Global weather and climate forecasts hinge on the ability of coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) to simulate the powerful ocean-atmosphere interactions in the tropical Pacific. Yet most CGCMs develop tropical Pacific biases, such as an overly-intense equatorial cold tongue (ECT), which limit their simulation skill. Here we illuminate the sources of these biases in the GFDL SPEAR global CGCM, using bias-corrected simulations with surface nudging or flux adjustments. We find that the CGCM biases stem from (1) the atmosphere component’s excessive convective rainfall, which accelerates the equatorial trade winds; (2) the ocean component’s insufficient near-surface vertical mixing, which shoals the tropical mixed layers and ECT thermocline; and (3) the ocean component’s insufficient tropical instability wave (TIW) stirring, especially during August-November and La Niña, which weakens the meridional convergence of surface heat into the ECT. In the CGCM, coupled feedbacks further intensify and westward-displace the equatorial cold tongue, rainfall, trade winds, surface currents, Ekman upwelling, and thermocline tilt. This then reduces the cross-equatorial asymmetry of the east Pacific climatology, resulting in an overly semiannual cycle of equatorial SST; and intensifies TIW-driven heating of the ECT, counteracting the TIW attenuation in the coarse-gridded ocean model. The CGCM’s excessive ECT heat uptake is compensated by weaker evaporation, while its insufficient western equatorial Pacific heat uptake is compensated by stronger evaporation and cloud shading. We highlight avenues to improve SPEAR and other CGCMs, via improved process representation informed by enhanced observations of the tropical Pacific upper-ocean heat budget and air-sea coupling.

Terpenoids play a significant role in the formation of tropospheric ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). While terpenoids are largely attributed to biogenic sources, they are also widely used in consumer products that end up in the atmosphere. Terpenoid mixing ratios are reported here from samples collected during the Los Angeles Air Quality Campaign (LAAQC) in 2022 and were compared with data from three other campaigns in the LA Basin conducted between 2010 and 2021. Across all campaigns, differences in diurnal mixing ratios and composition suggest anthropogenic sources are predominant contributors to terpenoid mixing ratios in the evening to early morning (22:00 – 6:00 PDT), shifting to predominately biogenic sources in the afternoon (10:00 – 18:00 PDT). This manuscript presents the first evidence for a significant presence of anthropogenic terpenoids in the LA Basin and highlights the need for systematically studying anthropogenic and biogenic terpenoid emissions in urban areas.

Lateral saccades represent a major source of noise and confounds, particularly for event-related potentials (ERPs) that rely on hemispheric imbalances in neural activity elicited by lateralized stimuli during central fixation. These include lateralized ERPs such as the sustained posterior contralateral negativity (SPCN), which indexes visual working memory (VWM) load. Due to its relatively small amplitude and strict fixation requirement, the SPCN is particularly vulnerable to contamination from eye movements, which usually cause the contaminated trial to be discarded. In this context, independent component analysis (ICA) offers an alternative to the traditional epoch rejection method, as it removes ocular artifacts without discarding entire trials. However, ICA’s effectiveness may be limited if saccade-related activity is not fully removed or if stimulus timing undermines the lateralization required for SPCN measurement. In the present study, we compared the efficacy of ICA and epoch rejection in preserving SPCN features when participants were allowed to saccade. Participants were asked to memorize an array composed of a variable number of laterally displayed colored squares. In half of the experiment, participants had to keep their gaze at fixation, whereas they had to saccade towards the memoranda in the other half. The memory array was displayed for either 100 ms or 500 ms to examine how the post-saccade physical availability of the memoranda influenced SPCN amplitude and latency. The results were clear-cut in showing that, relative to epoch rejection, ICA correction preserved both quality and features of SPCN component. Notably, the post-saccade physical availability of the memoranda affected the latency of the SPCN, with shorter offset latency observed when the memoranda were exposed for 500 ms compared to 100 ms, likely reflecting post-saccade retinotopic remapping of the memoranda.

