The issue of E-type fastener clip fracture due to high-frequency vibration has attracted widespread attention, with research focusing on the mechanisms leading to such failures. The rail pad, crucial to the fastener system for elastic vibration damping elastic vibration damping, exhibits significant variations in dynamic performance depending on the material and structure. Currently, there is a lack of studies on how the dynamic performance of the rail pad affects E-type fastener clip vibrations and fractures. To address this, the tests for the dynamic stiffness of rail pads under constant frequency and variable temperature conditions have been conducted using a universal testing machine fitted with a temperature control box, revealing its wide-band dynamic characteristics. These characteristics were represented using the Prony series. A detailed finite element model of the fastener system was developed, incorporating the nonlinear contact relationships among the components and the dynamic performance of rail pads. Frequency response analysis was performed to compare the dynamic steady-state responses of fastener systems with different rail pads. Finally, drop shaft impact tests were simulated to evaluate the vibration acceleration response of E-type fastener clip with various rail pads. The results indicate that the dynamic performance of rail pad significantly affects the vibration characteristics of E-type clips. Among the three rail pads with identical stiffness, the new mesh-type rail pad (NMTRP) demonstrated the best damping energy absorption capability, effectively reducing the vibration acceleration of the E-type Fastener clip.

In this letter, a new ultra- wideband receiving antenna used in the field of radio monitoring is proposed, which uses FR-4 flexible substrate to design the proposed antenna. The radiation frequency range of the antenna is 700MHz to 6GHz, fed by coplanar waveguide (CPW), and has a huge bandwidth to meet the needs of modern wireless communication. In order to enhance the performance of the antenna in the low frequency band and realize the ultra wideband characteristics, we constructed a composite structure, which includes a pair of symmetrical power divider like structures, a central serpentine structure, a gradual microstrip feeder, an impedance conversion node, and a M-shaped feeder structure. The working frequency range of the antenna is extremely wide, covering 8 times of ultra wideband from 700MHz to 6GHz. As a radio monitoring antenna, it can effectively receive multiple communication bands, showing excellent performance.

Children with primary immunodeficiency (PID) and secondary antibody deficiency (SAD) often require immunoglobulin replacement therapy due to low plasma immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels and recurrent infections. Existing pharmacokinetic models for immunoglobulin in primary immunodeficiency patients predominantly focus on adults, with limited attention to secondary antibody deficiencies and a lesser emphasis on paediatric populations. A population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using NONMEM® (7.5.1) on data from 64 patients, with a median age of 4.08 years (range: 0.06–16.8 years). A two-compartment model with first-order elimination, incorporating both additive and proportional residual error, adequately described the data. Inter-individual variability was modelled on clearance, volume of distribution, and baseline IgG levels, with allometric scaling to a 70 kg body weight applied a priori. The estimated clearance was 0.308 L−1 day−1 70 kg−1 (95% CI: 0.23–0.67), and the volume of distribution was 10.96 L−1 70 kg−1 (95% CI: 5.97–15.79). Patients with SAD exhibited a lower clearance rate of 54% compared to PID patients. Dosing simulations indicated that the recommended SAD dosing regimen maintained therapeutic IgG levels in the simulated population. However, only 44.8% to 51.9% of patients with PID achieved target IgG levels with the standard regimen. Administering a loading dose would improve the probability of maintaining therapeutic IgG levels during the 4-week dosing interval. This study provides insights into immunoglobulin pharmacokinetics in paediatric PID and SAD patients, guiding optimised dosing strategies.

Background: Bartholin’s gland abscesses are common among reproductive-age women and are managed through various surgical interventions, including marsupialisation, Word catheter placement, and incision and drainage (I&D). However, the optimal treatment remains undefined due to a lack of consensus and comparative efficacy data. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of marsupialisation, Word catheter placement, and I&D for managing Bartholin’s gland abscesses, focusing on recurrence rates, healing times, complications, and patient satisfaction. Search Strategy: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Databases searched included PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar up to May 2024. Keywords such as “Bartholin’s gland abscess” and “surgical management” were used. Selection Criteria: Studies were included if they reported recurrence rates, healing times, complications, and/or patient satisfaction after surgical management of Bartholin’s gland abscesses. Exclusions included non-English studies, case reports, reviews, and studies with incomplete data. Data Collection and Analysis: Ten studies involving 634 patients were analyzed. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, with heterogeneity assessed using I 2 statistics. Main Results: Marsupialisation exhibited the lowest recurrence rate (8.3%) and highest satisfaction score (VAS 4/5) compared to Word catheter placement (18.8%, VAS 3/5) and I&D (34.5%, VAS 2/5). Marsupialisation also resulted in faster healing times (4.3 ± 1.1 weeks). Conclusions: Marsupialisation is the most effective treatment, offering superior outcomes for recurrence, satisfaction, and healing time. Future research should focus on standardising protocols and long-term outcome evaluations.

