Telegram @manmax90 buy cocaine in London The constant growth in the world population demands a constant increase in agricultural yields. One of the main ways to increase agricultural yields is by improving the control of pests and pathogens. Human health and environmental concerns regarding traditional synthetic pesticides challenge the scientific community to discover novel and less harmful ways for pest control, including the development of biocontrol agents and natural pesticide alternatives. Previous studies have established that the application of live Pseudozyma aphidis can be used for biocontrol of diverse fungal and bacterial phytopathogens. Here we demonstrate the activity of two semi-purified fractions from P. aphidis. One containing antimicrobial metabolites (AMF) and the other contains resistance-inducing metabolites (IRF). Our results from the in vitro experiments with the antimicrobial extract show that P. aphidis metabolites strongly inhibit important fungal and bacterial phytopathogens. In planta experiments demonstrated a significant, dose-dependent reduction in disease infection when a spore suspension of Botrytis cinerea was treated or exposed to the extracted metabolites. On the other hand, our results showed that the application of a semi-purified aqueous fraction from P. aphidis on tomato plants rapidly up-regulated the expression of defense-related genes, which are associated with both the induced systemic resistance and the systemic acquired resistance pathways. In conclusion, this study further enhances our understanding of the biochemical mechanisms behind P. aphidis main modes of action: antibiosis and induced resistance. It also demonstrates the great potential of this unique biocontrol agent as a source for innovative natural pesticide formulations and/or enhanced resistance-inducing compounds.

In this manuscript, we studied stability of fractional order delayed differential equations with two fractional terms and gave some criteria on the stability of equation (1.1) - (1.2). The type of equation that we have considered in this article is the type of equation that has more general and more complex application areas than the equations discussed so far, and the examination of such an equation type colud not been seen in the literature until now. We use some well known inequalities for the proof of our results. We also provide some examples to check the accuracy of our results.

Introduction: Dysphagia in head and neck cancer undergoing radiation therapy affects day-to-day functioning and quality of life. Essential to supporting these patients is the development of a swallowing rehabilitation protocol that considers the patient’s experience and needs. Objective: The study’s objective was to track the progress of functional oral intake while assessing the impact of a novel rehabilitation program that combines motor imagery and motor execution on the quality of life of individuals with dysphagia undergoing radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. Method: Participants (n = 20) undergoing radiation therapy for head and neck cancer completed a novel swallowing rehabilitation protocol that combined motor imagery and motor execution. Participants were assessed weekly using the Functional Oral Intake Scale and M.D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory. Results: Results showed maintenance of oral intake of food by all participants from baseline to the end of the radiation treatment. Although a decrease in composite, physical, emotional and functional subscales of MDADI was seen, the reduction in scores between time points remained relatively small, suggesting that the motor imagery and motor execution rehabilitation program may have helped to mitigate the radiation treatment’s impact on quality of life. Conclusion: These findings highlight the potential benefits of our combined motor imagery and motor execution protocol in administering prophylactic exercises in persons undergoing radiation therapy for head and neck cancer.

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Key Clinical MessageThis case study details a patient diagnosed with PPM postoperatively, who experienced a recurrence ten years after the initial surgery, necessitating a second surgical intervention.The case emphasizes that, despite its benign classification, PPM has a potential for recurrence, underscoring the importance of ongoing, long-term follow-up in post-surgical management.【Keyword】 Primary pulmonary meningioma,；recurrence； surgery

Purpose This study aims to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the consumption of antidepressants, anxiolytics, and hypnotics in Spain. Methods A quasi-experimental study was conducted using ecological data from 2015 to 2023 obtained from the National Health System’s drug consumption database. The number of Defined Daily Doses (DDD) dispensed per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DID) was calculated. Descriptive analyses were performed to assess percentage changes and the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of drug consumption. Additionally, interrupted time series analysis was applied using segmented linear regression and autoregressive moving average models to quantify the pandemic’s impact. The year 2020 was selected as the intervention period to account for policies ensuring treatment availability and allowing patients to stockpile medications during the lockdown. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using joinpoint regressions. Results Antidepressant consumption showed a consistent increase throughout the study period, with a significant and sustained rise following the pandemic. In contrast, benzodiazepine anxiolytics exhibited a slight downward trend before the pandemic but experienced a sharp increase afterward, eventually returning to near pre-pandemic levels by the end of 2023. A similar pattern was observed for benzodiazepines and Z hypnotics after pandemic, with the difference that the pre-pandemic trend was increasing for benzodiazepines hypnotics. Conclusions A prolonged increase in antidepressant consumption was observed following the pandemic, while increases in anxiolytic and hypnotic use were temporary. Ongoing monitoring of these trends is essential to identify emerging patterns and ensure mental health needs are appropriately addressed over time.