Water limitation associated with climate changes leads to increased use of poor-quality water for irrigation, in turn enhancing soil salinization. Soil salinity has become a major threat in many regions of the world, limiting plant growth and productivity. The development of alternative salt-tolerant rootstocks that can also withstand biotic stresses is a priority for the citrus industry. Polyploidy is one of the major forces driving plant evolution and provides great advantages in coping with environmental constraints. Tetraploidy has been shown to enhance plant adaptation to various abiotic stresses, including salt stress. The evaluation of allotetraploid citrus hybrids, which can combine desired traits from both parents, appears to be an effective way to address the rootstock challenge. Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. Ex Tan.) (CL), a well-known citrus rootstock, displays good tolerance to cold, drought, chlorides, and limestone. However, it is susceptible to tristeza, exocortis, and phytophtora. On the contrary, Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) (PO) is a salt-sensitive rootstock but is resistant to phytophtora and tristeza. The present study is the first to evaluate the salt stress response of a Citrandarin hybrid generated from a cross between Cleopatra and Poncirus at two ploidy levels: diploid (2x) and tetraploid (4x). To dissect the hybrid response, photosynthetic activity, antioxidant metabolism, mineral uptake, and transcriptomic regulation were studied in two tissues: leaves and roots. Using various multivariate approaches, the study successfully deciphered the complexity of the multilevel response of each 2x and 4x hybrid. Although ploidy level accounted for very limited differences between 2x and 4x, they both showed a high and common tolerance to stress. However, the 4x exhibited a higher level of tolerance than the 2x thanks to its specific leaf photosynthesis and root antioxidant metabolism. Finally, this study provides insights into the finely tuned mechanisms underlying the respective salt stress adaptation of the 2x and 4x Citrandarins thanks to the identification of key genes selected using covariance analysis.

Background: Congenital lung lesions (CLLs) are increasingly detected antenatally, yet the optimal management of asymptomatic cases remains debated. Early resection may forestall infection, malignant transformation and exploit compensatory lung growth, but its long‑term cost is unclear. To compare long‑term cardiorespiratory and psychosocial outcomes after operative versus conservative management of CLLs, and to contrast open with thoracoscopic surgery. Methods: All children with CPAM, pulmonary sequestration, hybrid lesions or CLE treated at a single tertiary center (2000‑2023) were retrospectively identified. Operative patients underwent open or thoracoscopic resection; conservatively managed children were followed radiologically. Prospective follow‑up included the 6‑minute‑run (6MR), spirometry/body‑plethysmography, children’s and parental psychosocial variables. Propensity‑score matching (1 : 2) adjusted for gestational age, birth‑weight, lesion extent, prenatal intervention and co‑existent CDH. Results: Among 194 children (median follow‑up 8.7 years), 162 underwent surgery (open = 120, thoracoscopy = 31) and 32 were observed. Operative patients had greater neonatal acuity (ICU admission 78 %vs. 54 %, p < 0.01) and smaller prenatal relative lung volume (51 %vs. 79 %, p = 0.02). After matching, only postnatal length of stay remained longer in the surgical group (median 15vs. 6 days, p = 0.03). Long‑term outcomes were equivalent: mean 6MR z‑score −0.46 (surgery) vs −0.43 (conservative), and children’s Quality of Life 88.7vs.89.3 (both p > 0.5). Thoracoscopy yielded shorter postoperative stay (6vs. 21 days), fewer Clavien–Dindo ≥ II complications (31 %vs. 46 %) and no deaths, without detriment to lung function. Conclusions: Surgical resection of CLLs—including thoracoscopic lobectomy or segmentectomy—does not impair long‑term exercise capacity or psychosocial well‑being when compared with observation. Given its prophylactic benefits and favorable short‑term profile, minimally invasive surgery can be offered confidently whenever technically feasible.

