming at enhancing intraoperative awareness, we present a robust pipeline that incorporates simultaneous localization and mapping, depth estimation, and 3D Gaussian splatting to realistically reconstruct intra-articular structures solely based on monocular arthroscope video. Extending 3D reconstruction to Augmented Reality (AR) applications, our solution offers AR assistance for articular notch measurement and annotation anchoring in a human-in-the-loop manner. Compared to traditional Structure-from-Motion and Neural Radiance Field-based methods, our pipeline achieves dense 3D reconstruction and competitive rendering fidelity with explicit 3D representation in 7 minutes on average. When evaluated on four phantom datasets, our method achieves RMSE = 2.21 mm reconstruction error, PSNR = 32.86 and SSIM = 0.89 on average. Because our pipeline enables AR reconstruction and guidance directly from monocular arthroscopy without any additional data and/or hardware, our solution may hold the potential for enhancing intraoperative awareness and facilitating surgical precision in arthroscopy. Our AR measurement tool achieves accuracy within 1.59 ± 1.81 mm and the AR annotation tool achieves a mIoU of 0.721.

Merremia boisiana, a captivating species endemic to tropical rainforest habitats, belongs to the esteemed Convolvulaceae family. Renowned for its dazzling golden flowers and exceptional growth rate. This plant stands as a vital component of the rainforest ecosystem, albeit endowed with potentially lethal attributes. Despite its ecological significance, the lack of a comprehensive genomic sequence has hindered our understanding of its formidable strangling capabilities and the genetic underpinnings of its tropical adaptability. Here, we report the first high-quality genome assembly for M. boisiana, achieved through advanced long-read sequencing technology. In this groundbreaking genomic endeavor, we have leveraged cutting-edge long-read sequencing technologies to assemble a high-quality (contig N50 reaching 21 Mb, with an assembly completeness of 98.7%) in 510 Mb genome of M. boisiana. This achievement encompasses the elucidation of 15 chromosomes and the annotation of an impressive 37,389 protein-coding genes, yielding an annotation rate of 99.2%. Our investigation delves into the realms of biodiversity, resistance traits, and environmental adaptability, offering profound insights into the unique biological traits of this ecologically significant rainforest species. This research not only sheds light on the intricacies of M. boisiana but also presents potential avenues for ecological studies. Our findings are poised to catalyze further research into this enigmatic rainforest killer plant, fostering its sustainable utilization while simultaneously broadening our horizons in the realm of tropical plant genomics. This endeavor represents a significant step forward in unraveling the mysteries of nature’s most intricate life forms and their contributions to the global ecosystem.

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown This single-participant case study focused on a typically developing five-year-old girl, Aylin (name anonymized). Aylin was observed for nine months at her kindergarten since her enrollment week to investigate her social interaction experiences, emotion regulation processes, and expressive language skills. Tavistock Child Observation Model, videography, and semi-structured interviews were employed as research tools, while a demographic form and HAVAS 5 (Hamburg Screening for Five-Year Old Children) were used for data collection. The findings indicate that Aylin experienced various types of anxiety and stress, especially during the adjustment week and the following months. Aylin was seen trying to cope with the difficulties caused by the separation from her parents; she made intense efforts to adapt to the new environment. She exhibited an intense desire to interact with her peers and experience feelings of togetherness and belonging and developed varied strategies to achieve her goals. Findings revealed that Aylin played in harmony with her peers and displayed more extroversion when she experienced a sense of togetherness, connectedness, and belonging. The semi-structured interviews with parents revealed that Aylin was subjected to quarantine for a year as part of the COVID-19 preventive measures from the age of two and a half. She had to spend her daily life at home, being deprived of peer interactions and physical activities. The father’s interaction with the child was limited because of his busy work life; the mother also reported difficulty allocating quality time to the child.

Prior studies on children's perceptions about race have heavily focused on children in heterogeneous nations of the Western world. On the other hand, children in mono-ethnic nations remain underrepresented. Thus, this study explored the perceptions of children in one of the world's most homogeneous nations, South Korea. We investigated how children in South Korea perceive themselves and other races, as well as how multicultural education can influence the racial attitudes of children. Using the doll tests and interviews, this study identified three key findings. Firstly, only a few children were able to correctly differentiate all three types of races---Asians, Blacks, and Whites. Secondly, very few children viewed Blacks positively, while a significant number of children favored Whites. Thirdly, while the multicultural lesson was generally quite effective, its impact was notably lower on children who had already developed perceptions about race.