A document by Mohammad Amin Eghtedari. Click on the document to view its contents.

Objectives: An infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune rheumatic diseases, interactions between the virus and defence mechanisms may promote the development of autoimmune processes. Studies have reported elevated levels of autoimmune antibodies in patients with Coronavirus-Induced Disease-19 (COVID-19) infection, however the prevalence is not well documented. We aimed to assess the prevalence of autoantibodies in COVID-19 patients compared with unaffected subjects. Methods: Electronic searches were performed using the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Chinese Biological Medicine Database (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WANFANG and Chinese Weipu (VIP) databases. The case-control studies which examined the autoantibodies in the serum of COVID-19 patients and control subjects, published before September, 2024, were included in this meta-analysis. The literatures were strictly screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quality assessment was performed using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). The odds ratios (OR) of seropositivity to autoantibodies were calculated using Rev Man 5.3. The stability was evaluated by sensitivity analysis. Egger test was used to evaluate the publication bias. Results: A total of 12 articles involving 1176 COVID-19 patients and 909 control subjects met eligibility criteria for inclusion in our meta-analysis. An overall OR for antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) was 2.53 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06-6.03], that for anti-cardiolipin antibodies (ACAs) was 3.05 (95% CI 1.48-6.28), that for anti-β2-glycoprotein 1 antibodies (anti-β2GP1) was 1.87 (95% CI 1.00-3.49) and that for anti-cytoplasmic neutrophil antibodies (ANCAs) was 9.56 (95% CI 3.16-28.91). A total of 9 studies determined ANAs were various widely in their qualities, and there was considerable heterogeneity in the results of meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis failed to demonstrate a statistical significance in any of the subgroups considered ( P>0.05). Egger’s test showed that there was no publication bias. Conclusions: This study suggested that there was a higher seroprevalence of autoantibodies (including ANAs, ACAs, anti-β2GP1 and ANCAs) in COVID-19 patients compared to control subjects and identified a possible association between SARS-CoV2 and autoantibodies positivity.

Magmatic gas with high Cl/H2O and/or S/H2O is of particular relevance to planetary bodies such as Mars. Upon cooling, such gas precipitates phases similar to the ”alteration” phases observed in vugs and fractures in martian rocks. When deposited on ash, they can impart the characteristic volatile-enriched signature of martian fines. Importantly, as these precipitates form in the absence of liquid water, recognition of the signature of this process would provide insights into the evolution of the martian surface water budget. Experiments were conducted to assess trace element behavior during magmatic degassing as a potential signature of this process. Low pressure experimental degassing of P-rich basaltic magma containing Cl, Br, S, OH and trace elements (Sr, Ge, Ga, Zn, Pb, Rb, Cs, Se, Cu, La, and Lu) demonstrates that magmatic gas can transport trace metals from magmas to planetary surfaces where, upon cooling, they become incorporated into vapor-deposited Cs-Pb-Zn-Rb-bearing halides, Ge-Ga-bearing iron oxides, Zn-Se-Cu-bearing sulfides, sulfates, and Ge-bearing silicates and form native metals. Low-OH, high Cl magmatic gas produces a variety of halides but Fe-oxide formation is inhibited. Higher magmatic OH content facilitates Ca loss from the melt and the precipitation of Ca-phosphates but generally limits metal transport from the magma. S-rich gas facilitates the formation of vapor-deposited sulfates and Zn-Cu-Se bearing sulfides. In the presence of atmospheric moisture however, much of the magmatic vapor-deposited load will deliquesce, producing locally an acidic brine that, upon desiccation, may produce new minerals, but with the same overall bulk major and trace element signatures.