In this paper, we consider the incompressible magnetohydrodynamic equations with Dirichlet boundary on a 3D thin domain Ω = ( 0 , l 1 ) × ( 0 , l 2 ) × ( 0 , ε ) , where l 1 , l 2 > 0 , ε ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) . We prove that if | | A 1 2 u 0 | | L 2 + | | ∇ b 0 | | L 2 ≤ 1 C ε 1 2 , then there exists a global smooth solution with the initial data u 0 and b 0 .

Competitive interactions between co-occurring invasive species can have detrimental impacts on native community composition and cause counter-effective responses to management. Targeted removal of one invader may allow for the release of a subdominant invader, causing a secondary invasion. The goal of this research was to elucidate competitive dynamics between Bromus tectorum and Ventenata dubia, two invasive winter annual grasses found in the western United States. We quantified the impacts of 1) intraspecific competition on B. tectorum and V. dubia as density of conspecifics increased and 2) interspecific competition between the two at varying proportions. The two species were grown at increasing densities and proportions (addition series), over 10 weeks in a greenhouse. At the end of the growth period, aboveground biomass was harvested and weighed. We derived the intraspecific and interspecific competitive effects on each species with a non-linear analysis and used these coefficients to determine Relative Competitive Ability. Bromus tectorum was negatively impacted by intraspecific and interspecific competition. Similarly, V. dubia biomass was negatively impacted by intraspecific competition, as well as increasing density of B. tectorum. This suggests that replacement of B. tectorum by V. dubia is unlikely to be caused by aboveground competition alone, but if B. tectorum were reduced V. dubia could be released. Understanding the competitive interactions between these species provides insight into invasive species impacts and management. This approach will become increasingly valuable to apply as climate and other global change factors alter vegetation communities and species interactions.

Shared parking is an important measure to solve the parking difficulty problem. This paper constructs a three-party evolutionary game model involving the shared parking platform, travelers, and parking space owners. By studying the strategy choices and stability of equilibrium points of the participating subjects, it aims to analyze the influencing factors and mechanisms of the choice behavior of each subject. Through simulation with MATLAB software, the results show that: subsidies from the shared parking platform, travelers using shared parking spaces, and owners renting out private parking spaces are the optimal evolutionary strategies for the system. The platform’s subsidy intensity is positively correlated with the willingness of travelers and parking space owners to participate in shared parking; it is appropriate to control the subsidy ratio for travelers around 0.2 and for parking space owners around 0.6. The time cost of shared parking and rental prices are negatively correlated with the willingness of travelers to use shared parking. The potential loss after renting out parking spaces is negatively correlated with the willingness of parking space owners to rent out their spaces, and it is advisable to control the potential loss after renting out parking spaces for owners around 7. The distribution of benefits is positively correlated with the willingness of parking space owners to rent out their spaces. Additionally, the platform is most sensitive to perceived value, followed by parking space owners, and finally travelers. The sensitivity of perceived benefits for the shared parking platform should be controlled around 0.6, and the sensitivity of perceived losses should be controlled around 2.25. This study provides a theoretical basis and guidance for the formulation of shared parking policies, which helps to solve the problem of parking difficulty.

Wild orchids are threatened due to a range of demographic pressures, most important of which is herbivory. Exclusion fencing is commonly used to protect orchid populations from over grazing by pest animals, but the long-term demographic impacts and effectiveness of such interventions (for example vegetation competition and exclusion) have been poorly studied. The aim of this study is to assess the use of exclusion fencing as a conservation tool by measuring orchid abundance and diversity within fenced vs unfenced plots. Orchids were surveyed at twenty plots across five sites during spring 2020 with additional data including grazing intensity, ecological condition and percentage of weed cover ranked at each plot. Using generalised linear mixed models, non-metric multidimensional scaling and correlation analysis, orchid species abundance was found to be significantly higher (65% higher) in fenced vs unfenced plots. Orchid species diversity was highest in plots that had been fenced for the least amount of time or that had experienced a fire in the previous year. It was also found that sites that had been fenced for the longest period (42 years) were dominated by orchids capable of clonal reproduction. Results obtained indicate that whilst exclusion fencing offers immediate protection from herbivores, it leads to increased vegetation coverage within a plot which is associated with orchid species assemblages deferring to clonal rather than sexual reproduction. Such a reproductive strategy shift may lead to a “loss of sex” within local orchid communities, a known extinction pathway. To maintain natural orchid diversity within herbivore exclusion areas, requisite disturbance events such as slashing, strategic herbivore grazing and prescribed ecological burns should form part of a long term management strategy.