Security vulnerabilities are constantly reported and must be accurately documented for vulnerability repositories. Each vulnerability description usually includes key aspects, such as the vulnerable product, version, component, vulnerability type, root cause, impact, and attack vector. Understanding and managing these key aspects is crucial, but manually analyzing and integrating the growing number of vulnerabilities from heterogeneous databases is impractical, leading to the need for automated solutions. This study investigates the serious differences in aspect-level vulnerability information between major vulnerability databases such as NVD, IBM X-Force, ExploitDB, and Openwall. The study addresses two major challenges: improving the accuracy of extracting critical vulnerability aspects and distinguishing differences in these aspects across databases. The complexity of this task stems from the heterogeneous and often conflicting nature of data sources, coupled with the lack of effective techniques for accurate aspect extraction and discrepancy resolution. Recent research has shown that advanced natural language processing techniques, particularly large-scale language models (LLMs) such as GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, excel in handling detailed and context-rich textual data. Our approach leverages these LLMs to address the challenge of aspect-level differences in vulnerability information present in different databases. Through rigorous testing on a variety of datasets, our approach not only provides significant improvements over traditional models in extracting and distinguishing vulnerabilities more accurately but also enhances our ability to manage and integrate threat intelligence data effectively.

The Antarctic margin is a critically under-observed region despite its importance to the global climate. Here, in-situ ocean observations are difficult to obtain and clustered in easier-to-access regions. In addition, autonomous salinity measurements have to be corrected for drift or bias after collection. In this work, we introduce a new method that uses neural networks to identify and correct errors in ocean observations. Salinity estimates from a neural network trained on ship-based data are evaluated against Argo and seal measurements around Antarctica. We find that Argo salinity observations lie within the bounds of the ship-based data uncertainty, validating existing quality control processes for Argo. However, salinity data from seal-mounted sensors has a salty bias of up to 0.13 g/kg below 250m, which peaks at 5 months since sensor deployment. Our results showcase a new, flexible and computationally efficient way to assess in-situ ocean data, with potential for global implementation.

Condition monitoring is essential for maintaining industrial machinery by enabling early fault detection and preventing failures. This review focuses on domain-generalized anomalous machine sound detection using deep learning, highlighting acoustic-based methods as non-invasive and informative. We examine key datasets like ToyADMOS and MIMII, which offer diverse sound data representative of real-world scenarios. To address domain shifts common in industrial settings, we explore generalization techniques such as data augmentation, transfer learning, and oversampling to enhance model robustness. The paper reviews reconstruction-based methods using autoencoders and classification-based methods with Convolutional Neural Networks and Transformers for sound anomaly detection. We discuss recent advancements from the DCASE 2024 Task 2 challenge, including the Conditional Autoencoder, Bidirectional Encoder Audio Transformers, and Efficient Audio Transformer, which improve domain shift handling and anomaly detection using only normal samples. Our review underscores the potential of integrating domain generalization with deep learning models for fault detection, contributing to improved predictive maintenance and operational efficiency in industrial systems. Future research should focus on refining these models for more diverse conditions, advancing quality and reliability engineering.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells have shown remarkable promise in children, adolescents and young adults with B-cell malignancies. Such outcomes have shifted expectations for all phase I CAR T-cell trials to be equally successful. The juxtaposition of high expectations, uncertain outcomes, and potential for life-threatening toxicities raises unique ethical challenges. To aid patients and providers considering enrollment on early phase CAR T-cell trials, we discuss: (1) considerations for enrollment of pediatric patients, (2) understanding trial intent and expectations, (3) weighing risks and benefits, (4) considerations for informed consent discussions, (5) post CAR T-cell therapy expectations, and (6) barriers to access.

Hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) may occur in patients receiving asparaginase for acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoblastic lymphoma and this may prevent treatment completion and lead to inferior clinical outcomes. Patients with grade 2-4 HSRs to an Escherichia coli ( E. coli)-derived asparaginase are recommended to switch to an Erwinia-derived asparaginase. In this case report, a pediatric patient with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia experienced HSRs to both E. coli-derived calaspargase pegol and recombinant Erwinia asparaginase JZP458. After an unsuccessful desensitization for calaspargase pegol, we developed a novel intramuscular desensitization protocol for JZP458, which was successful in delivering all scheduled asparaginase doses and maintaining asparaginase activity.