This study investigates the impact of the 2019 Atlantic Niño on sea surface salinity (SSS) variability in the tropical Atlantic during the mature phase of event using coupled reanalysis data that assimilate SST, T-S profiles, and SSS. Two regions with pronounced sea surface salinity anomalies (SSSA) were identified: the northern equatorial Atlantic (NEA) and the southeastern Atlantic (SEA). In NEA, positive SSSA are primarily driven by freshwater flux, especially the anomalous precipitation, in response to the movements of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), while ocean dynamics play a secondary role. In SEA, negative SSS anomalies are mostly induced by the advection impacts of offshore currents and vertical mixing, and river runoff anomalies also contribute significantly. These findings highlight the distinct mechanisms driving SSS changes in the northern and southern tropical Atlantic and demonstrate the importance of coupled reanalysis data in improving the understanding of air-sea interactions in these regions.

CHAPTER 1 — Introduction to Hugging Face Diffusers Library 

CHAPTER 2 - Introduction to Hugging Face Diffusers Library

CHAPTER 3 —  Sequence labeling with Hugging Face Diffusion

To better constrain the locking state of the shallow Cascadia megathrust, we investigate whether shallow tectonic tremor occurs near the deformation front at ~44.5°N during 2015-2024. We focus on two cabled buried ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) on the portion of Cascadia that has evidence of partial locking offshore: one at Slope Base on the incoming plate ~5 km from the deformation front, and another ~20 km east on the overriding plate at Southern Hydrate Ridge. We first use in situ measured bottom currents to show that shallow burial successfully prevents current-generated noise on OBSs. We then develop a single-station approach to isolate tectonic tremor-like signals based on waveform and spectral characteristics. This technique allows the use of isolated stations and small networks and accounts for emergent signals specific to the marine environment, namely T-phases and ship noise. Application of this approach to the buried OBSs in central Cascadia detects tectonic tremor-like signals at the Slope Base site only that cannot easily be attributed to instrumental or environmental noise. Additional observations are required to verify the origin of these signals, but possible sources include localized slow slip on the decollement, faults on the incoming plate, nearby strike-slip faults, or deformation within the outermost accretionary wedge.

Predation by pine martens (Martes martes) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) is an important factor influencing the population dynamics of capercaillie grouse (Tetrao urogallus). However, there is a knowledge gap regarding the relative effects of these mesopredators on the reproductive success of capercaillie. To better understand how various landscape factors influence nest predation by pine martens and red foxes, we monitored capercaillie nests in Norway between 2009 and 2014 using camera trap. We classified the fate of 156 nests and employed a cause-specific hazard model to evaluate the competing risks of capercaillie nest predation, while accounting for landscape covariates such as distance from nest to forest-clearcut edges, proximity to roads, and agricultural land density. We found that predation by pine martens and red foxes was the predominant hazard to capercaillie nests, with similar daily predation rates observed for both mesopredators. Nest predation by pine martens decreased with increasing agricultural land density and tended to increase along gradients from clearcuts to forest interiors. Moreover, pine marten predation tended to decrease with increasing distance from roads. Nest predation by red foxes increased with distance from roads, but only in areas characterized by high density of agricultural land. Red fox predation was not associated with distance to forest-clearcut edges or to agricultural land density. Our findings show that landscape factors differentially influence pine marten and red fox predation on capercaillie nests and highlight the importance of considering predator-specific effects while managing populations of game birds and their predators.

Ecosystem models are typically built to predict patterns of one or more ecosystem properties, and those properties are often biotic. While some ecosystem models incorporate either biotic and abiotic responses, biotic and abiotic variables are rarely applied jointly as responses in ecosystem models. Here we model continuous spatial turnover among 21 biotic and abiotic properties to explore forest ecosystem patterns across landscapes of Nova Scotia, Canada (55 000 km2) at high (10 x 10 m) resolution. To achieve this objective, we fit generalized dissimilarity models to field collected data on biotic and abiotic response variables and geographic and environmental gradients described by remotely sensed predictor variables. We develop three separate models targeting ecosystem, biotic, and abiotic responses to identify relationships among forest ecosystem properties, across levels of ecological organization. Our final ecosystem, abiotic, and biotic models explained 41.4, 29.03, and 50.9 percent of variance. Vegetation-based predictors were the most significant for our ecosystem and biotic response models, while topographic and hydrological predictors were foremost in our abiotic response model. We show how relationships among biotic and abiotic ecosystem properties collectively give rise to predicted patterns of forest ecosystem heterogeneity across Nova Scotia, with the strongest variations occurring along elevational and north-south gradients. Our emphasis on multiple ecosystem properties, and our simultaneous modelling of both biotic and abiotic responses, including ecosystem structural, compositional, and functional variables, differs from the approaches taken in most spatial ecosystem models. This study provides an analytical road map for scientists and conservation practitioners looking to predict continuous variation in ecosystem makeup and to apply those predictions for mapping emergent spatial ecosystem patterns. Such spatial models of ecosystem pattern are crucial for achieving national and sub-national commitments to global ecosystem conservation targets.