The Anthropocene threatens a sustainable future for coral reefs, given widespread declines of these ecosystems. Understanding the ecological consequences of climate change is now more urgent than ever. Demographic performance provides a unique lens into how coral individuals within the coral reef ecosystem respond to environmental variations. Taxonomy offers a structured approach to understand population and community dynamics. However, taxonomic resolution of Scleractinian corals continues to be refined for physiological and phylogenetic purposes, while the ecological information provided by fine-scale taxonomy remains controversial. Here, we examine the demographic performance of three coral genera at different taxonomic levels to determine the appropriate taxonomic resolution for assessing coral population dynamics. Growth variation did not differ between species and haplotypes, respectively, but survivorship was lower at the species level, with confounding environmental effects. Comparison between genera revealed differences in both growth and survival, suggesting that the use of morphology and genus level taxonomic resolution provides sufficient information for coral demography. Our results emphasize the ecological significance of coral taxonomic resolution and provide important insights into how population dynamics should be addressed to understand trends and responses to future climate change.

1: Molecular-based methods offer valuable opportunities to assess soil biodiversity in diverse ecosystems. However, their reliability and large-scale applicability depend on developing protocols and establishing high-quality, curated local reference databases. 2: We focus on soil macroinvertebrates and the assessment of metabarcoding steps, namely the sample decontamination process and the efficiency of taxa recovery, by comparing taxonomy, barcoding, and metabarcoding data. Twenty-four sites were sampled, making up 216 pitfall traps. Following established procedures, specimens were morphologically classified to the lowest taxonomic level. Individuals were then pooled and went through the metabarcoding process. We have developed three experiments: 1) Impact of sample decontamination, where half of the samples were washed with sodium hypochlorite, a commonly used decontaminant. 2) Carabid specimens were identified at the species level by experts, allowing the building of a carabid mock community and a curated reference database for this taxon. The species recovery efficiency was achieved by comparing individual barcoding with metabarcoding samples spiked with DNA from the mock community. 3: Metabarcoding provided a more comprehensive identification of taxonomic orders compared to morphological methods, achieving a higher level of taxonomic resolution. The decontamination process did not show a significant impact on OTU richness, indicating that it may not be essential. Discrepancies in the recovery of carabid species were observed in the three methods. 4: DNA metabarcoding is a promising technique for macroinvertebrate assessment regarding time, efficiency, and costs, while reaching greater depth in taxonomic resolution. The common decontamination step is not crucial for the accuracy of soil macrofauna metabarcoding, and its removal reduces the time and effort required. Here, we demonstrate the potential use of integrative methodologies for robust and rapid biodiversity assessments. Additionally, we state that the reliability of molecular methods is highly dependent on the high quality and availability of well-curated barcode reference databases.

This study examined the connectivity between the current suitable habitat and the core habitat for Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) in human-dominated landscapes. The study aimed to provide a basis for future conservation strategies for black bear populations in China. We collected occurrence locations (N = 130) of Asiatic black bears from 2014–2023, with data sources spanning 12 provincial administrative regions and covering an area of about 3,010,000 km2. We predicted the distribution of suitable habitats for Asiatic black bears via the MAXENT species distribution model using a combination of multiple environmental variables such as topography, vegetation, climate, and anthropogenic disturbances. Least-cost habitat corridor planning was performed using the least-cost path model and circuit theory. The results suggested that (1) Asiatic black bears have a marked preference for mountainous environments with high altitude (>1,500 m), high amounts of precipitation (>200 mm), and dense vegetation, and they generally avoid areas of anthropogenic disturbance. (2) The suitable habitats for Asiatic black bears showed a highly fragmented pattern, mainly concentrated along the borders of Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, and Jiangxi (the Zhe–Gan Region), the borders of Guangxi, Guangdong, and Hunan (the Hunan–Guangdong region), and the borders of Shaanxi, Chongqing, Hubei, Guizhou, and Sichuan (the Sichuan–Shaanxi region). Of the predicted 372,483 km2 of suitable habitat, only 23.65% is currently covered by nature reserves. (3) A comprehensive landscape connectivity analysis identified 79 core habitat patches encompassing a total area of 33,257 km2. Notably, only 29.29% of these patches are currently under protection. we delineated 79 potential least-cost paths, each with an average length of 43.66 km, and identified pinch points along these pathways that could impede connectivity. To ensure the long-term survival of Asiatic black bear populations, we recommend enhancing the protection and restoration efforts for the three core habitats and their associated potential connectivity pathways.