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Giardia duodenalis is a globally distributed zoonotic parasite primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, infecting various vertebrates, and the infection of which is prevalent in goats. Immune cells play a crucial role in pathogens invasion, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) released by neutrophils serve as a non-specific defense mechanism against pathogens including parasites. In this study, we investigated the characteristics, components, and molecular mechanisms of goat NETs upon stimulation with G. duodenalis trophozoites. Scanning electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining, and quantification of NETs revealed that typical goat NETs composed of DNA, citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3), and neutrophil elastase (NE) were induced by G. duodenalis trophozoites in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels suggested simultaneous accumulation of ROS during Giardia infection. Furthermore, inhibitory experiments demonstrated that Giardia-induced NETs and ROS production were associated with TLR2/TLR4 signaling pathways along with NADPH oxidase (NOX), ERK 1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways activation. In summary, the release of goat NETs triggered by Giardia was accompanied by ROS generation, and both processes were regulated via TLR2/TLR4, NOX, ERK 1/2, and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. This study highlights the role of NETs in immune responses to G. duodenalis infection while providing valuable insights for further investigations into the potential use of NETs-based strategies against this parasite.

Background: Measurement of minimal residual disease (MRD) in bone marrow is a powerful predictor of relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). MicroRNAs are secreted in urine or saliva at levels that mirror the cellular state and function, showing potential as non-invasive biomarkers for predicting MRD status. We aimed to assess the usefulness of circulating microRNAs in saliva and urine as MRD biomarkers in pediatric ALL. Procedures: The study population included patients under 18 diagnosed with ALL at a national referral pediatric hospital in Lima, Peru. Saliva and urine were collected on day 15 of induction chemotherapy. Patients were stratified into high-risk (HRR) or standard intermediate-risk (SIRR) groups of relapse based on MRD at day 15. Small RNA Sequencing and RT-qPCR were used to identify and validate differentially expressed microRNAs. Results: Thirty miRNAs were differentially expressed in saliva and 2 in urine. Both miRNAs differentially expressed in urine were downregulated. Notably, miR-1246, miR-223-3p, and miR-1290 exhibited the highest upregulation in the HRR group in saliva (Log 2 FC = 4.00, 3.95, and 3.73, respectively). Upon validation, the upregulation of miR-223-3p in saliva was confirmed (Log 2 FC = 1.19, p = 0.025). Both miR-223-3p alone and the combination with miR-1290 and miR-1246 demonstrated the best performance in distinguishing between HRR and SIRR patients (AUC = 0.71, 95 % CI: 0.55-0.86, and AUC = 0.72, 95 % CI: 0.57-0.87, respectively). Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that miR-222-3p, either alone or in combination with miR-1246 and miR-1290, could potentially serve as non-invasive MRD biomarkers in pediatric ALL.

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Steel cooling towers, with their lighter weight, greater flexibility, and lower damping, are more susceptible to wind-induced damage compared to hyperbolic concrete towers. This study investigates the fatigue fracture mechanisms of cylindrical–conical steel cooling towers (CCSCT) under high wind loads. Large eddy simulation (LES) techniques determine the three-dimensional wind load distribution, and a 3D finite element model incorporating elastoplastic material damage is developed in LS-DYNA to simulate the wind-induced collapse process. Results reveal a critical wind speed of 52 m/s, with failure mechanisms driven by interlayer translation and cross-sectional deformation. The stiffening trusses restrict section deformation but concentrate internal forces, while the auxiliary trusses mitigate these forces and provide stability. Key fracture zones include the conical section top (72°, -108°) and tower top (0°) for tension, and tower top (±12°) for compression. These findings provide insights into fatigue mechanisms for enhancing wind-resistant design.

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Objective: This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of isoproterenol administration as an adjunct for achievement of target heart rate during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE). Background: In DSE, optimal accuracy is achieved when a target heart rate of 85% of maximal predicted heart rate (MPHR) is attained. Although rarely studied, intravenous isoproterenol has been used as adjunct therapy to dobutamine and atropine to increase chronotropic response during pharmacologic stress testing. Methods: We identified 5569 DSE studies during which 264 received isoproterenol at MedStar Georgetown University Hospital from August 2011- March 2023. Of the studies receiving isoproterenol, we collected clinical and echocardiographic parameters from each study to assess the effects of isoproterenol administration, including downstream events. Results: In 264 examinations with isoproterenol, 169 (64%) achieved 85% MPHR, 103 (39%) developed premature ventricular contractions, 79 (30%) developed symptoms including nausea/vomiting in 44 (17%), and chest pain in 15 (6%). There was hypertensive response to stress in 53 studies (20%) and hypotensive response in 37 studies (14%). There was no significant increase in 30 day and 1 year death when compared to studies that did not receive isoproterenol. Conclusions: Isoproterenol can effectively be used as an adjunctive agent in DSE to achieve the requisite hemodynamic stress for evaluation of ischemia, with a similar rate of side effects and complications when compared to dobutamine and atropine stress testing.