Nickel-based materials are promising anode candidates for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) due to their high theoretical capacities. However, their practical application is hindered by slow ion diffusion kinetics and structural degradation during cycling, resulting in rapid capacity decay. To address these limitations, we developed a sulfur/selenium (S/Se) dual-anion engineering strategy that creates strong interfacial charge redistribution through S2−/Se2− synergy, thereby accelerating charge transfer kinetics and stabilizing the electrode-electrolyte interface. Using a one-step microwave-assisted synthesis (20 minutes), we successfully fabricated NiSSe nanoparticles embedded in nitrogen-doped carbon (NiSSe/N-C). The NiSSe/N-C anode delivers ultrahigh reversible capacities of 1006.2 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 and 756.4 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 over 3000 cycles in SIBs, while achieving 530 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 and 477 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 over 200 cycles in PIBs. When paired with a NaNi0.33Fe0.33Mn0.33O2 cathode in a full-cell configuration, the NiSSe/N-C anode enables 96.7% capacity retention after 200 cycles, demonstrating its practicality in pouch cells. This work highlights the dual advantages of microwave-driven rapid synthesis and multi-anion synergy for designing high-performance battery materials.

Introduction Over the last decade, the Artificial Intelligence (AI) revolution has transformed communication. By saving time in content creation, AI can inform and support communication strategies. This study examined the effect of deploying AI-enhanced research summaries on user engagement with the NIH-funded Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) program’s website. Methods Google Analytics 4 (GA4) data was analyzed from two distinct time periods: December 1, 2023 to September 10, 2024, when all content was human-generated, and September 10, 2024 to January 20, 2025, when NYUChatGPT was deployed to assist with all research summaries. We collected and analyzed page views, active users, and average engagement time per user across three key webpages - Publications, Research Summaries, and Videos - for the two time periods. Lastly, we analyzed the review time and readability scores of the AI-enhanced summaries. Results Between the two time periods, the change in views and active users was not statistically significant. However, there was an average increase in the engagement time of 4.37 seconds (95% CI 0.076s – 8.67s)( P = .0461) per active user between the two time periods. The mean number of changes made to the final product by human reviewers for all AI-enhanced deliverables (n=17) was 19.875 (SD = 15.046, 95% CI [11.858, 27.892]). We analyzed the Flesch-Kincaid Readability (FKR) grade level, ranging from 0 to 18, for the initial AI-generated draft of the content and the final, human-reviewed product. For all AI-enhanced deliverables, the mean FKR level of the initial AI-draft was 12.276 (SD = 1.810, 95% CI [11.346, 13.207]) while the mean FKR level for the final products was 11.56 (SD = 2.129, 95% CI [10.464, 12.654]), indicating a decrease in complexity and increased readability for the end user. Conclusion This study demonstrates the potential and challenges of integrating AI into scientific communication. Our analysis showed a modest increase in user engagement with RECOVER’s AI-drafted content, suggesting that AI can be a valuable tool in generating engaging content. Furthermore, the implementation of AI-tools has reduced the production time needed for deliverables, allowing for more timely dissemination of scientific findings. While AI tools have proven effective in assisting with content creation for public engagement, our findings emphasize the critical role of human oversight in ensuring the accuracy, clarity, and accessibility of information.

Background Menopause is a biologic transition in life, yet it is much stigmatized among under served communities, with misconceptions, social isolation, and medical disregard hindering appropriate care to women. Women are exposed to considerable psychological distress on the basis of false beliefs in aging, infertility, and supernatural forces. Objectives This research seeks to investigate the social, cultural, and psychological issues of menopausal women in under served communities, drawing on original research interviews with ten perimenopausal women. The article attempts to identify prevalent myths, emotional challenges, and marital issues around menopause and offer suggestions for education programs, healthcare interventions, and social reforms. Methods Ten perimenopausal women were interviewed in a qualitative study, examining their symptoms, fears, beliefs, and social experiences. Analysis of responses was carried out to determine shared patterns of stigma, marital discord, psychological impact, and health care accessibility problems. Results Out of the interviewees: Two were reluctant to acknowledge their menopause for fear of being regarded as old and undesirable. Three complained of extreme mood swings, sleep disturbances, aggression, and depression, having a devastating effect on family life. One wept, too fearful to inform her husband of painful sex and low libido, lest she be abandoned or remarried. One was ridiculed and blamed with black magic, for night sweats and hot flashes were mistakenly attributed to supernatural conditions. One thought that having several children had made her lose bladder control, speaking in great shame. Most acknowledged feeling ugly, barren, and lacking self-esteem, reporting that they had lost the self-worth they possessed during menstruation. Conclusion The research findings highlight a serious gap in menopause education, healthcare accessibility, and psychological support in under served communities. Urgent action is needed to dispel myths, provide proper medical guidance, and implement counseling programs. This paper recommends menopause awareness campaigns, community-based counseling clinics, and policy-driven healthcare reforms to support women in navigating this life stage with dignity.