Land degradation due to unsustainable land use is of major concern worldwide and recovery is often slow. A potential mechanism behind slow recovery of degraded ecosystems is the retarding impacts of allelopathic plant species on the establishment of species that might facilitate the recovery process. However, the strength of the retarding impact may depend on soil type. In this study, we investigated the potential role of an abundant, evergreen and allelopathic dwarf shrub, Empetrum nigrum, in trapping tundra ecosystems in a degraded state in Iceland after centuries of unsustainable land use. We first run a series of bioassays to assess the potential allelopathic legacy effects of the Empetrum-associated volcanic soils (Andosol and Vitrosol) on seed germination and root elongation of the common grass species Festuca richardsonii in comparison with non-volcanic Histosol and Podzol soil types. Then we assessed the Empetrum leaf-soil interactions for all soil types using leaves from a degraded site in Iceland. We found no potential allelopathic legacy effects of Empetrum associated volcanic soils, whereas the non-volcanic soils negatively impacted Festuca root elongation. Empetrum leaves alone affected both seed germination and root elongation. These effects were strongly alleviated by the volcanic soils, but not by the non-volcanic soils. We conclude that abundant allelopathic plant species may significantly contribute to trapping tundra ecosystems in a degraded state, but the strength of this trapping mechanism depends on the soil environment .

1. IntroductionSevere combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a rare and inherited disease that results in a profound impairment of the immune response, leading to increased susceptibility to infections in affected individuals [1-5]. Infants with SCID, if left untreated, typically do not survive beyond the first year of life due to opportunistic infections [1, 3, 4, 6-8]. Diagnosis of SCID was traditionally based on family history or clinical presentation [2], but with the advent of newborn screening using dried blood spot samples collected at birth, early diagnosis has become possible [1, 3]. Newborn screening for SCID has been implemented in the USA, Europe, and Australia, but its availability and utilization may be limited in lower-income countries [5, 9-11]. Here, we present a case of SCID to highlight the importance of newborn screening and genetic testing in accurate diagnosis of SCID, and discuss the potential challenges in identifying cases and determining the etiology in settings where these diagnostic tools may not be readily available.

Patterns of divergence and speciation on islands have long been of interest in the broader study of evolution. Hawaiʻi’s endemic Kamehameha butterfly (Vanessa tameamea) is experiencing population decline, but because of its high vagility and assumed genetic homogeneity as a species, its population structure has not been investigated. To evaluate V. tameamea genetic variation across the Hawaiian Islands, we assembled a reference quality genome assembly for the species using HiFi and HiC reads and performed range-wide population genetic analyses using ddRAD sequencing data. A discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) revealed that, contrary to prior assumptions, V. tameamea populations appear to be diverging based on geography, in a pattern similar to other native Hawaiian terrestrial arthropods. Specifically, through demographic history analyses, we find that the distinct population on Kauai is likely to be ancestral, the central islands of Maui, Molokai, and Oahu comprise another population, and Hawaii Island forms a third population, with likely more gene exchange with the central islands. Finally, we investigate the SNPs driving differences between groups and find that many are associated with genes that may be relevant to local adaptation to environmental chemicals such as host plant defenses or chemicals introduced by human activity, notably to do with metabolism and detoxification. While much field work remains to investigate any cryptic or phenotypic patterns as well as quantify effective migration, we hope that this work will inform refinement of conservation plans for one of Hawaiʻi’s two native butterflies.