not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Deliberate Practice (DP) is gaining consensus by researchers as a potentially promising method to increase therapist’s effectiveness. While many clinicians and trainers now support DP’s potential benefits, there is still a lack of guidelines, research and training on implementing DP in clinical supervision. Recently, Vaz and Rousmaniere have proposed the Sentio Supervision Model as a method to integrate three major supervision-enhancing contributions: the use of routine outcome monitoring, the use of therapy recordings, and use of DP skills training. We present a case study focusing on one client’s treatment progress and their therapist’s engagement in weekly supervision following the Sentio Supervision Model. The client had been identified by the outcome measure as being at risk of deterioration, and after DP supervision showed recovery and became on track for a good treatment outcome. Annotated transcripts provide a closer look into the clinical and supervisory process, and how the later influenced the former. We highlight the potential benefits and challenges inherent to this novel Supervision Model.

This review considers the persistent gender inequality in healthcare and STEMM, highlighting the specific challenges women face in reaching leadership roles. Key gendered barriers include unequal access to healthcare and STEMM leadership positions, biased evaluation practices, an implied obligation of service, a higher load of laboratory and service work, a greater expectation for pastoral care, heavier teaching commitments, and a disproportionate share of family care and household responsibilities for women compared to male colleagues. Cultural and societal norms further amplify these challenges, with systemic gender bias limiting women's opportunities through restricted access to education, reproductive healthcare, and insufficient understanding of, or legal protections against, workplace harassment. Together, these barriers shape the career paths of women and play a significant role in contributing to the persistence of gender inequity in the retention and promotion of women in leadership positions in healthcare and STEMM.

The increasing sophistication of cryptographic techniques employed by malicious actors has necessitated the development of advanced detection frameworks capable of identifying ransomware with high precision. Adaptive Cryptographic Behavior Analysis (ACBA) offers a novel approach by profiling system-level cryptographic activities to detect anomalous behaviors associated with ransomware. Through mathematical modeling and machine learning-driven anomaly detection, the framework leverages adaptive profiling mechanisms to enhance its responsiveness to previously unseen threats. Rigorous experimentation demonstrated its capacity to achieve a detection accuracy of 98.7%, coupled with a low false positive rate of 1.2%, showing its reliability across diverse operational environments. Comparative analyses revealed the superiority of ACBA over traditional detection methods, particularly in terms of scalability and adaptability. Real-time deployment scenarios validated its computational efficiency, ensuring minimal resource consumption while maintaining robust detection capabilities. Insights gained from resource utilization and scalability assessments further solidify its potential for widespread implementation. The integration of cryptographic behavior analysis within a structured algorithmic framework establishes a significant advancement in proactive cybersecurity measures against ransomware.

Background: Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, are marked by progressive neuronal loss, driven largely by oxidative stress and apoptosis. Developing neuroprotective strategies to counteract these processes is critical for managing such disorders. Aim: This study explores the neuroprotective effects of pimecrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor, in mitigating hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced cytotoxicity in neuron-like differentiated SH-SY5Y (d-SH-SY5Y) cells. The investigation focuses on apoptosis modulation, cell viability, and molecular docking interactions with apoptotic proteins. Material/Methods: SH-SY5Y cells were differentiated with retinoic acid and treated with H₂O₂ (250 μM) alone or in combination with pimecrolimus (0.01, 0.1, and 1 μM) for 24 hours. Cell viability was assessed using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Molecular docking analyses evaluated pimecrolimus’ interactions with Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 proteins, using Venetoclax as a positive control. Apoptosis-related protein levels were analyzed via ELISA, qRT-PCR, and immunofluorescence staining (cleaved caspase-3 and DAPI). Results: Molecular docking showed strong binding of pimecrolimus to Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3, with comparable binding energies to Venetoclax. LDH assays demonstrated significant reductions in H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity with pimecrolimus. ELISA and qRT-PCR revealed that H₂O₂ increased pro-apoptotic Bax and caspase-3 levels while decreasing anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 levels. Pimecrolimus co-treatment reversed these effects in a dose-dependent manner. Immunofluorescence confirmed reduced apoptosis and cell death with pimecrolimus. Conclusion: Pimecrolimus effectively mitigates oxidative stress and apoptosis in H₂O₂-treated d-SH-SY5Y cells. These findings suggest its potential as a neuroprotective agent for managing neurodegenerative diseases.