Precision nanopositioning systems are essential for nanoscale applications such as atomic force microscopy, biomedical imaging, and nanofabrication. These systems often employ piezoelectric actuators, which are highly nonlinear due to phenomena such as hysteresis and creep. Conventional control techniques, including PID and feedforward methods, are limited in their ability to address these challenges under dynamic operating conditions. This study explores the integration of intelligent control algorithms-specifically fuzzy logic, artificial neural networks (ANNs), and reinforcement learning (RL)-to improve positioning accuracy, adaptability, and system robustness. A comprehensive model of the nanopositioning stage is developed, incorporating actuator dynamics and system uncertainties. The proposed algorithms are implemented in both simulation and hardware-in-the-loop setups. Results show that intelligent controllers outperform classical methods in terms of tracking precision, disturbance rejection, and adaptability to nonlinear behaviors. The research highlights the potential of hybrid intelligent controllers for advanced precision applications and offers a framework for real-time implementation in industrial systems.

Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) is a powerful tool for nanoscale imaging and manipulation, relying heavily on precise XY scanning systems for accuracy and resolution. However, traditional feedback control systems often struggle with limitations such as latency, hysteresis, and drift, which impair scanning performance and real-time responsiveness. This study introduces a realtime machine learning (ML)-enhanced feedback loop optimization framework specifically tailored for XY scanning in SPM. By integrating supervised and reinforcement learning algorithms into the control loop, the proposed system dynamically adapts to changes in system behavior and environmental disturbances. Experimental results demonstrate substantial improvements in scan accuracy, noise suppression, and response time compared to classical proportional-integralderivative (PID) controllers. This approach opens new avenues for intelligent automation in nanometrology, offering a scalable and adaptive solution for high-precision applications.

This paper explores the application of machine learning (ML) algorithms to compensate for hysteresis and drift in nano-positioning systems, which are crucial for high-precision applications such as microscopy, nanofabrication, and biotechnology. Traditional control methods, such as PID, struggle with nonlinearities like hysteresis and drift in nano-positioning systems, leading to inaccuracies and reduced performance. In this study, we propose a novel approach leveraging machine learning algorithms, including supervised learning models, reinforcement learning, and unsupervised learning techniques, to enhance the accuracy and adaptability of nano-positioning control systems. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the ML-based approach significantly improves compensation for actuator nonlinearities compared to traditional methods, achieving higher precision and real-time adaptability. Furthermore, the study analyzes the performance of various ML models, providing insights into their strengths and limitations for hysteresis and drift compensation.

Nano-positioning platforms are crucial for high-throughput scanning applications, such as scanning probe microscopy and nanolithography, where precision and reliability are paramount. However, these systems are subject to wear, drift, and other performance degradation over time, which can lead to significant downtime and costly repairs. Predictive maintenance, powered by artificial intelligence (AI), has emerged as a promising solution to enhance the reliability and efficiency of these platforms. This paper presents an AI-driven predictive maintenance framework for nano-positioning systems, aiming to forecast potential failures and optimize maintenance schedules in real-time. By integrating machine learning models-specifically supervised learning, unsupervised anomaly detection, and hybrid models-into the system's feedback loop, the framework can predict failures before they occur, thereby minimizing downtime and maximizing throughput. The approach uses sensor data collected from the positioning system to continuously monitor and analyze its performance, identifying early signs of wear or malfunction. Experimental results demonstrate that the AI-driven predictive maintenance system significantly improves system uptime, reduces maintenance costs, and enhances overall scan performance. This paper discusses the architecture, methodology, and experimental validation of the system, highlighting its potential to revolutionize maintenance practices in high-precision nanopositioning applications.