Title: Myocardial Perforation From A Fractured Rib During Cardiopulmonary ResuscitationRunning Title: Myocardial Perforation From A Fractured Rib During Cardiopulmonary ResuscitationRyan Cousins, MD1, Byron Robinson Williams III, MD1, Maan Jokhadar, MD21Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA2Department of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USAAddress correspondence to:Senior author’s full name, degrees: Maan Jokhadar, MDDepartmental affiliation: Department of CardiologyInstitution: Mayo ClinicAddress: 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905Tel: 507-255-4622Fax: 507-255-2550Email: jokhadar.maan@mayo.eduConflict of Interest Disclosure Statement: The authors of this case image have no financial disclosures or conflicts of interest with the material presented in this article.Acknowledgements:We would like to formally acknowledge and thank the incredible echocardiography technicians and department staff for their contributions to developing this case image.

Topological [2+2] cycloaddition is known to provide a convenient synthetic route for cyclobutane derivatives from favourably dispositioned dienes. In this study, new diphenylpenta-2,4-dienenitrile derivatives (abbreviated as HDE, MeDE, ClDE, BrDE, MeODE and MeNDE) were synthesized, and their reactivity and selectivity were investigated in relation to their molecular packing in the respective crystals. HDE and MeDE, with head-to-tail (HT) arrangement, yielded only one type of photodimer with high activities. On the contrary, ClDE and BrDE, with head-to-head (HH) packing, reacted to a mixture of photoproducts with low activities. This observation may be due to the strong non-covalent interactions between the potentially reactive olefin pairs as suggested by energy decomposition analysis. Furthermore, the reaction activation energies for photodimerization of the HT-packed olefin pairs are indeed lower than those of the HH-arranged ones. The HT packing of the diphenyldienes not only enhances the reactivity in the topological [2+2] cycloaddition but also contributes chemospecificity, regiospecifity and stereospecificity, all of which are essential for preparation of specific cyclobutanes derivatives based on photodimerization.

Thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) tests were performed for vertically and horizontally selective-laser-melting (SLM) additively manufactured nickel-based superalloy, and also wrought superalloy for comparison. A mechanical strain amplitude of 0.8% was applied over a temperature range of 350-650℃. SLM samples in different printing directions exhibit notable disparities in cyclic hardening and softening, as well as average stress behaviour. Horizontally printed samples exhibit superior fatigue life under out-of-phase (OP) conditions compared to in-phase (IP) conditions. Compared to wrought samples, additively manufactured samples exhibit longer lifetimes under both IP and OP TMF conditions, but exhibit weaker performance during isothermal fatigue testing. Meanwhile, SEM analysis indicates that defects between layers have a greater impact on lifespan than intralayer defects. EBSD analysis reveals the crucial influence of microstructure on the fatigue performance of the samples. Despite having higher residual stress, horizontally printed samples exhibit longer fatigue life due to their finer grain size. The crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) model was established to simulate the TMF cyclic deformation behaviour. The asymmetry of cyclic response was well captured, as well as the hardening-softening behaviour. Furthermore, thermo-mechanical loading was applied to a 2D model directly generated from EBSD based on this model.