Araucaria angustifolia has high economic, social, and ecological importance in Brazil, although it is critically threatened with extinction. To understand araucaria’s adaptation, we used a genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify markers with signatures of selection associating genomic variation to phenotypic and climatic variables. We also used landscape genomics to identify geographic regions at the highest risk of extinction for the species due to climate change. We used phenotypic and genotypic data of 859 adult trees from a provenance-progeny trial (15 populations), 1,304 SNPs, climatic variables, and growth traits. The GWAS analyses were performed using a general linear model, the Wald test, and a Bayesian method based on population divergence. BLAST techniques were used to gather information about the selected markers. We estimated the proportion of variance explained by regression of genomic data against phenotypic and climatic variables. To estimate vulnerability to climate change, we used the gradient forests. We identified outlier SNPs associated with the climatic and phenotypic traits. Considering the climatic features as drivers of araucaria adaptation, we see that precipitation in the dry season is the leading and most predictable adaptation trait for araucaria. Genomic offset (Goff) for the most optimistic scenario shows that the main critical area is the transition between the tropical and temperate climates in Brazil. In Goff’s most pessimistic scenario, the entire temperate region presents a change in allele turnover. In this context, we propose strategies like assisted migration and targeted reforestation management to accelerate the adaptation of araucaria to the predicted scenarios.

Transnational crime networks trafficking cocaine and gold are increasingly active in the Amazon. How international demand, trafficking, and impacts have changed, however, remain underexplored. We show that, annually, cocaine metabolite concentration in European sewage increased by 17% since 2011, while in the Brazilian Amazon cocaine seizures and gold royalties recently rose by ~50%, and forest loss in Peru since 2004 grew by 31% for every tenfold increase in coca cultivation with high recent losses (2019–2023). During this period, transnational networks of violent non-state actors (VNSAs) consolidated control over borders and triple borders, fostering environmental degradation. We also explore scenarios of relaxed cocaine prohibition and falling demand and find neither necessarily curbs conservation impacts because policy gradients between countries can increase crime or bifurcate markets into legal and illegal portions (as with gold), and traffickers can build on their economies of scope to pivot to other products (as they do with gold). Instead, opening options for non-criminal social control is essential for Amazon conservation, which requires much greater coordination and investment, even under relaxed prohibition scenarios. Therefore, robust, transnationally coordinated environmental law enforcement and sustainable, legal economic alternatives are indispensable to protect Amazonian peoples and ecosystems.

Background and Aims: In 15-40% of patients undergoing repeat ablation for AF recurrence, all pulmonary veins (PVs) are durably isolated. Currently, there is limited evidence on the appropriate treatment strategy for these patients. Our aim was to characterize and compare the effectiveness of different re-ablation strategies. Methods: All patients referred for repeat AF ablation with all PVs durably isolated at 8 hospitals in the Netherlands were included [Netherlands-Heart-Registration (NHR); 2016-2019]. NHR data was used to determine the presence of PV-reconnection, ablation strategy used, and the outcome of ablation (atrial arrhythmia recurrence > 30 sec.). Effectiveness of ablation strategies were assessed with multivariable Cox models. Results: Of 2311 repeat AF ablations performed, 274 (11.9%) patients had all PVs durably isolated. Median age was 66 (IQR:58-70) years, 44.2% women, 45.6% had persistent/long-standing-persistent AF. In 33 (12.0%) patients no ablation was performed. Single ablation strategy was performed most often (41.2%). Posterior wall ablation (58.4%) was performed most often, followed by PV-antralization (26.3%). Over 2.0 (1.0-3.3) years, 147 (59.8%) patients had an atrial arrhythmia recurrence and 30 (12.7%) patients had another repeat AF ablation within 1 year. After multivariable adjustment, no difference in atrial-arrhythmia recurrences was detected between individual ablation strategies, number of strategies performed, and type of atrial-arrhythmia (p>0.05 for all). Left-atrial-size was associated with a higher recurrence-risk [aHR 1.03(95%CI 1.01-1.05)]. Conclusion: In patients with durably isolated PVs, a high proportion experienced recurrence of atrial-arrhythmias, with no difference in recurrence rates between different re-ablation strategies.