This paper presents an AI-based adaptive control system designed for high-precision nanopositioning stages in large-scale XY scanning applications. Achieving sub-nanometer resolution requires sophisticated control techniques to manage the inherent nonlinearities, external disturbances, and time-varying behavior of nano-positioning systems. To address these challenges, a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) agent is integrated with a baseline control framework (e.g., PID or sliding-mode control) to adaptively adjust control signals in real-time. Additionally, a recurrent neural network (RNN) is employed for predicting errors based on system behavior and compensating for actuator nonlinearities. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system significantly improves tracking accuracy, response time, and disturbance rejection compared to traditional control methods. The system also proves to be more energyefficient while maintaining high operational precision.

Title: Complete pathologic remission at primary site of metastatic gastroesophageal junction hepatoid adenocarcinoma with chemoimmunotherapy: a case reportAuthors: Farzad Teymouri 1, Omid Yazdanpanah2, Shaghayegh (shamila) Habibi 2, Fa Chyi Lee 21 Department of Internal Medicine, Eisenhower Health, Rancho Mirage, CA, USA2 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA

Credit risk assessment is crucial for financial institutions, including savings and credit cooperative societies, to evaluate borrower creditworthiness and mitigate default risks. Traditional predictive analytics methods, such as linear regression and decision trees have been widely used. However, they often fall short of capturing complex, non-linear relationships inherent in financial data, leading to suboptimal risk predictions. This study introduces an enhanced predictive analytics model that uses polynomial logistic regression, augmented with Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) and ridge regression. The model captures the intricate dynamics between key risk factors such as interest rates, income stability, and collateral value to give better performance. The model was trained and validated on credit risk dataset from Kaggle which achieved an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.95, indicating a strong capability to distinguish between defaulters and non-defaulters. Comparative analyses with alternative machine learning models that include XGBoost and Random Forest demonstrated that while these models offer high predictive accuracy, they often require extensive hyperparameter tuning and lack interpretability. In contrast, the proposed logistic regression model balanced predictive performance with interpretability and computational efficiency, making it a better for credit risk management in financial institutions.

The rise of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) is essentially what made robotic arm control in industrial and assistive environments so much better. The developers monitor the correctness and the performance using simulated environments, which in turn, eliminates the possible real-world hazards. This article analyzes multiple pieces of data that have been collected from a variety of experiments assessing the reaction time, task completion speed, error rate, and overall accuracy of robotic arms handled by BCI and AI systems.

This paper explores the critical role of user feedback in the continuous improvement of custom language models within Vosk-based speech recognition applications. As the demand for accurate and efficient speech recognition systems grows across various industries, the ability to tailor these systems to meet specific user needs becomes paramount. Custom

Background and Purpose Infertility due to age-related uterine dysfunction has become a significant global challenge. Cellular senescence and impaired decidualization in endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) are critical contributors to age-related fertility decline. Chlorogenic acid (CGA), a phenolic compound with proven anti-aging properties, has demonstrated potential therapeutic effects. However, its role in ESC senescence and decidualization remains unclear. Experimental Approach Network pharmacology and molecular docking approaches were employed to identify molecular targets of CGA and interactions among them. In vitro studies using senescent ESCs evaluated the effects CGA on cellular proliferation, senescence markers, mitochondrial biogenesis, and signaling pathways (mTOR/AKT/AMPK/SIRT1). Aged female mice were treated with CGA, and uterine tissues were analyzed histologically and molecularly to assess its anti-aging effects. Key Results CGA enhanced ESC proliferation, reduced senescence markers (P16, P21, SA-β-Gal), and promoted decidualization by increasing PRL, IGFBP1, and FOXO1 expression. CGA also restored mitochondrial biogenesis through the activation of SIRT1, AMPK, and PGC1α. Network pharmacology and docking studies identified mTOR and AKT as key targets, and CGA’s strong binding affinity to mTOR was supported by reduced mTOR phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo. In aged mice, CGA improved uterine morphology, reduced senescence markers, and partially restored reproductive parameters. Conclusions and Implications CGA alleviates senescence and enhances decidualization in ESCs via the mTOR/AKT signaling pathway. These findings suggest CGA as a promising senotherapeutic agent for addressing age-related infertility by improving uterine health and function.