A key challenge in environmental seismology is processing seismic data to study source physics, natural and human-induced forcings and geological structures such as landslides, glaciers, and volcanoes. Seismic arrays with dozens of stations have expanded dataset sizes, and this, combined with signal complexity and high noise levels, makes it difficult to analyze using traditional event detection and labeling methods, especially for low-energy or rare events. Clustering continuous data offers a comprehensive method for exploring the datasets and detecting all relevant events. In this study, we present an iterative clustering workflow based on self-supervised learning (SSL) designed to handle datasets ranging in size from thousands to millions of events. This approach enables automated clustering of continuous data from seismic arrays containing dozens of stations. When applied to the ”Marie-sur-Tinée” landslide dataset, our workflow processed 10 millions 30-second windows and identified four main groups: Potential Endogenous Landslide Seismic Events, Potential Regional Earthquakes, Potential Rainfall-Induced Signals, and Noise. Despite the overall consistency, some noise remained in the event-related clusters, highlighting areas for further improvement in clustering methods. Nevertheless, the proposed iterative SSL-based clustering workflow shows great potential for an efficient exploration of seismic datasets of millions of events and could be a solution for the blind exploration of similarly large datasets.

Abstract Background and Purpose: Cbl-b, a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase in the Casitas B-lineage lymphoma protein family, negatively regulates immune responses. Its inhibition enhances immune cell function, aiding in combating pathogens and tumors. This study aimed to discover novel small-molecule Cbl-b inhibitors and evaluate their potential in modulating immune activity. Experimental approach: A high-throughput screening of a self-constructed compound library identified hit compounds. Their interaction with Cbl-b was validated at the molecular level, and molecular docking confirmed binding sites. In vitro phosphorylation and ubiquitination systems were used to explore the inhibitory mechanism of 450F10, with cellular activity assessed in Jurkat cells and CD8+ T cells. Key Results: It was demonstrated that 450F10 binds specifically to F263 and Y260 of Cbl-b, thus inhibiting the phosphorylation-dependent activation of Cbl-b, thereby suppressing its protein activity. Notably, It enhances interleukin-2 (IL-2) secretion by human peripheral CD8+ T cells, boosting immune responses. Conclusion and implications: This study identified 450F10 as a novel small-molecule Cbl-b inhibitor capable of enhancing TCR signal stimulation and promoting IL-2 secretion in CD8+ T cells without affecting cell proliferation at effective concentrations. 450F10 shows potential as a valuable tool for exploring Cbl-b’s role in immune regulation. Future efforts will focus on optimizing the compound’s structure to enhance its activity and evaluating its efficacy and safety in animal models. K E Y W O R D S: Cbl-b, High-Throughput Screening, T Cell Activation, Small Molecule Inhibitors, Immunotherapy

Model-based software engineering (MBSE) utilizes high-level abstractions to streamline discussions, facilitate code generation, and validate system designs, with models acting as essential blueprints for developers. However, as the complexity of these models increases, identifying optimal options for stakeholders becomes increasingly challenging. This paper introduces ADVICE, an innovative human-in-the-loop AI tool designed to learn stakeholder preferences from textual inputs. Leveraging large language models, ADVICE explores and infers human preferences, integrating multi-objective swarm optimization to identify solutions that align with domain-specific constraints. We outline the iterative development of ADVICE and its functionality in expediting stakeholder identification, exploration, assessment, and consensus on critical model options. The effectiveness of ADVICE will be evaluated based on its ability to enhance system performance by implementing agreed-upon options. A practical example is provided, illustrating how drone fleet operators can utilize ADVICE to swiftly detect and mitigate dangerous scenarios. Our findings demonstrate the potential of ADVICE to significantly improve decision-making processes in model-based software engineering, ultimately leading to more robust and efficient system designs.

In this paper, the stability and positive stabilization issues are addressed for discrete-time impulsive switched positive linear systems (DISPLSs) with a novel extended-sequence-pair-dependent (ESPD) hybrid signal. The combination of some common switching and impulsive signals can be seen as special cases of ESPD hybrid signal, such as the arbitrary (dwell time) switching signal and non-periodic (periodic) impulsive signals. Firstly, several necessary and sufficient stability conditions are given for DISPLSs with ESPD hybrid signal. Secondly, based on the non-conservative stability criteria, several necessary and sufficient positive stabilization conditions are presented. Thirdly, the results are extended to the time-delayed cases. Non-conservative stability and stabilization conditions for DISPLSs with multiple time delays are presented. All the results are given in terms of linear programming (LP). Finally, the advantages of the results over the literature are illustrated within four examples.