Plant invasion significantly disrupts plant community structure and ecosystem functioning, especially the stability of net primary productivity (NPP). However, evidence for invasion effects on the community- and ecosystem-level stability of NPP, and whether the effects are consistent belowground and aboveground, is scarce. Here, we investigated the responses of the stability of both aboveground and belowground NPP (ANPP and BNPP) to invasion of the parasitic plant Pedicularis kansuensis, based on a two-year manipulative experiment in an alpine grassland in northwest China. Invasion decreased ANPP resistance while increasing its recovery, and conversely increased BNPP resistance but decreased its recovery. Notably, the asymmetric responses of ANPP and BNPP to invasion underscored the complexity of grassland ecosystems and highlighted the critical role of belowground processes in maintaining ecosystem recovery. Species asynchrony and richness were key factors for ANPP stability, whereas BNPP stability was more directly influenced by invasive species, contributing more significantly to overall NPP stability. Our findings provide crucial evidence that stability of aboveground and belowground components responds asymmetrically to invasion, emphasizing the need for comprehensive assessments of both dimensions in ecosystem studies. The insights gained underline the importance of belowground stability for sustaining ecosystem recovery and offer guidance for ecological management and conservation strategies.

Background: Parental attitudes play an important role in the development of nutritional behavior in children. In this context, the Feeding Coparenting Scale (FCS) is among the scales that can be used to evaluate the attitudes of parents towards the nutrition of their children. Methods: This study was planned to evaluate the validity and reliability of the FCS scale in the Turkish population and was conducted in two stages. In the pilot study, the suitability of the scale for validity analysis was evaluated with 34 parents. Then, in the second stage, confirmatory factor analyses of the FCS scale were conducted with 230 participants. Results: Since the item-total score correlation values of 11 out of 13 items in the scale were high, 11 items were included in the factor analysis. Confirmatory Factor Analysis provided 11 items and 3-factor structural validity. Conclusions: As a result, it is thought that the Turkish form of the FCS scale can be a valid scale that can be used in the Turkish society with acceptable compliance in evaluating how mothers and fathers work together in the field of child nutrition.

An increasing number of genomic studies are showing that genetic introgression between closely related species is surprisingly common across the tree of life, thus making the description of biodiversity and understanding the process of speciation complex and challenging. The adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes in Lake Malawi, with hybrid origins and recent cases of introgression, provides an important model system to study the evolutionary implications of introgression. However, many potential sources of introgression into the radiation have not yet been investigated. Here we use whole genome data from 239 cichlid species from Lake Malawi and a comprehensive dataset of 76 species from surrounding African river and lake systems to discover and map previously unknown introgression events involving the Malawi cichlid radiation. Using genome-wide excess allele sharing (ABBA BABA statistics) and window-based analyses, we found that three independent riverine cichlid lineages are significantly closer to the Malawi radiation than to its sister group, suggesting historical genetic exchange between these lineages and the Malawi radiation. Across Malawi species, we found low variability in the levels of excess allele sharing with non-Malawi species, suggesting that introgressed haplotypes are distributed relatively uniformly across the radiation and that most hybrid-derived polymorphism was acquired and sorted before the formation of the contemporary Malawi cichlid radiation. Our results point towards several previously unknown contributors to the Malawi hybrid swarm, suggesting that the history of one of the largest vertebrate radiations was even more complex than previously thought.

Genome features can interact with evolutionary processes and involve in the formation of differentiated regions potentially containing adaptation and speciation loci. However, GC content that can elevate regional mutation rate and is positively correlated with recombination has not been investigated in evolving lineages. Here, we employed 499 genomes of Apis cerana, with a widely distributed Central lineage diverged with its peripheral lineages at both population genetic and phylogenetic timescales, to investigate mutation accumulation and lineage divergence along the speciation continuum. We found differentiated regions are generally with lower recombination and GC compared with the rest of the genome, and with lower divergence (dxy) initially to higher ones at deeper timescale. Higher mutation load in low-GC regions in all A. cerana lineages suggest the important role of restricted recombination instead of selection on differentiated region formation. In addition, most mutations are AT-biased that derived from GC, resulting in lower mutation rate and nucleotide diversity in low-GC regions. AT-biased mutations can be counteracted by GC-biased gene conversion (fixation of GC alleles). While in low-GC regions, we found higher percentage of nearly fixed AT alleles in all peripheral lineages compared with Central lineage, supporting the contribution of AT-biased mutations to lineage divergence. Finally, low-GC regions possess higher proportion of lineage-specific polymorphisms than high-GC regions, and reconciliate discordance between mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies in A. cerana. Our results shed light on the contribution of polymorphisms in low-GC regions to differentiated region formation along the speciation continuum and their application in reconstruction of intraspecific phylogeny.