Background and Purpose: Sonrotoclax (BGB-11417), a second-generation B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) inhibitor currently in clinical development, requires comprehensive verification of its biotransformation and disposition profiles in safety species. Experimental Approach: [14C]BGB-11417 was employed to assess its pharmacokinetics, excretion, tissue distribution and metabolite profiles in mice and dogs. Radioactivity in plasma and excreta were analyzed to determine pharmacokinetics and mass balance. The metabolite profiles were generated by the chromatographic separation coupled with radioactivity detector/ mass spectrometry. Quantitative whole-body autoradiography (QWBA) was performed to assess tissue distribution in both pigmented or albino mice. Anaerobic or aerobic fecal incubation was conducted to evaluate the biotransformation contribution of gut microbiome. Key Results: Tmax of [14C]BGB-11417 radioactivity was observed at 4 hours, with a T1/2 ranging 6.5-7.2 hours in both species. The highest exposure in organs involved in metabolism and excretion, with 90% of administered radioactivity recovered in mouse excreta within 48h. Slower excretion with individual variability was observed in dogs. A distinct nitro-reduction pathway was detected exclusively in dogs. These metabolites were also detected in anaerobic incubations of [14C]BGB-11417 with human feces. Aerobic incubation of the nitro-reduction metabolite with dog feces directly yielded lipid-conjugated products, confirming that conjugation occurs spontaneously post-reduction rather than on the parent drug. Conclusions and Implications: The concordance between dog fecal metabolites and human fecal incubations underscored cross-species gut microbiome similarities. These findings offer a mechanistic insight into the fate of sonrotoclax in organisms and guide the interpretation of metabolic clearance in human.

Background: A Bayesian network meta-analysis (BNMA) was conducted to systematically evaluate efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) in treating DKD. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from inception to Mar 23, 2025. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of SGLT2is in treating DKD were included. 17 efficacy and 13 safety outcomes were included, e.g., HbA1c, eGFR, UACR, UTI, GMI. Results: 17 studies with 22,774 participants were included. Among all the included interventions, 10 mg of Dap + 2.5 mg of Sax demonstrated superior efficacy in reducing HbA1c, followed by 25 mg of Emp, 400 mg of Sot, 10 mg of Emp, 20 mg of Bex; 100 mg of Can showed the best efficacy in increasing eGFR, followed by placebo, 20 mg of Bex, 200 mg of Sot, 400 mg of Sot; 300 mg of Can showed the best efficacy in reducing UACR, followed by 25 mg of Emp, 100 mg of Can 10 mg of Dap + 2.5 mg of Sax, 10 mg of Dap; 100 mg of Can showed the lowest incidence of UTI, followed by 5 mg of Dap, 400 mg of Sot, 10 mg of Dap, 5 mg of Ert. Conclusion: SGLT2is displayed favorable efficacy and acceptable safety in treating DKD. 10 mg of Dap + 2.5 mg of Sax demonstrated superior efficacy in reducing HbA1c. 100 mg of Can exhibited the optimal efficacy in improving eGFR and safety. 300 mg of Can showed the best efficacy in reducing UACR.