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, highlights the need to understand the virus’s genomic diversity and evolution. This study analyzes SARS-CoV-2 data from Mauritania and Morocco using molecular diagnostics and bioinformatics tools. In Mauritania, 58 nasopharyngeal samples were analyzed through RNA extraction, RT-PCR detection, and complete genome sequencing using the Illumina COVIDSeq protocol. Moroccan sequences were retrieved from the GISAID database for comparative analysis. Key bioinformatics tools, including MEGA X and Genome Detective, were used to identify variants, mutations, and evolutionary relationships. The results reveal the prevalence of Omicron subvariants (BA.2 and BA.5) in both regions, with notable differences such as the persistence of Delta in Mauritania and the dominance of Omicron in Morocco. These findings emphasize the importance of genomic surveillance and molecular tools to guide public health strategies.

While postglacial migration patterns have been well-studied in plants and animals in Europe, the same is not true for microorganisms such as fungi, and it remains unclear whether fungi have followed the same postglacial migration trajectories. In this study, we infer the postglacial history of the widespread wood-decay fungus Trichaptum abietinum in Europe. We investigate whether this fungus resided in multiple glacial refugia, as observed in many plants and animals, and how it migrated following the retreat of the ice. Population genomic analyses of T. abietinum suggest three glacial refugia in Europe: a western refugium, a southern refugium extending from Portugal to the Caucasus, and a third eastern refugium, resulting in what we call the Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Boreal groups, respectively. From the western and southern refugia, there have likely been northwards expansions, while the Boreal group probably expanded westwards from the eastern refugium. A contact zone is present in Central Europe, where the Mediterranean and Boreal groups are admixing. In admixed individuals here, the second half of their largest scaffold is entirely inherited from the Boreal group, indicating either strong selection or genomic incompatibilities. In Scandinavia, the Atlantic and Boreal groups are in close contact but with limited admixture. Demographic modelling and analyses of linkage decay support a recent history of contraction and expansion of this fungus in Europe. We conclude that the postglacial migration patterns in T. abietinum resemble those observed in several plants and animals, suggesting multiple glacial refugia followed by admixture during northward and westward expansions.

Agricultural land faces pressures from intensive farming and climate change, leading to soil quality degradation. Identifying suitable biotic and abiotic indicators of agricultural soil status is crucial. This study investigates microbial and physicochemical soil parameters in four diverse agricultural areas in Central Poland: two at the Pilica and two at the Bzura catchments. Samples were collected from three zones in a gradient of distance from local streams: ecotone (1 m), transitional (6 m) and agricultural (30 m), observing spatial differences in the aforementioned parameters. This novel - spatial approach highlighted relationships among soil physiochemistry and microbial parameters (16S rRNA, heterotrophic communities, metabolic activity, bacterial nutrient-transforming potential and antibiotic resistance genes - ARGs). The Bzura agricultural areas, with better quality of soil, had remarkedly higher microbial metabolic activity (~1.58 AWCD index) and abundance of nitrifying (~6.77 x 10 5 amoA gene copy g -1 of soil) and denitrifying (~5.58 x 10 5 nosZ gene copy g -1 of soil) bacteria compared to Pilica (1.22 AWCD, 2.56 x 10 5 amoA and 4.18 x 10 5 nosZ, respectively). High levels of K, P and N-NH 4 significantly differentiated Bzura to Pilica, suggesting these elements increased microbial parameters. Nitrifying bacteria decreased in high soil organic matter and increased in high N-NH 4, making them more sensitive and better soil quality indicators than denitrifying bacteria. Nevertheless, detection of intI and ARGs ( mcr3-6, tetM, ermC and sul1) was higher in Bzura than Pilica, indicating that increase microbial parameters in good agricultural quality soils could pose a risk for the transmission of emerging contaminants.

The composition of host communities is pivotal for pathogen persistence and transmission. We present a community competence index (CCI), based on the Amplification Fraction framework, and applied it to the West Nile virus (WNV) system, and its avian and mosquito hosts, using field data from France, Germany, and Mexico across several land-use types. Our results showed that urban areas exhibited significantly higher AF and CCI values compared to rural and natural habitats. These findings suggest that the lower diversity distinctive of urban communities is associated with higher average community competence, supporting the hypothesis of the dilution effect hypothesis, in which high richness can dilute pathogen transmission. The CCI provides a versatile and integrative tool for estimating pathogen transmission capacity at the community level, complementing existing strategies for the early prevention, surveillance, and risk assessment of zoonotic diseases.