Manuscript type : Letter to EditorTitle : Cutaneous Appendage Damage after Herpes ZosterAuthor : Xiang Chen, MD, Hangzhou Third People’s Hospital, Department of Dermatology, 38West Lake Avenue, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 904885193@qq.com; 、ORCID：0000-0002-4391-8044Funding : none.Conflict of Interest Disclosures : None reported.The author attest to obtaining written patient consent for the publication of recognizable patient photographs or other identifiable material, with the understanding that this information may be publicly available.The data from the study has not been previously published.Cutaneous Appendage Damage after Herpes ZosterXiang Chen*Herpes zoster（HZ）is characterized by a banded rash on the skin that corresponds to the affected nerves. 1The most common complication of HZ is posthumous neuralgia, rarely with damage to cutaneous appendages. Nail damage after HZ has not been reported in the literature, and hair loss has only been shown in few study. In this case series, we present the cases of two people who had damage to cutaneous appendages after HZ.A 59-year-old male with a history of tuberculosis went through HZ on the left upper limb and shoulder, accompanied by numbness, pain and poor movement. Subsequently, his herpes gradually healed, with received regular antiviral treatment. However, the condition of left upper limb did not significantly improve. It was amazing that all nails on the left hand were damaged and tarnished after half a month, without fungal infection（Figure 1A）. Due to an excruciating pain in the left upper limb and shoulder, he had to be took in shoulder joint release surgery. After the operation, the pain and range of motion were significantly improved. The growth of nail was recovered after 8 months (Figure 1B).A 54-year-old woman was presented with a painful vesicular dermatome eruption on right occipital lobe after a week when she got her kidneys. She was timely treated with antiviral therapy for HZ. Subsequently, the occipital rash subsided accompanied by hair loss appeared in the rash area. It has been 3 years since the onset of HZ although no hair has been observed at the site. There was no obvious enlargement of hair loss, and bright red spots can be seen in part（Figure 2A）. The dermoscopy showed that the disappeared hair follicle, cutaneous atrophy, no black spot sign and exclamation mark. The patient has been using topical mucopolysaccharide polysulfate for 9 months. The erythema on the scalp has darkened and the scalp has become softer, but no significant hair growth has been observed yet（Figure 2B）.Various nail changes in carpal tunnel syndrome have been reported in literature.2Based on the patient’s clinical manifestations, we believed that herpes zoster virus invaded the brachial plexus and cutaneous nerves. The vasomotor dysfunctions of the brachial plexus and cutaneous nerves as a consequence of severe inflammatory reaction can lead to trophic changes of the nails. We reviewed the literature about HZ and hair loss and find some information, such as post herpetic itch leading to frictional alopecia of eyebrow and scalp, alopecia due to hair pulling in region of post-herpetic neuralgia, alopecia areata and atrophic alopecia follow infection with varicella zoster virus. 3,4,5In our case, the patient had scarring alopecia in the region of HZ. Considering the patient with the history of kidney transplantation, is this alopecia related to transplanted anti-host disease? Unfortunately, the woman refused biopsy, which led to the unclear cause. In conclusion, cutaneous appendage damage after HZ is uncommon, and the mechanism of it needs to be further explored. In our view, tuberculosis infection and kidney transplantation may be high risk factors for cutaneous appendage injury after HZ.1. Kenneth S. Herpes Zoster. Annals of internal medicine 2018 08 07;169(3):ITC19-ITC31.2. Andjela E, Antonella T. Carpal tunnel syndrome and associated nail changes: Review and examples from the author’s practice. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2020 Dec;83(6):1724-1729.3. Shyam V, Deepak J. Post Herpetic Itch Leading to Frictional Alopecia of Eyebrow and Scalp-A Hitherto Undescribed Phenomenon. Indian dermatology online journal 2024 Jan-Feb;15(1):86-88.4. Chowdhry S, Gupta H, Dhali T K, Dsouza P. Alopecia due to hair pulling in region of post-herpetic neuralgia–pseudotrichotillomania? Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV 2014 Aug;28(8):1122-3.5. Lara H, Nazli N T, Arjen F N. Hair Loss after Varicella Zoster Virus Infection. Case reports in dermatology 2013 Jan;5(1):43-7.

The present review deals about the materials of a low-temperature sorption thermochemical heat storage (TCHS) system for space heating that is based on the principle of water vapor sorption into a solid sorbent. To obtain comprehensive information on the efficient selection of suitable materials for TCHS systems, various material reports of similar research work in the literature were critically reviewed for low-temperature TCHS systems. First, the application requirements, such as hydration energy density data and working temperature requirements are compiled and categorized as silica-based composites, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), zeolite-based composites, carbon-based composites, metal foams, polymer-based composites, hybrid composites of these, and advanced modern synthesized composite materials are critically reviewed. It was emphasized that porous silica materials, MOFs, and zeolite materials are able to enhance the hydration sorption performance, high conductive carbon materials are used to enhance heat transferring property during hydration/dehydration, and polymer composites are usually used to stabilize and bind salt particles, which avoids agglomeration and improves cyclic efficiency. Then after, the working pair materials such as water vapor, ammonia, alcohols, and other organic synthetic materials were reviewed, and literature data were tabulated. Lastly, the conclusion is that the past works, present status limitations, and future standpoints are forwarded to realize the work required in the development and selection of suitable materials and adsorbate working pair for high energy density and precise operation conditions for the low-temperature hydration process is forwarded.

Background and purpose: Carvacrol, a monoterpenoid phenol derived from Lamiaceae plants, exhibits anti-inflammatory activity but is limited by poor bioactivity and low target specificity. In this study, we aimed to develop a more potent derivative and investigate its anti-inflammatory mechanisms in vitro and in a DSS-induced colitis model. Experimental approach: A novel carvacrol derivative, ZYZ311, was synthesized and subjected to comprehensive pharmacological evaluations. Anti-inflammatory effects were assessed in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and a DSS-induced mouse model of ulcerative colitis. Mechanistic studies, including molecular docking, cellular thermal shift assays, and signaling pathway analyses, were conducted to explore the interaction between ZYZ311 and inflammatory targets. Key results: ZYZ311 exhibited significantly enhanced anti-inflammatory effects compared to carvacrol. In vitro, ZYZ311 markedly reduced nitric oxide and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production, downregulated IL-6, COX-2, and NOS2 expression, and without inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Mechanistically, ZYZ311 acted predominantly in the mid-to-late phase of inflammation by directly binding to STAT3 and inhibiting its phosphorylation at Tyr705, thereby suppressing IL-6-mediated JAK2-STAT3 signaling, without significantly affecting early NF-κB activation. In vivo, ZYZ311 alleviated clinical symptoms and histological damage in DSS-induced colitis and reduced STAT3 activation in colonic tissues. Conclusion and implications: ZYZ311 is a novel STAT3-targeted agent that significantly attenuates inflammation in vitro and in vivo, highlighting its potential as a promising therapeutic candidate for chronic inflammatory diseases such as ulcerative colitis.

This study investigated frog-biting dipteran species using newly designed frog-calling traps in Taiwan. The trap effectively collected specimens from both families Culicidae and Corethrellidae, demonstrating its utility. Host preference analysis revealed that Odorrana swinhoana (Boulenger, 1903) and Kurixalus eiffingeri (Boettger, 1895) were most frequently associated with collected specimens of Corethrellidae. Additionally, the corethrellids were predominantly attracted to a sound frequency around 2022.2 Hz. Future studies should expand to include a greater variety of frog species across more diverse regions to further broaden our understanding of host preferences. Then, DNA barcoding was also conducted on the four collected species of Culicidae: Armigeres subalbatus (Coquillett, 1898), Uranotaenia nivipleura Leicester, 1908, Ur. macferlanei Edwards, 1914, and Mimomyia luzonensis (Ludlow, 1905), and the mitochondrial genome of Corethrella nippon Miyagi 1980 was firstly sequenced and completely annotated. Mitogenome-based phylogenetic analysis confirmed that C. nippon formed a clade with Corethrella condita Borkent, 2008. In our analysis, family Corethrellidae clustered with Culicidae; however, the inter-family phylogenetic relationships within Culicoidea appeared paraphyletic, particularly concerning family Chaoboridae.